introduction to pharmacology ( PK, PD, ROUTE OF ADM. OF DRUG)
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•250 views
Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly or narrowly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue,
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Opioid analgesics ppt (1)
This document discusses opioid analgesics, also known as narcotic analgesics, which are pain relievers that act on the central nervous system. It defines different types of pain and describes various opioids including their history, pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and classification. Opioids such as morphine, codeine, pethidine, methadone, and tramadol are discussed in detail along with endogenous opioid peptides and opioid antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone, nalorphine, and pentazocine. The document provides an overview of the mechanisms and effects of different opioid receptor stimulation.
#Preoperative preparation
The document discusses preoperative preparation and assessment of patients. It outlines the key steps which include gathering relevant medical history, conducting a physical exam, ordering appropriate tests and labs, identifying and managing any medical conditions, developing a treatment plan, discussing risks and obtaining consent. The goals are to optimize the patient's condition, minimize risks and communicate effectively with the surgical team. Key aspects of the physical exam and specific considerations for various medical conditions are also described. Finally, the document discusses arranging the operating room schedule to ensure proper resources and prioritization of patients.
Routes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstration Factors for the choice of Drugs,details about various routes for drug administration
Beta lactam antibiotics(Penicillin, Cephalosporin)
ß-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins contain a ß-lactam ring which is essential for their antibacterial activity. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It works by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are various generations of cephalosporins that are effective against different bacteria. Both penicillins and cephalosporins can cause hypersensitivity reactions and disrupt gut flora. Other ß-lactam classes include carbapenems and monobactams which have similar mechanisms of action and side effects.
Phamacology mcq 2
This document provides a list of 30 multiple choice pharmacology questions along with answers about various drugs and their properties. It also includes a short self-assessment section with 5 additional multiple choice questions. The questions cover topics such as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer drugs, antimalarials, endocrine pharmacology, and more. The document is presented by Pradeep Banjare from Apollo College of Pharmacy in Durg, India as a study aid and exam preparation for pharmacology.
Past, present and future of anesthesia
1) Anesthesia has come a long way from the days when surgery was performed without pain relief. Various crude methods were used to relieve pain before the discovery of modern anesthesia in the 1840s.
2) Key milestones in anesthesia history include the first use of ether in 1846, the introduction of injectable cocaine and local anesthesia in 1884, and the development of muscle relaxants and modern inhalational agents.
3) Anesthesia continues to advance with new drugs, monitoring techniques, and the increasing role of technology including automated drug delivery systems and one day possibly robotic anesthesia administration. The future may see further developments in areas like artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, and remote anesthesia delivery via telemedicine.
Antibiotics-a detailed classification | a detailed pharmacological study
this is a detailed study on classification of all kind of antibiotic drugs .... a detailed pharmacological study
please comment
thank you
cholinergic blockers
This document discusses cholinergic agents and their effects on the autonomic nervous system. It describes how cholinergic agents mimic the effects of acetylcholine by stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Direct-acting agents bind to cholinergic receptors while indirect agents inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Common effects include increased salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea and gastrointestinal cramping. Therapeutic uses include reducing eye pressure for glaucoma, increasing bladder and bowel motility, and treating Alzheimer's disease. Side effects result from overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system and include bradycardia, nausea, vomiting and bronchospasm.
Recommended
Opioid analgesics ppt (1)
This document discusses opioid analgesics, also known as narcotic analgesics, which are pain relievers that act on the central nervous system. It defines different types of pain and describes various opioids including their history, pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and classification. Opioids such as morphine, codeine, pethidine, methadone, and tramadol are discussed in detail along with endogenous opioid peptides and opioid antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone, nalorphine, and pentazocine. The document provides an overview of the mechanisms and effects of different opioid receptor stimulation.
#Preoperative preparation
The document discusses preoperative preparation and assessment of patients. It outlines the key steps which include gathering relevant medical history, conducting a physical exam, ordering appropriate tests and labs, identifying and managing any medical conditions, developing a treatment plan, discussing risks and obtaining consent. The goals are to optimize the patient's condition, minimize risks and communicate effectively with the surgical team. Key aspects of the physical exam and specific considerations for various medical conditions are also described. Finally, the document discusses arranging the operating room schedule to ensure proper resources and prioritization of patients.
Routes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstration Factors for the choice of Drugs,details about various routes for drug administration
Beta lactam antibiotics(Penicillin, Cephalosporin)
ß-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins contain a ß-lactam ring which is essential for their antibacterial activity. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It works by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are various generations of cephalosporins that are effective against different bacteria. Both penicillins and cephalosporins can cause hypersensitivity reactions and disrupt gut flora. Other ß-lactam classes include carbapenems and monobactams which have similar mechanisms of action and side effects.
