Plant Tissue Culture (Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids, Callus Culture, Transgenic Plants, Embryo Rescue, Embryonic Tissues, Cometabolism, Fungi and Actinomycetes, Grampositive Rods, Cloning Vectors, Biodegradation, Batch Cultures, Organ Culture)
Plants cell tissue culture is a rapidly developing technology which holds promise of restructuring agricultural and forestry practices. During the last two decades cell culture have made considerable advanced in the field of agriculture, horticulture, plant breeding, forestry, somatic cell genetics, phytopathology etc. Plant cells can be grown in isolation from intact plants in tissue culture systems. The cells have the characteristics of callus cells, rather than other plant cell types. These are the cells that appear on cut surfaces when a plant is wounded and which gradually cover and seal the damaged area.
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Plant Tissue Culture in India, Commercialization of Plant Tissue Culture in India, Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India, Industrial Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture, Cell Culture and Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture and Cell Culture, Tissue Culture in Plants, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Commercial Plant Tissue Culture in India, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Tissue Culture Plants, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Business Opportunities in Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture Methods, Cybrid Production, Process of Cybrids Production, Production of Cybrids, Production of Cybrid Plants, Production of Haploid Plants, Haploid Production, Plant Secondary Metabolism, Production of Secondary Metabolites, Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Plant Cell Cultures, Plant Tissue Cultures in Production of Secondary Metabolites, Secondary Metabolites Production, Production of Somatic Hybrid Plants, Somatic Hybridization of Plants, Somatic Hybrid, Somatic Hybrid Production, Production of Enriched Biomass, Enrichment on Biomass Production, Formulation of Tissue Culture Medium, Collection of Explant Materials, Subculture of Callus, Regeneration of Plants from Callus, Preparation of Chick Embryo Extract, Preparation of Embryo Extract from Young Embryos, Preparation of Bovine Embryo Extract, Preparation of Eagles Medium, Media for Plant Tissues, Organ Culture, Preparation of Trypsinised Embryonic Carcass, Enrichment Culture Methods, Genetic Modification of Industrial Microorganisms Mutation
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
Gametoclonal variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in gametes clones # Origin # Production # Application of Gametoclonal Variation in plants with their examples.
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INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Gametoclonal variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in gametes clones # Origin # Production # Application of Gametoclonal Variation in plants with their examples.
Please watch the slides and don't forget to follow our channel to getting more updates.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Plant biotechnology also known as green biotechnology is the use of biotechnology in plant or crop production. There are several techniques used such as ell culturing. Organ culture, explant culture, cell suspension culture are some culture types. This is a very useful technology in which have several applications like synthetic seed production, somaclonal variation, cybridization, hybridization.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture technique and its commercial application on horticultural crops.It is the best technique used all over the world to produce the replica of the plant in high number especially used for highly demanding crops.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
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Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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Introduction
Plants cell tissue culture is a rapidly developing
technology which holds promise of restructuring
agricultural and forestry practices. During the last two
decades cell culture have made considerable advanced
in the field of agriculture, horticulture, plant breeding,
forestry, somatic cell genetics, phytopathology etc.
Plant cells can be grown in isolation from intact plants
in tissue culture systems. The cells have the
characteristics of callus cells, rather than other plant
cell types. These are the cells that appear on cut
surfaces when a plant is wounded and which
gradually cover and seal the damaged area.
3. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Plant cells and tissue culture are often used for the
production of primary and secondary metabolites. Plant
tissue cultures can be initiated from almost any part of
a plant. The physiological state of the plant does have
an influence on its response to attempts to initiate
tissue culture. The parent plant must be healthy and
free from obvious signs of disease or decay. The source,
termed explant, may be dictated by the reason for
carrying out the tissue culture. Younger tissue contains
a higher proportion of actively dividing cells and is
more responsive to a callus initiation programme. The
plants themselves must be actively growing, and not
about to enter a period of dormancy.
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Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to
maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under
sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of
known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used
to produce clones of a plant in a method known as
micro propagation. Different techniques in plant tissue
culture may offer certain advantages over traditional
methods of propagation, including:
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The production of exact copies of plants that produce
particularly good flowers, fruits, or have other desirable
traits.
