Introduction to pharmacokinetics
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The document discusses the disposition of drugs in the body, known as ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It describes factors that influence drug concentration at sites of action like route of administration and drug characteristics. Key pharmacokinetic parameters - Cmax, Tmax, and AUC - are introduced along with different routes of drug administration and an overview of absorption and distribution processes.
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Compartment models
Compartment models are mathematical representations of the body or body areas used to study drug kinetics. A one-compartment model represents the body as a homogeneous unit where drugs diffuse instantly, while a two-compartment model represents the body as a central and peripheral compartment. Compartment models can simulate biological processes involved in a drug's kinetic behavior after administration, leading to a better understanding of its effects. They assume drugs mix perfectly within compartments and flow rates between compartments are proportional to concentration differences.
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This document discusses non-linear pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It begins by defining basic kinetic parameters like absorption and elimination rate constants, volume of distribution, and bioavailability fraction. It then explores possible causes of non-linearity, including saturation of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Non-linear binding due to saturation of plasma protein binding sites is also covered. The document concludes by giving an example of non-linear pharmacological responses with phenytoin, where capacity-limited metabolism leads to fluctuating clearance and half-life with changing plasma concentrations.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics describes the fundamental pathway of drugs in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Routes of administration are determined by a drug's properties and include enteral, parenteral, and other routes. The presentation defines pharmacokinetics and describes the major pathways drugs follow after entering the body, including absorption into blood circulation, distribution to tissues, and elimination from the body.
Short notes#4 Propofol
Propofol is a highly lipophilic anesthetic agent with a rapid onset of action of 15-30 seconds and short duration of action of 3-8 minutes. It has a large volume of distribution, initially distributing to tissues with high blood flow like the brain and lean muscle tissue. Propofol is metabolized rapidly in the liver and eliminated mainly through urine. The dosage needs to be decreased for elderly patients, those with low cardiovascular reserve, or worse clinical status.
Gastrointestinal Absorption of Drugs
1. The document discusses drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. There are three major routes of administration: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
2. Drug absorption involves various mechanisms including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and active transport. The rate-limiting step is the slowest step that controls the overall rate of drug appearance in systemic circulation.
3. For drugs to be absorbed via the GI tract, they must pass through the cell membrane via transcellular or paracellular transport mechanisms. Transcellular transport involves passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport like facilitated diffusion, and active transport processes like primary and secondary active transport.
Pharmacokinetic models
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
The aim of the use of meloxicam in patients with mild or mo
This document summarizes several studies on the pharmacokinetics of the drug meloxicam. It finds that meloxicam has a half-life of around 20 hours, making it suitable for once-daily dosing. It is metabolized into inactive metabolites that are excreted in urine and feces. The pharmacokinetic profile in rats most closely resembles that in humans. Studies also show that dosage adjustment is not needed for meloxicam in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment or in the elderly.
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Plasma level time curve
Definition:
MEC, MTC, MSC, Onset time, Tmax, Cmax. AUC
Compartment models
Compartment models are mathematical representations of the body or body areas used to study drug kinetics. A one-compartment model represents the body as a homogeneous unit where drugs diffuse instantly, while a two-compartment model represents the body as a central and peripheral compartment. Compartment models can simulate biological processes involved in a drug's kinetic behavior after administration, leading to a better understanding of its effects. They assume drugs mix perfectly within compartments and flow rates between compartments are proportional to concentration differences.
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This document discusses non-linear pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It begins by defining basic kinetic parameters like absorption and elimination rate constants, volume of distribution, and bioavailability fraction. It then explores possible causes of non-linearity, including saturation of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Non-linear binding due to saturation of plasma protein binding sites is also covered. The document concludes by giving an example of non-linear pharmacological responses with phenytoin, where capacity-limited metabolism leads to fluctuating clearance and half-life with changing plasma concentrations.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics describes the fundamental pathway of drugs in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Routes of administration are determined by a drug's properties and include enteral, parenteral, and other routes. The presentation defines pharmacokinetics and describes the major pathways drugs follow after entering the body, including absorption into blood circulation, distribution to tissues, and elimination from the body.