Phamacology mcq 2
This document provides a list of 30 multiple choice pharmacology questions along with answers about various drugs and their properties. It also includes a short self-assessment section with 5 additional multiple choice questions. The questions cover topics such as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer drugs, antimalarials, endocrine pharmacology, and more. The document is presented by Pradeep Banjare from Apollo College of Pharmacy in Durg, India as a study aid and exam preparation for pharmacology.
Past, present and future of anesthesia
1) Anesthesia has come a long way from the days when surgery was performed without pain relief. Various crude methods were used to relieve pain before the discovery of modern anesthesia in the 1840s.
2) Key milestones in anesthesia history include the first use of ether in 1846, the introduction of injectable cocaine and local anesthesia in 1884, and the development of muscle relaxants and modern inhalational agents.
3) Anesthesia continues to advance with new drugs, monitoring techniques, and the increasing role of technology including automated drug delivery systems and one day possibly robotic anesthesia administration. The future may see further developments in areas like artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, and remote anesthesia delivery via telemedicine.
Antibiotics-a detailed classification | a detailed pharmacological study
this is a detailed study on classification of all kind of antibiotic drugs .... a detailed pharmacological study
please comment
thank you
cholinergic blockers
This document discusses cholinergic agents and their effects on the autonomic nervous system. It describes how cholinergic agents mimic the effects of acetylcholine by stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Direct-acting agents bind to cholinergic receptors while indirect agents inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Common effects include increased salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea and gastrointestinal cramping. Therapeutic uses include reducing eye pressure for glaucoma, increasing bladder and bowel motility, and treating Alzheimer's disease. Side effects result from overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system and include bradycardia, nausea, vomiting and bronchospasm.
Antiseptic and disinfectant
Define Antiseptic and disinfectant
Differentiate between Antiseptic and disinfectant
Classify and explain Antiseptic and disinfectant
Anticholinergic Drugs
Anticholinergic drugs like atropine act by blocking acetylcholine effects on muscarinic receptors. Atropine causes various effects including tachycardia by blocking vagal tone, mydriasis and cycloplegia when applied topically to the eyes, relaxation of smooth muscles, and decreased sweat, saliva and tear production. It is used to treat conditions like intestinal spasms, asthma, motion sickness, Parkinson's disease, and as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Side effects include dry mouth, difficulty swallowing and talking, blurred vision, urinary retention, and fever in overdose.
Drug classifications
This document discusses drug classifications and provides examples of therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications. Therapeutic classifications group drugs based on their intended effects, while pharmacologic classifications group drugs based on their mechanisms of action. The document gives angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as an example of a pharmacologic class, noting they all end in "pril" and work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. It describes the indications, therapeutic effects, side effects, and nursing considerations for ACE inhibitors.
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
This document discusses the different routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and local application. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and enema administration. Parenteral routes involve injection techniques like intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and others. Inhalation is also discussed as a parenteral route. The advantages and disadvantages of each route are provided.
analgesics
The document discusses various analgesic drugs used to treat pain, including opioid agonists like morphine, codeine, and oxycodone; opioid antagonists like naloxone; salicylates like aspirin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen; corticosteroids; and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). It describes how these drugs work, their uses, side effects, characteristics, and nursing considerations when administering them to patients.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands located above the kidneys that is part of the body's fight or flight response to stress. It works by increasing heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages to increase blood flow and oxygen during stressful situations. Adrenaline is also used medically to treat conditions like anaphylactic shock and goes by the name epinephrine in the US medical community.
Anesthetic preparations for surgery
This document provides information on preoperative assessments for anesthesia. It discusses performing a clinical assessment of patients including medical history, physical exam, and necessary investigations. Patients are categorized based on medical complexity, with low-risk patients able to schedule surgery and higher-risk patients requiring further testing or specialist consultation. The goals of preoperative assessment are to optimize patient health and identify risks so surgeries are not cancelled due to medical issues. Post-anesthesia care and potential complications are also outlined.
Antiseptics and disinfectants
The document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants used to kill or inhibit microorganisms. It describes different categories of antiseptics including phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, metallic salts, dyes, and ectoparasiticides. It provides examples of common antiseptics such as iodine, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide. It also outlines the mechanisms of action, uses, and properties of various antiseptics and disinfectants.
Analgesic and antipyretic drug
Analgesic and antipyretic drugs relieve pain and reduce fever. Analgesics like opioids act centrally in the central nervous system, while antipyretics like NSAIDs act peripherally. Opioids bind to mu, kappa, and delta receptors and open potassium channels and close calcium channels to reduce pain transmission. NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzymes to reduce fever by preventing prostaglandin increases in the hypothalamus. Both drug classes can cause side effects like nausea, constipation, and gastric irritation with long term use. Proper management of analgesic abuse and dependence includes harm reduction, detoxification, and maintenance or abstinence-oriented therapies.