To quickly produce mature plants.
The production of multiples of plants in the absence of
seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that
have been genetically modified.
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The production of plants in sterile containers that
allows them to be moved with greatly reduced chances
of transmitting diseases, pests, and pathogens.
The production of plants from seeds that otherwise
have very low chances of germinating and growing, i.e.:
orchids and Nepenthes.
To clear particular plants of viral and other infections
and to quickly multiply these plants as 'cleaned stock'
for horticulture and agriculture.
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Table of Contents
1. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Historical Events in Plant Tissue Culture
Basic Requirements for Tissue Culture Laboratory
1. Area for Medium Preparation
2. A Sterile Room
3. Glass wares and Other Instruments
4. A Constant Temperature Room
5. A Shaker System
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Formulation of Tissue Culture Medium
1. Composition of M.S. Medium
2. Preparation of M.S. Medium
Collection of Explant Materials
Surface Sterilization of Explant Materials
Preparation of Explants and inculcation
Incubation of Culture Flasks
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2. SUBCULTURE OF CALLUS
Regeneration of Plants from Callus
Organogentic Method
Embryogenesis Method
3. NUCELLUS CULTURE
4. EMBRYO CULTURE
Uses of Embryo Culture
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5. MERISTEM CULTURE
Uses of Meristem Culture
6. ANTHER CULTURE
Procedure For Anther Culture
Uses of Anther Culture
7. SUSPENSION CULTURE
Methods For Growth Measurement
Experiments to Assess the Cell Viability
Uses of Suspension Culture
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8. DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
9. PRINCIPLES OF CELL CULTURE
• CELL
Fine Cell Structure
Nuclear cytoplasmic Relationships
Cellular Activity
• CELL DIVISION
• CELLTYPES AND TISSUES
• BEHAVIOUR OF CELLS IN CULTURE GROWTH,
• DIFFERENTIATION AND METABOLISM
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Primary And Established Cell Lines
The Nature Of Cell Alteration Or Transformation
Do Cultured Cells Differentiate?
•
KINETICS OF CELL GROWTH
(a) Established cell lines
(b) Primary cell lines
The cell cycle
Interaction among cells
Genetics of cultured cells
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Balance among factors
• MEDIA FOR CULTURING CELLS AND TISSUES
I. NATURAL MEDIA
• PLASMA
• BLEEDING FROM THE WING
• BLEEDING FROM THE HEART
• BLEEDING FROM THE CAROTID ARTERY
• COLLAGEN
• BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
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Preparation of serum
Placental cord serum
Aminiotic fluid
Ascitic and pleural fluid
Aqueous humour
Serum ultrafiltrates
Dialysed serum
Insect haemolymph
Coconut water (coconut milk)
• TISSUE EXTRACTS
The preparation of embryo extract
Preparation of chick embryo extract
Preparation of embryo extract from young embryos
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The preparation of bovine embryo extract
Ultrafiltrates of embryo extract
Other tissue extracts
Other media of biological origin
• MEDIA FOR CULTURING CELLS AND TISSUES
II. DEFINED MEDIA
• MEDIA FOR TISSUES FROM WARMBLOODED
VERTEBRATES
Solubility of materials.
Compatibility of components
Purity of materials.
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Chemical instability
Stock solutions.