Short notes#4 Propofol
Propofol is a highly lipophilic anesthetic agent with a rapid onset of action of 15-30 seconds and short duration of action of 3-8 minutes. It has a large volume of distribution, initially distributing to tissues with high blood flow like the brain and lean muscle tissue. Propofol is metabolized rapidly in the liver and eliminated mainly through urine. The dosage needs to be decreased for elderly patients, those with low cardiovascular reserve, or worse clinical status.
Gastrointestinal Absorption of Drugs
1. The document discusses drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. There are three major routes of administration: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
2. Drug absorption involves various mechanisms including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and active transport. The rate-limiting step is the slowest step that controls the overall rate of drug appearance in systemic circulation.
3. For drugs to be absorbed via the GI tract, they must pass through the cell membrane via transcellular or paracellular transport mechanisms. Transcellular transport involves passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport like facilitated diffusion, and active transport processes like primary and secondary active transport.
Pharmacokinetic models
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
The aim of the use of meloxicam in patients with mild or mo
This document summarizes several studies on the pharmacokinetics of the drug meloxicam. It finds that meloxicam has a half-life of around 20 hours, making it suitable for once-daily dosing. It is metabolized into inactive metabolites that are excreted in urine and feces. The pharmacokinetic profile in rats most closely resembles that in humans. Studies also show that dosage adjustment is not needed for meloxicam in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment or in the elderly.
One compartment modelling
The One compartment open model treats the body as one homogeneous volume in which blending is quick and where info and yield are from this one volume. The one-compartment open model is the least difficult approach to depict the procedure of medication appropriation and end in the body and this model accept that the medication can enter or leave the body and the whole body acts like a solitary, uniform compartment. The least complex pharmacokinetic model that portrays medicate manner in the body is the IV bolus model where the medication is infused at the same time into a container which is the human body or compartment and where the medication circulates/equilibrates momentarily and quickly all through the compartment. Again the easiest course of medication organization from a demonstrating point of view is a quick intravenous infusion (IV bolus). Medication end from the compartment likewise starts to happen following the IV bolus infusion.
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The document discusses pharmacokinetics of intravenous drug infusion. It describes how a drug administered via constant IV infusion will reach a steady state plasma concentration determined by the infusion rate and drug clearance. It also discusses factors that affect this steady state concentration and the time required to reach it, such as volume of distribution and elimination half-life. Compartmental models including one, two, and multi-compartment models are introduced to explain drug distribution and elimination kinetics over time.
Compartment Model
Compartmental models simulate drug absorption, distribution, and elimination with hypothetical spaces called compartments. A one-compartment model describes drugs administered orally, while two- or three-compartment models are used for intravenous drugs. The simplest one-compartment open model assumes instantaneous distribution in a single compartment from which elimination occurs. More complex models involve multiple compartments that distribute drug at different rates. Parameters like volume of distribution and elimination rate constant characterize compartment models.
Nonlinear pharmacokinetic
- The document discusses nonlinear pharmacokinetics where parameters like clearance and volume of distribution change with dose. This occurs when transporters or enzymes involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion get saturated at high drug concentrations.
- The Michaelis-Menten equation is used to describe saturation kinetics and estimate parameters Km and Vmax. Various methods like Lineweaver-Burk, direct linear and graphical plots are presented to determine these values using in vivo or in vitro concentration and rate data.
- Estimation of Km and Vmax is also described at steady-state concentrations achieved after constant rate infusion or multiple dosing, through plots of steady-state concentration versus dosing rate.
First order absorption model
The document discusses pharmacokinetics, which describes how the body affects a drug after administration through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It covers factors that affect oral drug absorption like physicochemical properties, dosage form characteristics, and gastrointestinal physiology. The document also explains zero-order and first-order kinetic models, describing constant drug absorption and elimination rates over time.
Urinaryexcreation studies
This document provides information on urinary excretion studies, a method used to assess bioavailability of drugs that are excreted unchanged in urine. It discusses how the method involves collecting urine samples at regular intervals over multiple biological half-lives and analyzing drug levels. It notes advantages like being noninvasive and allowing calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The document outlines criteria for valid studies and methods to determine elimination rate constants and bioavailability from urinary excretion data.
Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters
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Multi compartment models
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Elimination kinetics
This document discusses drug elimination kinetics. It describes the main routes of drug excretion from the body, including hepatic excretion through bile and renal excretion through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption. The kinetics of drug elimination are explained, including plasma half-life, repeated dosing to achieve steady state concentrations, and target level strategies using loading and maintenance doses. The principles of first-order and zero-order elimination, as well as therapeutic drug monitoring, are also outlined.