Antidote
Activated charcoal is commonly used as an antidote to counteract drug and chemical poisonings. It works by binding to poisons in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing absorption. Common side effects include black stools and diarrhea. Antidotes work through various mechanisms like complex formation, metabolic conversion, or changing the physicochemical properties of toxins. In the future, more research on new antidotes and applications of existing treatments is needed, as well as evaluating long term side effects from chronic use. International collaboration helps advance the field of antidotal therapy.
Corticosteroids
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Introduction to Pharmacology.pptx
This presentations includes information about definition of pharmacology, history, nature and sources of drugs, different terms used in Pharmacology, Essential Drugs concept, Routes of Drug Administration, and Agonist and Antagonist.
Lidocain ppt
Lidocaine is a rapid-acting local anesthetic first synthesized in 1943 that was approved by the FDA in 1948. It is widely used for local anesthesia and pain management. Lidocaine works by blocking sodium channels in neurons, preventing action potentials and nerve conduction. It has a short half-life of 1.6 hours and is metabolized in the liver. Lidocaine is commonly administered via local injection but is also available in topical forms and as an intravenous antiarrhythmic. When combined with a vasoconstrictor like epinephrine, lidocaine has an increased duration of anesthesia. Lidocaine remains the gold standard for local anesthesia due to its fast onset and short duration of action.
Note introduction to pharmacology
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
80 exam-questions-general-toxicology-for-practising
Toxicology is the field that studies the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Key figures in the history of toxicology include Paracelsus, Rachel Carson, and Orfila. Important chemicals include mercury, DDT, and alcohol. Risk assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Toxicokinetics describes what happens to a compound in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, while toxicodynamics describes how the compound causes toxicity. Biotransformation can activate or deactivate compounds through phase I and phase II reactions.
Cephalosporin
1) Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity.
2) They have similar mechanisms of action and side effects as penicillins but are generally more acid stable and resistant to β-lactamase degradation.
3) Later generation cephalosporins have broader spectra of activity against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Some such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime also achieve good cerebrospinal fluid penetration.
Nsaids, Acetaminophen
1. NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen reduce inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, while acetaminophen's mechanism is unclear but may involve COX-3 inhibition in the CNS.
2. DMARDs treat rheumatoid arthritis through various mechanisms including reducing immune cells, inhibiting lymphocytes/macrophages, or blocking TNF-α.
3. Gout is treated acutely with NSAIDs, steroids, or colchicine to reduce inflammation from uric acid crystals. Chronic treatment includes uricosurics to increase uric acid excretion or allopurinol/febuxostat to inhibit xanthine oxidase and decrease uric acid production.
Stage of anesthesia
This document discusses Guedel's criteria for determining the depth of anesthesia. It describes the four stages and planes of anesthesia: stage 1 involves a dream-like state with normal reflexes; stage 2 involves irregular breathing and increased heart rate and blood pressure; stage 3 involves regular breathing divided into four planes involving eye and reflex changes and pupil dilation; stage 4 involves respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death if not addressed. Guedel's criteria are based on respiration, eye movements, reflexes, and other responses and provide guidance for assessing anesthesia depth during induction and recovery.
Antiseptics
This document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants. It begins with an overview and introduction on the need for antiseptics and disinfectants to prevent transmission of infections in healthcare settings. It then defines antiseptics as agents used on living surfaces like skin, and disinfectants as agents used on inanimate surfaces. The document goes on to classify different agents and discuss various individual antiseptics and disinfectants like alcohols, phenols, iodine, chlorine, and others. It covers their mechanisms of action, uses, advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with a summary of commonly used agents and references.
Routes of drug administration
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, intravenous, sublingual/buccal, and rectal routes. It provides classifications of systemic and local routes. For each major route, it outlines the advantages such as rapid absorption, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and suitability for unconscious patients. It also lists disadvantages like risk of infection, irritation, and variable absorption. The goal is to provide knowledge of different route advantages and disadvantages to inform the choice of administration.
1 basic pharmacology
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in pharmacology. It discusses how pharmacology involves the interaction of drugs with living systems and is divided into pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics examines what the drug does to the body, while pharmacokinetics examines what the body does to the drug. The document also outlines other related topics like pharmacotherapy, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, routes of drug administration, drug nomenclature, essential medicines, prescription vs non-prescription drugs, orphan drugs and more.
Introduction to pharmacology
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1. Pharmacology is defined as the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It includes the history, sources, uses, and effects of drugs.
2. Important figures in the development of pharmacology include Oswald Schmiedeberg, who established experimental physiology, and Friedrich Serturner, who isolated the alkaloid morphine in 1805.
3. Pharmacology can be divided into clinical pharmacology, pharmacy, therapeutics, toxicology, and other branches dealing with specific areas like chemotherapy and pharmacogenetics.