• BALANCED SALT SOLUTIONS
Materials
Preparing a balanced salt solution
• PARTIALLY COMPLETE SYNTHETIC AND
COMPLETE MEDIA
Preparation of Eagles Medium
• MEDIA FOR CULTURE OF TISSUES FROM COLD
• BLOODED VERTEBRATES
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• MEDIA FOR INVERTEBRATE TISSUES
• MEDIA FOR PLANT TISSUES
10. PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
• PREPARATION OF APPARATUS
Glassware
Plastic vessels
Stoppers for culture vessels
Rubber tubing
Instruments, etc
• CLEANING PROCEDURES GLASSWARE
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Filtration
Storage of sterile materials
Chronic contamination (especially PPLO and L forms)
Sterility testing
Elimination of contamination
Outbreaks of contamination
• PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION
II. ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
Contamination from tissue
Contamination from the air
Contamination from the operator
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• DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT OF A TISSUE CULTURE
LABORATORY
Sterilisation and cleaning facilities
Sterile working area
Storage for media
Incubator facilities
Special glassware and apparatus
General equipment
Special apparatus
Coverslip techniques
Rollertube techniques
Organ culture
Handling of strains
Sources of materials
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• LABORATORY DESIGN
A singleroom unit
Laboratory suite for tissue culture
Sterilisation room
The preparation room
The aseptic room
Aseptic cubicle
Hot room
General facilities
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11. PRIMARY EXPLANATION TECHNIQUES
I. TISSUE CULTURES
• SLIDE CULTURES
• THE PREPRATION OF SLIDE CULTURE
Single coverslip with plasma clot
Maximow double coverslip method with plasma clot
Single coverslip with liquid medium. Laying and hanging
drop cultures
• AFTERCARE OF SLIDE CULTURES
Washing and feeding double coverslip cultures
Patching
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Transferring coverslips cultures
• CARREL FLASK TECHNIQUE
• PREPARATION OF CULTURES
Renewal of medium
The transfer of tissue
• TESTTUBE CULTURES
Plasma clot technique
Feeding testtube cultures.
Patching testtube cultures
Transfer of cultures from testtube
Culture of primary explants in roller tubes without
plasma.
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Flying coverslips in test tubes
• THREEDIMENSIONAL SUBSTRATES
• PRIMARY EXPLANTATION TECHNIQUES
II. ORGAN AND EMBRYO CULTURE
Organ cultures on plasma clots
Cultures on agar
Fluid media
• PREPARING AN ORGAN CULTURE ON A CELLULOSE
ACETATE RAFT
• SETTING UP AN ORGAN CULTURE OF EMBRYONIC LIMB
BONES ON A GRID
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Set up apparatus
Prepare dishes
Prepare explants
Set up explants (e.g. chick limb bones)
Subculture (The medium should be changed every
48 hours.)
• CHOPPED TISSUE TECHNIQUE
Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in minced tissue
Suspensions
• CUTTING CHICK EMBRYONIC HEART EXPLANTS BY
MEANS OF THE McILWAIN TISSUE CHOPPER
• WHOLE EMBRYO CULTURE
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Culture of preimplantation mammalian embryos
Culture of postimplantation mammalian embryos
• PRIMARY EXPLANTATION TECHNIQUES
III. DISAGGREGATION METHODS
• PREPARATION OF CELL SUSPENSIONS FROM FRESH
TISSUES
Disaggregation of embryonic limbbuds
Preparation of trypsinised embryonic carcass
Trypsinibation of monkey kidney tissue
Preparation of primary human amnion cells
Trypsinibation procedure
Trypsinibation in the cold
Cloning of primarily disaggregated cells
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12. CELL LINES
• STATIC CULTURE METHODS
• SUSPENDING CELLS FROM A MONOLAYER
• CULTURE
• INOCULATION OF NEW VESSELS
• FEEDING AND MAINTENANCE
Agar slope cultures
• SUSPENSION CULTURES
Media for suspension cultures
Gas phase
General methods
General management of suspension cultures
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Batch cultures
Continuous medium replacement
• GROWTH OF PLANT CELLS IN SUSPENSION
• CLONING CELLS
Cloning of HeLa cells by the dilution technique
Agar suspension technique
Cloning in fibrin gels
Cloning cells by the isolation technique
Technique
Characterisation of cell lines
• SPECIAL ASPECTS OF HANDLING PRIMARY CELL LINES
General maintenance
Seed stocks