More Related Content
What's hot
Antiseptic and disinfectant
Define Antiseptic and disinfectant
Differentiate between Antiseptic and disinfectant
Classify and explain Antiseptic and disinfectant
Anticholinergic Drugs
Anticholinergic drugs like atropine act by blocking acetylcholine effects on muscarinic receptors. Atropine causes various effects including tachycardia by blocking vagal tone, mydriasis and cycloplegia when applied topically to the eyes, relaxation of smooth muscles, and decreased sweat, saliva and tear production. It is used to treat conditions like intestinal spasms, asthma, motion sickness, Parkinson's disease, and as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Side effects include dry mouth, difficulty swallowing and talking, blurred vision, urinary retention, and fever in overdose.
Drug classifications
This document discusses drug classifications and provides examples of therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications. Therapeutic classifications group drugs based on their intended effects, while pharmacologic classifications group drugs based on their mechanisms of action. The document gives angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as an example of a pharmacologic class, noting they all end in "pril" and work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. It describes the indications, therapeutic effects, side effects, and nursing considerations for ACE inhibitors.
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
This document discusses the different routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and local application. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and enema administration. Parenteral routes involve injection techniques like intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and others. Inhalation is also discussed as a parenteral route. The advantages and disadvantages of each route are provided.
analgesics
The document discusses various analgesic drugs used to treat pain, including opioid agonists like morphine, codeine, and oxycodone; opioid antagonists like naloxone; salicylates like aspirin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen; corticosteroids; and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). It describes how these drugs work, their uses, side effects, characteristics, and nursing considerations when administering them to patients.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands located above the kidneys that is part of the body's fight or flight response to stress. It works by increasing heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages to increase blood flow and oxygen during stressful situations. Adrenaline is also used medically to treat conditions like anaphylactic shock and goes by the name epinephrine in the US medical community.
Anesthetic preparations for surgery
This document provides information on preoperative assessments for anesthesia. It discusses performing a clinical assessment of patients including medical history, physical exam, and necessary investigations. Patients are categorized based on medical complexity, with low-risk patients able to schedule surgery and higher-risk patients requiring further testing or specialist consultation. The goals of preoperative assessment are to optimize patient health and identify risks so surgeries are not cancelled due to medical issues. Post-anesthesia care and potential complications are also outlined.
Antiseptics and disinfectants
The document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants used to kill or inhibit microorganisms. It describes different categories of antiseptics including phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, metallic salts, dyes, and ectoparasiticides. It provides examples of common antiseptics such as iodine, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide. It also outlines the mechanisms of action, uses, and properties of various antiseptics and disinfectants.
Analgesic and antipyretic drug
Analgesic and antipyretic drugs relieve pain and reduce fever. Analgesics like opioids act centrally in the central nervous system, while antipyretics like NSAIDs act peripherally. Opioids bind to mu, kappa, and delta receptors and open potassium channels and close calcium channels to reduce pain transmission. NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzymes to reduce fever by preventing prostaglandin increases in the hypothalamus. Both drug classes can cause side effects like nausea, constipation, and gastric irritation with long term use. Proper management of analgesic abuse and dependence includes harm reduction, detoxification, and maintenance or abstinence-oriented therapies.
Antidote
Activated charcoal is commonly used as an antidote to counteract drug and chemical poisonings. It works by binding to poisons in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing absorption. Common side effects include black stools and diarrhea. Antidotes work through various mechanisms like complex formation, metabolic conversion, or changing the physicochemical properties of toxins. In the future, more research on new antidotes and applications of existing treatments is needed, as well as evaluating long term side effects from chronic use. International collaboration helps advance the field of antidotal therapy.
Corticosteroids
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Introduction to Pharmacology.pptx
This presentations includes information about definition of pharmacology, history, nature and sources of drugs, different terms used in Pharmacology, Essential Drugs concept, Routes of Drug Administration, and Agonist and Antagonist.
Lidocain ppt
Lidocaine is a rapid-acting local anesthetic first synthesized in 1943 that was approved by the FDA in 1948. It is widely used for local anesthesia and pain management. Lidocaine works by blocking sodium channels in neurons, preventing action potentials and nerve conduction. It has a short half-life of 1.6 hours and is metabolized in the liver. Lidocaine is commonly administered via local injection but is also available in topical forms and as an intravenous antiarrhythmic. When combined with a vasoconstrictor like epinephrine, lidocaine has an increased duration of anesthesia. Lidocaine remains the gold standard for local anesthesia due to its fast onset and short duration of action.
Note introduction to pharmacology
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
80 exam-questions-general-toxicology-for-practising
Toxicology is the field that studies the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Key figures in the history of toxicology include Paracelsus, Rachel Carson, and Orfila. Important chemicals include mercury, DDT, and alcohol. Risk assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Toxicokinetics describes what happens to a compound in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, while toxicodynamics describes how the compound causes toxicity. Biotransformation can activate or deactivate compounds through phase I and phase II reactions.
Cephalosporin
1) Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity.
2) They have similar mechanisms of action and side effects as penicillins but are generally more acid stable and resistant to β-lactamase degradation.
3) Later generation cephalosporins have broader spectra of activity against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Some such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime also achieve good cerebrospinal fluid penetration.
Nsaids, Acetaminophen
1. NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen reduce inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, while acetaminophen's mechanism is unclear but may involve COX-3 inhibition in the CNS.
2. DMARDs treat rheumatoid arthritis through various mechanisms including reducing immune cells, inhibiting lymphocytes/macrophages, or blocking TNF-α.
3. Gout is treated acutely with NSAIDs, steroids, or colchicine to reduce inflammation from uric acid crystals. Chronic treatment includes uricosurics to increase uric acid excretion or allopurinol/febuxostat to inhibit xanthine oxidase and decrease uric acid production.
Stage of anesthesia
This document discusses Guedel's criteria for determining the depth of anesthesia. It describes the four stages and planes of anesthesia: stage 1 involves a dream-like state with normal reflexes; stage 2 involves irregular breathing and increased heart rate and blood pressure; stage 3 involves regular breathing divided into four planes involving eye and reflex changes and pupil dilation; stage 4 involves respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death if not addressed. Guedel's criteria are based on respiration, eye movements, reflexes, and other responses and provide guidance for assessing anesthesia depth during induction and recovery.
Antiseptics
This document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants. It begins with an overview and introduction on the need for antiseptics and disinfectants to prevent transmission of infections in healthcare settings. It then defines antiseptics as agents used on living surfaces like skin, and disinfectants as agents used on inanimate surfaces. The document goes on to classify different agents and discuss various individual antiseptics and disinfectants like alcohols, phenols, iodine, chlorine, and others. It covers their mechanisms of action, uses, advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with a summary of commonly used agents and references.
Routes of drug administration
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, intravenous, sublingual/buccal, and rectal routes. It provides classifications of systemic and local routes. For each major route, it outlines the advantages such as rapid absorption, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and suitability for unconscious patients. It also lists disadvantages like risk of infection, irritation, and variable absorption. The goal is to provide knowledge of different route advantages and disadvantages to inform the choice of administration.
What's hot (20)
80 exam-questions-general-toxicology-for-practising
80 exam-questions-general-toxicology-for-practising
Similar to introduction to pharmacology ( PK, PD, ROUTE OF ADM. OF DRUG)
1 basic pharmacology
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in pharmacology. It discusses how pharmacology involves the interaction of drugs with living systems and is divided into pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics examines what the drug does to the body, while pharmacokinetics examines what the body does to the drug. The document also outlines other related topics like pharmacotherapy, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, routes of drug administration, drug nomenclature, essential medicines, prescription vs non-prescription drugs, orphan drugs and more.
Introduction to pharmacology
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1. Pharmacology is defined as the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It includes the history, sources, uses, and effects of drugs.
2. Important figures in the development of pharmacology include Oswald Schmiedeberg, who established experimental physiology, and Friedrich Serturner, who isolated the alkaloid morphine in 1805.
3. Pharmacology can be divided into clinical pharmacology, pharmacy, therapeutics, toxicology, and other branches dealing with specific areas like chemotherapy and pharmacogenetics.
Healthcare Center Website XL by Slidesgo.pptx
This document provides an introduction to general pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and clinical pharmacology. It also discusses drug classification including orphan drugs and over-the-counter drugs. Various routes of drug administration are described along with local and systemic routes. Factors governing the choice of administration route are outlined. Finally, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are briefly introduced.
General_Pharmacology.pptx
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Administration of Medication, Unit - 12 FON
Administration of Medication
1.Introduction of medication ,drug
2. Drug
3. Medication
4. Name of drugs or Nomenclature
5. Classification of drugs
6. Classification of drugs according to their action
7. Terminologies of drugs
8. Routes of drug administration
a. Oral route
b. Sublingual route
c. Rectal route
d. Inhalation route
e. Cutaneous route
f. Parental route
9. Intravenous
10. Interamuscular
11. Intradermal
12. subcutaneous
13. Purposes of medication
14. Principles of medication
15. Medication errors
16. Drugs form
17. Storage and maintenance of drugs
18. Effects of drugs on the body
19. Factors affecting drugs response
20. Factors affecting drug absorption
21. Systems of drug measurement
22. Converting measurements units
23. Dose calcuations
24. Abbreviations used in drugs
25. Abbreviations uses in pharmacology
26. Abbreviations use in nursing
27. Oral drug administration equipments
28. Oral administration procedure
29. Parental administration procedure
30. Cannula
31. Types of cannula
32. Needle stick injuries
33. Preventing needle stick injuries
Lec 1& 2
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems. It has two main areas - pharmacokinetics, which examines what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics, which examines what drugs do to the body. There are several factors that influence drug absorption including the route of administration, physicochemical properties of the drug, dosage form, and concentration of the drug. Absorption involves movement of the drug from its site of entry into blood or lymph without chemical change, and can occur via passive diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis.