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13. ISOLATION METHOD FOR MICROORGANISMS FOR
CULTURE
• SOURCES OF ORGANISMS AND SOME SAMPLING
• STRATEGIES
• DIRECT ISOLATION METHODS
Pretreatment of Samples
• DILUTION AND INCUBATION OF SAMPLES
Media Considerations
• ENRICHMENT CULTURE METHODS
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Baiting Methods
General Chemical Enrichment
Specialized Enrichment Systems and their Applications
Enrichments from sea water
Enrichments for biomass production
Enrichments for nitratereducing bacteria
Enrichments in complex media
Biodegradation
Heterogeneous continuous flow systems
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14. CULTURE PRESERVATION AND STABILITY
• PROCEDURES PRIOR TO SELECTING A
• PRESERVATION METHOD
Object of Preservation
Good Record Keeping of Previous Treatment and Lineage
Notation of Reported Characteristics of a Culture
Culture Preservation and Stability
• DETERMINANTS FOR CULTURE IDENTITY,
• CHARACTERISTICS AND PURITY
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Authenticated Cultures Confirmation of Stated Traits
Morphological
Biochemical
Physiological
Research and Development Strains
Elimination of leaky mutants
Assurance of auxotrophic traits (elimination of mixed
genetic bag)
Selective pressure for maintaining specific culture traits
Longterm Storage
Cost efficiency
Minimal maintenance
Endurance of label
Precise inventory system
Shortterm Storage
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Ease of sample preparation
Label reliability
Economic aspects
Reliability
Ease of retrieval
Rapid retrieval
• SELECTION OF MAINTENANCE CONDITIONS AND
PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION, BASED ON
CULTURE USE
Longterm Storage
Analytical organisms
Comparison strains
Manufacturing plant cultures
36. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Shortterm Storage
New metabolite producers for investigative studies
Clones from populations for improved metabolite
producers
Working stocks of analytical organisms
• CULTURE RESTORATION AND GROWTH
• CONSIDERATIONS
Restoration
Concentration of inocula
Nutrition
Osmotic (rehydration)
38. www.entrepreneurindia.co
15. GENETIC MODIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
MICROORGANISMS
• MUTATION
DNA Repair Mechanisms
Mutagen Specificity
Survival Curves and Optimum Conditions for the Use of a
Motagen and Expression of Mutations
Site Specific Mutagenesis
Applications of Mutation to Antibioticproducing
Microorganisms
• RECOMBINATION
Protoplast Fusion
39. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Conjugation and Natural Plasmids
Transformation
Transduction
Sexuality and Parasexuality in Fungi
Recombinant DNA Technology
Transposable Elements
Applications of Recombination to Antibioticproducing
Microorganisms
• GENETICS AND SCREENING
40. www.entrepreneurindia.co
16. IN VITRO RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
• GENERATION AND CLONING OF DNA FRAGMENTS
Fragmentation of DNA
Class II restriction enzymes
Random DNA fragments and the generation of genomic
libraries
Enrichment for specific D.N.A. sequences
Synthesis of cDNA
Chemical synthesis of DNA
Covalent Linkage of DNA Fragments to Vector Molecules
Ligation to sector molecules
Methods favouring formation of hybrid DNAmolecules
Modification of DNA Extremities
41. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Isolation of Recombinant Molecules and Interspecies DNA
Transfer
Transformation and transfection
In vitro packaging
• CLONING VECTORS
Plasmid Vectors
Vectors Derived from Bacteriophage l
Phage vectors
Cosmids vectors
Special Purpose Cloning Vectors
Expression lectors
Singlestranded phage vectors
42. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Plasmid vectors for subcloning and sequencing
Vectors for the detection of transcription and translation
signals
Vector Systems for Organisms other than E. coli
• DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF CLONES
Screening Recominant Clones
Nucleic acid homology
Translation in vitro
Immunological screening
Characterization of Cloned DNA
Isolation of cloned DNA
Physical characterization of cloned fragments
43. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Characterization of products expressed by cloned
Fragments
• MANIPULATION OF CLONED GENES
• IN VITRO
Mutagenesis
Generation of deletions and insertions
Point mutations
Efficient Expression of Cloned Genes