Introduction to pharmacology
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
It is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living system
DRUG
World Health Organisation (WHO) defines drug as ‘any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefi t of the recipient’
Basic concepts - Pharmacology
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in pharmacology including definitions of key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. It also discusses essential drug concepts, drug nomenclature, sources of drugs, routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes, and factors governing the choice of administration route.
Introduction to pharmacology
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
1. Done..Part1. Intro-Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics...Done.pdf
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. The chapter covers drug nomenclature, classifications of prescription, non-prescription, and controlled substances. Drugs are derived from natural sources like plants and animals, or they can be synthetic. Absorption is the first step in a drug's pharmacokinetic phase once in the body. Many factors influence a drug's absorption including its route of administration, bodily conditions, blood flow to the site, and the drug's pH level.
General Dental pharmacology
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts and drug administration routes. It defines key terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and clinical pharmacology. Drugs can be obtained from natural sources like plants, animals and microorganisms, or they can be semisynthetic or synthetic. Drugs are administered via local or systemic routes. Local routes include topical, oral, rectal, eye/ear/nose, bronchial and skin applications. Systemic routes include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous and transdermal administration. The route chosen depends on drug and patient factors.
Introduction of pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems and alter physiological or biochemical functions. Drugs are important for health and research as they can treat diseases while minimizing harm. Pharmacology includes areas like pharmacotherapeutics which deals with clinical drug application, and pharmacogenomics which applies genomic technologies to drug discovery. Drugs come from natural sources like plants and animals, synthetic sources produced in laboratories, or semisynthetic sources made by chemically modifying natural drugs. Drugs are administered in various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injections, and transdermal patches to achieve either local or systemic effects.
Pharma introduction
This document provides definitions and introductions to key concepts in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs, including their sources, properties, uses, and effects on living organisms. A drug is defined as any chemical substance that affects living processes. Drugs are categorized as over-the-counter or prescription. Prototype drugs are original drugs from which other drugs in a class are developed. Orphan drugs treat rare diseases. Essential drugs satisfy most health needs. Drugs have chemical, non-proprietary, and proprietary names. Pharmacopoeias and formularies describe commonly used drugs. Pharmacology has dynamics and kinetics divisions concerning drug effects and movement in the body. Clinical, experimental, epidemiological, economic
Intro of genrl phramcolgy
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
- The routes of administration for drugs including oral, parenteral, enteral and others. It notes factors like absorption and first-pass metabolism.
- Key pharmacology terms like pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic index, efficacy, and others.
- Topics like drug interactions, tolerance, dependence, addiction, toxicity and adverse effects.
- The importance of dose, concentration and factors affecting drug response in individuals.
general pharma.pptx
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
General pharmacology
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology. It defines key terms like health, drug, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. It describes the various divisions of pharmacology and sources of drugs including plants, microorganisms, animals, minerals, and synthetics. It also discusses active drug ingredients such as alkaloids, glycosides, oils, tannins, gums, and resins. Finally, it covers routes of drug administration including local routes like topical and deeper tissues, as well as systemic routes like oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, and various parenteral routes like intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections.
General pharmacology class no 1 to 12
Dr.Shivalinge Gowda KP
Associate Professor and HOD-Pharmacology
PES College of Pharmacy
Bengaluru, Karnataka
General pharmacology 1.1 introduction to pharmacology
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in pharmacology including:
- Definitions of pharmacology and drugs. Pharmacology deals with drug interaction with living systems.
- The main divisions of pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug).
- Historical landmarks in pharmacology including the development of early drugs from natural sources and landmark discoveries like penicillin.
- The scope of pharmacology including areas like pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.
Presentation1.pptx
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects a drug over time, including aspects like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The four main pharmacokinetic properties that determine the onset, intensity, and duration of a drug's effects are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding a drug's pharmacokinetics allows clinicians to design optimal dosing regimens by considering factors like the route of administration, dose, dosing frequency, and duration of treatment.
lec ture 1 & 2: General Considerationsns
This document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmacology, including definitions of pharmacology, drugs, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. It discusses the four major processes of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion - and factors that influence each one. The document also summarizes medication considerations for specific populations like pregnant women, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients. Additionally, it covers adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and other important pharmacology topics.