Constructions that maximize expression
Secretion of cloned products
47. www.entrepreneurindia.co
18. DESIGN, PREPARATION AND STERILIZATION OF
FERMENTATION MEDIA
• MEDIUM DESIGN
• MEDIUM PREPARATION
• STERILIZATION
19. NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION
• NUTRIENT UPTAKE
Simple Diffusion
Transport Systems
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
49. www.entrepreneurindia.co
20. MODES OF GROWTH OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI
• GROWTH OF UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Cocci
Grampositive Rods
Gramnegative Rods
Budding Yeasts (Saccharomyces)
• THE CELL CYCLE
• GROWTH OF FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS
Germination of Fungal Spores
Hyphal Morphology
50. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Growth of Individual Hyphae
The extension zone
Cytology of the nonextending part of fungal hyphae
The peripheral growth zone
Growth of Mycelia
• YEASTMYCELIAL DIMORPHISM
• COLONY GROWTH
51. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Growth of Colonies on Solid Media
Growth of Colonies in Liquid Media
• EFFECT OF GROWTH RATE AND OTHER VARIABLES
ON CELL COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY
Unicellular Organisms
Fungi and Actinomycetes
52. www.entrepreneurindia.co
21. MIXED CULTURE AND MIXED SUBSTRATE SYSTEMS
• MIXED CULTURES
Methods of Study
Enrichment of Mixed Cultures
Analysis of Twospecies Systems
Analysis of Multispecies Communities
Kinetics of Mixed Cultures
Genetic Interactions
Mixed Culture Processes
Spontaneous mixed culture processes
Defined mixed cultures
54. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Control by regulation of enzyme synthesis
Control by regulation of enzyme activity
Mixed Substrate Utilization in Continuous Culture
Double substrate limited growth
Efficiency of growth on mixed substrates
• COMETABOLISM
Cometabolism in the Environmen
Technological Potential
55. www.entrepreneurindia.co
22. PROTOPLAST TECHNOLOGY
• ISOLATION OF PROTOPLASTS
1. Mechanical Method
2. Enzymatic Method
• MAINTENANCE OF PROTOPLASTS
• Viability Tests for Protoplasts
1. FAD Test
2. Phenol Safranin Test
56. www.entrepreneurindia.co
3. Col flour White Test
4. Microscopic Observation of Cytfoplasmic
Streaming
Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts
Applications of Protoplast Culture
• PROTOPLAST FUSION
Methods of Protoplast Fusion
Selection of Hybrid protoplasts
Regeneration of Plantlets
Uses of Protoplast Fusion
60. www.entrepreneurindia.co
24. GENETIC ENGINEERING THROUGH THE TRANSFER
OF CELL ORGANELLES
1. Isolation of Cell Organelles
2. Isolation of Protoplasts
3. Induction of protoplast to uptake cell Organelles
4. Selection of Transformed Protoplast
5. Regeneration of Plantlets
• Advantages of Organelle Uptake Method
• SUBPROTOPLASTS
Production of Cybrids
Applications of Cybrids
61. www.entrepreneurindia.co
25. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIFFERENT
TISSUES
• VERTEBRATE TISSUES
Embryonic tissues
• DISSECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Chick embryonic limbbones for organ culture
• MAMMALIAN EMBRYONIC TISSUES
• ADULT TISSUES
• PREPARATION OF EXPLANTS OF THE BUFFY COAT
62. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Culture of peripheral blood leucocytes
Human skin fibroblasts
• PROLONGED CULTURE OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS
• CULTIVATION OF TISSUES FROM COLDBLOODED
VERTEBRATES
• CULTURE OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES
Arthropods
Other invertebrates
63. www.entrepreneurindia.co
• STORAGE OF TISSUE BEFORE CULTURING
• CULTURE OF PLANT TISSUES
Preparation of tissues from plants
Cultivation of plant tissues
Culture of tomato roots
Culture of carrot callus
64. www.entrepreneurindia.co
26. CULTIVATION OF CELLS IN VIVO
TRANSPLANTATION
Transplantation into embryos
• PROCEDURE
Transplantation into tolerant chimeras
Transplantation into genetically similar hosts
Transplantation into nonvascular areas
Procedure for anterior eye chamber implantation
Procedure for brain implantation
66. www.entrepreneurindia.co
27. LARGESCALE CULTURE METHODS
Preparation and sterilisation of apparatus
Preparation and sterilisation of media
Cells and media
• APPARATUS FOR MASSIVE CULTURE OF CELLS ON GLASS
SURFACES
Largescale Roux flask cultures
Roller bottle methods
Solid matrix perfusion systems.
The multiple surface tissue culture propagator
68. www.entrepreneurindia.co
28. PRESERVATION, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATION OF LIVING TISSUES AND
CELLS
Maintenance at slightly reduced temperatures
Maintenance at refrigerator temperature
Preservation by freezing
Equipment
General Procedure
Transportation of cells
69. www.entrepreneurindia.co
29. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES
Morphological Studies
• COMMON FIXATION AND STAINING TECHNIQUES
• FOR TISSUE CULTURE MATERIAL
I . Commonly used fixatives
II. Routine stains
III. Special histochemical stains
Chromosome spreading technique
Determining the mitotic coefficient
Planimetry
70. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Examination of living cells
Photography
• PERFUSION OR CIRCUMFUSION CHAMBERS
Timelapse cinemicrography
• QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL METHODS
Auto radiography
Preparation of cultures for electron microscopy
71. www.entrepreneurindia.co
30. APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE CULTURE
I. Micropropagation
2. Elimination of Pathogens
3. Germplasm Storage
4. Somaclonal Variation
5. Embryo Rescue
6.The Production of Haploids
7. Artificial Seeds
Types of Artificial Seeds.
8. Production of Secondary Metabolites
9. Production of Somatic Hybrids
10. Transgenic Plants
72. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Secondary Metabolites
Culture of Plant Cells for the Extraction of Secondary
Metabolites
1. Designing of Bioreactor
2. Selection of Explant Source
3. Surface Steriflization
4. Preparation of Explant
5. Callus Culture
6. Suspension Culture
7. Cell Plating
8. Testing for Biosynthetic Activity
9. Culture of more Productive Clones
10. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites
74. www.entrepreneurindia.co
32. SOURCES OF MATERIALS FOR TISSUE CULTURE
General suppliers of laboratory apparatus
General glassware (in addition to above firms)
General biological products and biochemicals
General chemicals
Special tissue culture media
Suppliers of cell cultures
75. Tags
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Plant Tissue Culture in India, Commercialization of Plant Tissue Culture in India,
Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India,
Industrial Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture,
Tissue Culture, Cell Culture and Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture and Cell Culture,
Tissue Culture in Plants, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Commercial Plant Tissue
Culture in India, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Plant Tissue Culture and
Biotechnology, Tissue Culture Plants, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Business
Opportunities in Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture Methods, Cybrid Production,
Process of Cybrids Production, Production of Cybrids, Production of Cybrid Plants,
Production of Haploid Plants, Haploid Production, Plant Secondary Metabolism,
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Enriched Biomass, Enrichment on Biomass Production, Formulation of Tissue
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of Plants from Callus, Preparation of Chick Embryo Extract, Preparation of Embryo
Extract from Young Embryos, Preparation of Bovine Embryo Extract, Preparation of
Eagles Medium, Media for Plant Tissues, Organ Culture,
76. Tags
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Preparation of Trypsinised Embryonic Carcass, Enrichment Culture Methods,
Genetic Modification of Industrial Microorganisms Mutation, Methods Favouring
Formation of Hybrid DNA Molecules, Modes of Growth of Bacteria and Fungi, Mixed
Culture and Mixed Substrate Systems, Spontaneous Mixed Culture Process,
Maintenance of Protoplasts, Collection of Plant Materials, Storage of Germ Plasm of
Potato, Mammalian Embryonic Tissues, Preparation of Tissues from Plants,
Largescale Culture Methods, Preparation and Sterilisation of Apparatus, Preparation
and Sterilisation of Media, Reservation, Storage and Transportation of Living Tissues
and Cells, Culture of Plant Cells for Extraction of Secondary Metabolites, Preparation
of Explant, Suspension Culture, Extraction of Secondary Metabolites,
Biotransformation in Plant Cells, Immobilization of Plant Cells, Special Tissue
Culture Media, Manufacturing Plant Cultures, Products from Plant Tissue Culture,
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Agar, Npcs, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business
Consultant, Project Identification and Selection, Preparation of Project Profiles,
Startup, Business Guidance, Business Guidance to Clients, Startup Project, Startup
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for Startup Business, Great Opportunity for Startup, Small Start-Up Business