Similar to introduction to pharmacology ( PK, PD, ROUTE OF ADM. OF DRUG) (20)
1. Done..Part1. Intro-Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics...Done.pdf
1. Done..Part1. Intro-Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics...Done.pdf
General pharmacology 1.1 introduction to pharmacology
General pharmacology 1.1 introduction to pharmacology
More from Mohd Asad Farooqui
pharmacology of Narcotics Analgesics
Some narcotic analgesics combine an opioid with aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen. Examples include: Percodan (chemical name: oxycodone and aspirin), Percocet and Roxicet (chemical name: oxycodone and acetaminophen), Vicodin, Lorcet, and Lortab (chemical name: hydrocodone and acetaminophen).
pharmacology of Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain and damage throughout your body. The joint damage that RA causes usually happens on both sides of the body. So, if a joint is affected in one of your arms or legs, the same joint in the other arm or leg will probably be affected, too.
General anaesthesia and local anaesthesia
anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), and unconsciousness
Carbohydrate( classification,strucure, properties, qualitative test, disease
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Proteins are macromolecules formed by amino acids. Proteins are large size molecules (macromolecules), polymers of structural units called amino acids. A total of 20 different amino acids exist in proteins and hundreds to thousands of these amino acids are attached to each other in long chains to form a protein
Introduction to biochemistry.
Biochemistry is the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level by applying principles of chemistry. It emerged in the early 20th century through combining chemistry, biology, and physiology to study living systems. Biochemistry examines the structure and behavior of complex molecules in biological material and how they interact to form cells, tissues, and whole organisms. It also studies the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in cells, how they are precisely regulated to maintain life, and the molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are common to all organisms.
Amino acid ( Introduction, classification, structure, properties, qualitative...
Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. They contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. There are 20 standard amino acids that are used in protein synthesis. Amino acids can be classified as essential or non-essential based on whether the human body can synthesize them. Peptides are short chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, while polypeptides are longer chains that make up proteins. Amino acids are crucial for all metabolic processes in the human body.
Introduction to protein ,classification, structure, properties, importance, q...
Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. Advertisement. There are three macronutrients: protein, fats and carbohydrates. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
E commerce asad
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions
A review on medicinal plants with Antidiabetic activity.
Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin.
Immunoelectron Microscopy.
Immune electron microscopy is a variation of electron microscopy. It is applied for diagnosis of many viral infections. A difficult procedure, IEM was developed as a diagnostic aid for detecting and identifying transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) in fecal and intestinal contents from cases of gastroenteritis in young pigs. IEM is one of the fastest and most sensitive methods for the detection and diagnosis of viruses. This technique is based on formation of immune complexes of the virus with its corresponding antibody.
Pharmacovigilance
This document provides information about a presentation on pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacovigilance, adverse drug reactions, and other related topics. The presentation was given by a 4th year B.Pharm student at Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy in Allahabad, India under the guidance of an assistant professor.
Cancer
This document discusses the mode of action and adverse drug reactions of a drug. It was presented by Mohd Asad Farooqui, a 3rd year B.Pharm student at Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy in Allahabad, under the guidance of their assistant professor Mr. Sudhakar Singh. References for the information are provided.
pharmacognosy of some traditional drug .[chirata,amla,kantakari,shatavari.]
This document discusses traditional medicine and defines it as the sum of knowledge, skills, and practices based on theories, beliefs, and experiences from different cultures used to maintain health and treat illness. It provides details on several traditional medicinal plants such as amla, shatavari, kantakari, and chirata. For each plant, it discusses their geographical source, cultivation, collection, chemical constituents, and substitutes. The document cites references from a pharmacognosy textbook and online sources.
Nsaid ppt
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which reduces prostaglandin production and consequently decreases inflammation, pain, and fever. NSAIDs are used to treat conditions like arthritis, gout, and postoperative pain but can cause side effects like gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding by inhibiting protective prostaglandins in the stomach. They may also increase risks of cardiovascular and renal issues. Care must be taken with NSAID combinations or when used with other drugs that impact renal function.
TOXICITY AND SAFETY RELATED TO NANOPHARMACEUTICAL
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on the safety and toxicity related to nanopharmaceuticals. It discusses nanotoxicology and some of the reasons nanoparticles can be toxic, such as their large surface area to volume ratio. It covers toxicological factors, routes of exposure including inhalation, skin contact and ingestion. Diseases associated with nanoparticles are mentioned. The document provides an overview of ensuring safety in nanopharmaceuticals through measures like material safety data sheets, personal protective equipment, safety engineering controls and proper disposal procedures. It concludes more research is still needed to understand nanoparticle toxicity and ensure safer materials can be developed.
More from Mohd Asad Farooqui (17)
Carbohydrate( classification,strucure, properties, qualitative test, disease
Carbohydrate( classification,strucure, properties, qualitative test, disease
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Amino acid ( Introduction, classification, structure, properties, qualitative...