Project, Best Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Startup India,
77. Tags
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Stand Up India, Small Scale Industries, New Small Scale Ideas for Haploid Production
Industry, Cybrid Production Business Ideas You Can Start on Your Own, Indian
Secondary Metabolites Production Industry, Small Scale Somatic Hybrid Production,
Guide to Starting and Operating Small Business, Business Ideas for Enriched
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Manufacturing, How to Start Small Business in India, Free Manufacturing Business
Plans, Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing, Profitable Small Business Industries
Ideas, Business Ideas for Startup
78. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS) can
provide Process Technology Book on
Plant Tissue Culture
(Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids, Callus Culture, Transgenic
Plants, Embryo Rescue, Embryonic Tissues, Cometabolism,
Fungi and Actinomycetes, Grampositive Rods, Cloning
Vectors, Biodegradation, Batch Cultures, Organ Culture)
See more
https://goo.gl/pXccQD
https://goo.gl/MNnSqw
https://goo.gl/QgJiqW
80. Take a look at
Niir Project Consultancy Services
on #Street View
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Locate us on
Google Maps
https://goo.gl/maps/BKkUtq9gevT2
81. www.entrepreneurindia.co
Our inexhaustible Client list includes public-
sector companies, Corporate Houses,
Government undertaking, individual
entrepreneurs, NRI, Foreign investors, non-profit
organizations and educational institutions from
all parts of the World. The list is just a glimpse of
our esteemed & satisfied Clients.
Click here to take a look
https://goo.gl/G3ICjV
OUR CLIENTS
82. Free Instant Online Project Identification &
Selection Search Facility
Selection process starts with the generation of a product idea. In
order to select the most promising project, the entrepreneur needs to
generate a few ideas about the possible projects.
Here’s we offer a best and easiest way for every entrepreneur to
searching criteria of projects on our website
www.entrepreneurindia.co that is “Instant Online Project
Identification and Selection”
www.entrepreneurindia.co
83. NPCS Team has simplified the process for you by
providing a "Free Instant Online Project Identification &
Selection" search facility to identify projects based on
multiple search parameters related to project costs
namely: Plant & Machinery Cost, Total Capital Investment,
Cost of the project, Rate of Return% (ROR) and Break Even
Point % (BEP). You can sort the projects on the basis of
mentioned pointers and identify a suitable project
matching your investment requisites.
Click here to go
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-identification
www.entrepreneurindia.co
84. Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on
#StreetView
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
www.entrepreneurindia.co
86. o One of the leading reliable names in industrial world for
providing the most comprehensive technical consulting services
o We adopt a systematic approach to provide the strong
fundamental support needed for the effective delivery of services
to our Clients’ in India & abroad
Who are we?
www.entrepreneurindia.co
87. We at NPCS want to grow with you by providing solutions scale
to suit your new operations and help you reduce risk and give a
high return on application investments. We have successfully
achieved top-notch quality standards with a high level of
customer appreciation resulting in long lasting relation and
large amount of referral work through technological
breakthrough and innovative concepts. A large number of our
Indian, Overseas and NRI Clients have appreciated our
expertise for excellence which speaks volumes about our
commitment and dedication to every client's success.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
88. We bring deep, functional expertise, but are known for
our holistic perspective: we capture value across
boundaries and between the silos of any organization.
We have proven a multiplier effect from optimizing the
sum of the parts, not just the individual pieces. We
actively encourage a culture of innovation, which
facilitates the development of new technologies and
ensures a high quality product.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
89. o Project Identification
o Detailed Project Reports/Pre-feasibility Reports
o Business Plan
o Industry Trends
o Market Research Reports
o Technology Books and Directory
o Databases on CD-ROM
o Laboratory Testing Services
o Turnkey Project Consultancy/Solutions
o Entrepreneur India (An Industrial Monthly Journal)
What do we offer?
www.entrepreneurindia.co
90. o We have two decades long experience in project consultancy and
market research field
o We empower our customers with the prerequisite know-how to
take sound business decisions
o We help catalyze business growth by providing distinctive and
profound market analysis
o We serve a wide array of customers , from individual
entrepreneurs to Corporations and Foreign Investors
o We use authentic & reliable sources to ensure business precision
How are we different ?
www.entrepreneurindia.co
91. Our Approach
Requirement collection
Thorough analysis of the project
Economic feasibility study of the
Project
Market potential survey/research
Report Compilation
www.entrepreneurindia.co
92. Who do we serve?
o Public-sector Companies
o Corporates
o Government Undertakings
o Individual Entrepreneurs
o NRI’s
o Foreign Investors
o Non-profit Organizations, NBFC’s
o Educational Institutions
o Embassies & Consulates
o Consultancies
o Industry / trade associations
www.entrepreneurindia.co
93. Sectors We Cover
o Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicines, Herbal Cosmetics
o Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Beverages, Drinks
o Adhesives, Industrial Adhesive, Sealants, Glues, Gum & Resin
o Activated Carbon & Activated Charcoal
o Aluminium And Aluminium Extrusion Profiles & Sections,
o Bio-fertilizers And Biotechnology
o Breakfast Snacks And Cereal Food
o Bicycle Tyres & Tubes, Bicycle Parts, Bicycle Assembling
www.entrepreneurindia.co
94. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Bamboo And Cane Based Projects
o Building Materials And Construction Projects
o Biodegradable & Bioplastic Based Projects
o Chemicals (Organic And Inorganic)
o Confectionery, Bakery/Baking And Other Food
o Cereal Processing
o Coconut And Coconut Based Products
o Cold Storage For Fruits & Vegetables
o Coal & Coal Byproduct
www.entrepreneurindia.co
95. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Copper & Copper Based Projects
o Dairy/Milk Processing
o Disinfectants, Pesticides, Insecticides, Mosquito Repellents,
o Electrical, Electronic And Computer based Projects
o Essential Oils, Oils & Fats And Allied
o Engineering Goods
o Fibre Glass & Float Glass
o Fast Moving Consumer Goods
o Food, Bakery, Agro Processing
www.entrepreneurindia.co
96. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Fruits & Vegetables Processing
o Ferro Alloys Based Projects
o Fertilizers & Biofertilizers
o Ginger & Ginger Based Projects
o Herbs And Medicinal Cultivation And Jatropha (Biofuel)
o Hotel & Hospitability Projects
o Hospital Based Projects
o Herbal Based Projects
o Inks, Stationery And Export Industries
www.entrepreneurindia.co
97. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Infrastructure Projects
o Jute & Jute Based Products
o Leather And Leather Based Projects
o Leisure & Entertainment Based Projects
o Livestock Farming Of Birds & Animals
o Minerals And Minerals
o Maize Processing(Wet Milling) & Maize Based Projects
o Medical Plastics, Disposables Plastic Syringe, Blood Bags
o Organic Farming, Neem Products Etc.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
98. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Paints, Pigments, Varnish & Lacquer
o Paper And Paper Board, Paper Recycling Projects
o Printing Inks
o Packaging Based Projects
o Perfumes, Cosmetics And Flavours
o Power Generation Based Projects & Renewable Energy Based Projects
o Pharmaceuticals And Drugs
o Plantations, Farming And Cultivations
o Plastic Film, Plastic Waste And Plastic Compounds
o Plastic, PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE Etc.
www.entrepreneurindia.co
99. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Potato And Potato Based Projects
o Printing And Packaging
o Real Estate, Leisure And Hospitality
o Rubber And Rubber Products
o Soaps And Detergents
o Stationary Products
o Spices And Snacks Food
o Steel & Steel Products
o Textile Auxiliary And Chemicals
www.entrepreneurindia.co
100. Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Township & Residential Complex
o Textiles And Readymade Garments
o Waste Management & Recycling
o Wood & Wood Products
o Water Industry(Packaged Drinking Water & Mineral
Water)
o Wire & Cable
www.entrepreneurindia.co
101. Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on
#StreetView
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
www.entrepreneurindia.co