Amino acid ( Introduction, classification, structure, properties, qualitative...
Introduction to protein ,classification, structure, properties, importance, q...
Introduction to protein ,classification, structure, properties, importance, q...
A review on medicinal plants with Antidiabetic activity.
A review on medicinal plants with Antidiabetic activity.
pharmacognosy of some traditional drug .[chirata,amla,kantakari,shatavari.]
pharmacognosy of some traditional drug .[chirata,amla,kantakari,shatavari.]
Recently uploaded
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
introduction to pharmacology ( PK, PD, ROUTE OF ADM. OF DRUG)
- 1. Introduction to Pharmacology… Introduction to pharmacology Mohd Asad Farooqui Introduction to pharmacology
- 2. Learning Objectives ► Define the terms Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics. ► List the various routes of administration of drugs.
- 3. Terminology ► Pharmacology – Pharmacology is the branch of science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living system. ► Pharmacology: Is a science that studies of drug, Drug effect on the body & body response for the drug. Oswald Schmiedeberg ( Father of Pharmacology) ► Drug: is a substance administered for diagnosis, cure, treatment and prevention.
- 4. Terminology Cont ….. ► The therapeutic effect: is the primary effect intended that is the reason the drug is prescribed such as morphine sulfate is analgesia. ► Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is one that unintended, side effects are usually predictable and may be either harmless
- 5. Terminology Cont ….. ► Drug toxicity: harmful effect of the drug on an organism or tissue, result from overdose or external use. ► Drug allergy: is immunological reaction to a drug.
- 6. Terminology Cont ….. ► Drug interaction: occur when administration of one drug before or after alter effect of one or both drug. ► Drug misuse: Is the improper use of common medications in way that lead to acute and chronic toxicity for example laxative, antacid and vitamins.
- 7. Basic concepts of Pharmacology ► Pharmacokinetics: is how the body deal with drug. ► Pharmacodynamics: is effect of drug on the body. ► Pharmacotherapeutics: is a clinical using of drug.
- 10. Receptor
- 23. ► The generic name: is given for the drug to being official name. ► The official name: is the name under which its listed in one in the official publication. ► The chemical name: is the name by which the chemist knows it. ► The trade mark or brand name (proprietary name) : is name given by the drug manufacture ► Example: hydrochlorothiazide (official name). ► Esidrex (brand name)
- 24. 1. Plants: such as digitalis, vincristine. 2. Human and animals: such as epinphrine, insulin and adrenocoticotrpoic hormone. 3. Minirals: as iron, iodine and zinc 4. Synthetic and chemical substance: as sodium bicarbonate Source of drugs
- 25. Routes Of Administration Of Drugs
- 28. 1. Oral is the most common Advantage: ► Least expensive and most convenient route for most clients. ► Safe, does not break the skin. ► Concoius, able to swallow. Route of administration:
- 29. Oral medication
- 30. Oral Route Disadvantage: ► Inappropriate for client nausea and vomiting. ► Drug may have unpleasant taste. ► May cause irritation of gastro intestinal tract. ► Drug may discolor teeth. ► Drug can be aspirated by ill client.
- 31. A drug placed under the tongue, where it dissolved. Advantage: ► Same as oral plus ► Drug may administered for local effect. ► Drug rapidly absorbed into blood stream. ► More potent than oral. Sublingual
- 32. Disadvantage: ► If swallowed drug may be inactive. ► Drug must remain under the tongue until dissolved. 3. Baccal: pertaining to the cheeks. 4 . Rectal: can be used when drug objectionable taste. 5. Translingual: on the tongue.
- 33. 5. Subcutaneous (SC): hypodermic into subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin. ► Advantage: onset drug action faster than oral. ► Disadvantage: SC 1. Must involve sterile technique because breaks skin barrier. 2. More expensive than oral. 3. Can administer only small doses. 4. Slower than intramuscular injection. 5. Some drug can irritate tissue and can cause pain.
- 34. 6.Intramuscular (IM): into in the muscle. Advantage: ► Pain from irritating drugs is minimized. ► Can administer large volume of drug. ► Drug rapidly absorbed. Disadvantage: ► breaks skin barrier. ► Can be anxiety producing.
- 35. 7. Intradermal (ID): is the administrating of a drug into the dermal layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis, usually small amount of liquid is used for example 0.1ml. ► Advantage: absorption is slow (this advantage test for allergy). ► Disadvantage: ❖ amount of drug administered must be small. ❖ Breaks skin barrier
- 36. 8. Intravenous (IV): allow injection of drugs and another substance directly into bloodstream through the vein. 9. Inhalation: is apply to drugs directly onto lungs.
- 37. 10. Topical Route 1. Skin (including transdermal patches) 2. Eyes 3. Ears 4. Nose 5. Lungs (inhalation)
- 49. Question?