Drug distribution and its clinical significance
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- Common routes of drug administration include oral, buccal, rectal, topical, and intravenous. The oral route is the most common due to convenience but has disadvantages like variable absorption. The intravenous route has 100% bioavailability but is more invasive.
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Methods of Assessing Bioavailability
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
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Pharmacokinetic models
This document discusses pharmacokinetic models used to mathematically represent how drugs move through the body over time. It covers one compartment models, which assume rapid equilibrium between blood and tissues. For intravenous bolus administration, drug concentration decreases exponentially according to first-order kinetics. Key parameters include elimination rate constant, half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance. Compartmental modelling is useful for predicting drug concentrations, determining dosing schedules, and understanding drug interactions.
Harvindar singh
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetic concepts including plasma drug concentration-time profiles, pharmacokinetic parameters, and pharmacodynamic parameters. It discusses how plasma drug concentrations can be plotted over time to evaluate parameters like Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. These parameters describe the absorption and elimination of drugs and can be used to assess bioavailability. The document also covers pharmacodynamic parameters that relate plasma concentrations to therapeutic effects and toxicity, including minimum effective concentration, maximum safe concentration, therapeutic range, and therapeutic index. Finally, it discusses reaction rates, orders, and equations for zero order, first order, and second order reactions.
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One compartment modelling
The One compartment open model treats the body as one homogeneous volume in which blending is quick and where info and yield are from this one volume. The one-compartment open model is the least difficult approach to depict the procedure of medication appropriation and end in the body and this model accept that the medication can enter or leave the body and the whole body acts like a solitary, uniform compartment. The least complex pharmacokinetic model that portrays medicate manner in the body is the IV bolus model where the medication is infused at the same time into a container which is the human body or compartment and where the medication circulates/equilibrates momentarily and quickly all through the compartment. Again the easiest course of medication organization from a demonstrating point of view is a quick intravenous infusion (IV bolus). Medication end from the compartment likewise starts to happen following the IV bolus infusion.
pharmacokinetic of iv infusion
The document discusses pharmacokinetics of intravenous drug infusion. It describes how a drug administered via constant IV infusion will reach a steady state plasma concentration determined by the infusion rate and drug clearance. It also discusses factors that affect this steady state concentration and the time required to reach it, such as volume of distribution and elimination half-life. Compartmental models including one, two, and multi-compartment models are introduced to explain drug distribution and elimination kinetics over time.
Compartment Model
Compartmental models simulate drug absorption, distribution, and elimination with hypothetical spaces called compartments. A one-compartment model describes drugs administered orally, while two- or three-compartment models are used for intravenous drugs. The simplest one-compartment open model assumes instantaneous distribution in a single compartment from which elimination occurs. More complex models involve multiple compartments that distribute drug at different rates. Parameters like volume of distribution and elimination rate constant characterize compartment models.
Nonlinear pharmacokinetic
- The document discusses nonlinear pharmacokinetics where parameters like clearance and volume of distribution change with dose. This occurs when transporters or enzymes involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion get saturated at high drug concentrations.
- The Michaelis-Menten equation is used to describe saturation kinetics and estimate parameters Km and Vmax. Various methods like Lineweaver-Burk, direct linear and graphical plots are presented to determine these values using in vivo or in vitro concentration and rate data.
- Estimation of Km and Vmax is also described at steady-state concentrations achieved after constant rate infusion or multiple dosing, through plots of steady-state concentration versus dosing rate.
First order absorption model
The document discusses pharmacokinetics, which describes how the body affects a drug after administration through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It covers factors that affect oral drug absorption like physicochemical properties, dosage form characteristics, and gastrointestinal physiology. The document also explains zero-order and first-order kinetic models, describing constant drug absorption and elimination rates over time.
Urinaryexcreation studies
This document provides information on urinary excretion studies, a method used to assess bioavailability of drugs that are excreted unchanged in urine. It discusses how the method involves collecting urine samples at regular intervals over multiple biological half-lives and analyzing drug levels. It notes advantages like being noninvasive and allowing calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The document outlines criteria for valid studies and methods to determine elimination rate constants and bioavailability from urinary excretion data.
Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters
This document discusses key pharmacokinetic parameters that can be estimated including those related to absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs in the body. It provides definitions and formulas for parameters such as bioavailability, absorption rate constant, volume of distribution, clearance, and half-life. Methods for measuring the area under the plasma concentration-time curve are also outlined. Factors that can influence bioavailability like pharmaceutical properties and physiological factors are briefly explained.
Multi compartment models
This document discusses pharmacokinetic models, including compartment models. It begins by defining pharmacokinetics and describing different types of pharmacokinetic models. It then focuses on compartment models, explaining that the body can be divided into compartments that exchange materials. It describes multi-compartment models and the two-compartment open model in particular. For the two-compartment model, it outlines the parameters such as apparent volume of distribution, elimination rate constant, and biological half-life. It also discusses nonlinear pharmacokinetics and the Michaelis-Menten equation for describing nonlinear processes.
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This document discusses physiological pharmacokinetic models, which describe drug movement and disposition in the body based on organ blood flow and organ spaces penetrated by the drug. It presents different types of models, including blood flow-limited models, models incorporating drug binding, and membrane-limited models. It discusses key concepts like mean residence time, mean absorption time, and mean dissolution time. Physiological pharmacokinetic models provide a more exact description of drug concentrations over time compared to non-physiological models.
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The presentation concisely describes the different pharmacokinetic parameters and basics of compartment modelling. It will help undergraduate students to understand the basic concepts of Biopharmaceutics.
Non linear kinetics
Non-linear pharmacokinetics can occur when drug absorption, distribution, or elimination processes become saturated at high drug concentrations. This can cause the rate of drug clearance to change from first-order to zero-order kinetics with increasing doses. Non-linear kinetics results in plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters that are not proportional to the administered dose. Specific causes include saturation of drug metabolizing enzymes, plasma protein binding sites, or renal reabsorption/secretion mechanisms. Non-linear drugs have less predictable responses and greater potential for toxicity compared to linearly eliminated drugs.
Elimination kinetics
This document discusses drug elimination kinetics. It describes the main routes of drug excretion from the body, including hepatic excretion through bile and renal excretion through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption. The kinetics of drug elimination are explained, including plasma half-life, repeated dosing to achieve steady state concentrations, and target level strategies using loading and maintenance doses. The principles of first-order and zero-order elimination, as well as therapeutic drug monitoring, are also outlined.
Drug distribution and its clinical significance
Drug distribution involves the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to tissues. This process determines the concentration of drugs in different parts of the body over time. Pharmacokinetic models like one-compartment and two-compartment models simulate drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Factors like plasma protein binding, organ blood flow, and tissue permeability influence how drugs distribute between the blood and tissues. Therapeutic drug monitoring measures drug concentrations to ensure levels remain within a therapeutic range.
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Methods of Assessing Bioavailability
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
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Well-controlled clinical trials
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This document discusses various pharmacokinetic parameters including peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak concentration (tmax), area under the curve (AUC), minimum effective concentration (MEC), maximum safe concentration (MSC), therapeutic range, and therapeutic index. It also covers pharmacokinetic concepts such as zero-order and first-order kinetics, measurement of AUC using the trapezoidal rule, cut and weigh method, and planimeter, and calculation of half-life. Mixed-order kinetics is also discussed.
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This document discusses pharmacokinetic models used to mathematically represent how drugs move through the body over time. It covers one compartment models, which assume rapid equilibrium between blood and tissues. For intravenous bolus administration, drug concentration decreases exponentially according to first-order kinetics. Key parameters include elimination rate constant, half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance. Compartmental modelling is useful for predicting drug concentrations, determining dosing schedules, and understanding drug interactions.
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingEquivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Introduction to pharmacokinetics
- 2. The study of the disposition of a drug The disposition of a drug includes the processes of ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Drug concentration at sites of action influenced by several factors, such as: ◦ Route of administration ◦ Dose ◦ Characteristics of drug molecules (e.g., lipid solubility)
- 4. 3 main – bioavailability of drug Cmax: point of max conc. In plasma. ◦ Expressed in mcg/ml ◦ Dependent on Dose administered Rate of absorption Rate of elemination Tmax: time taken to attain Cmax Expressed in hrs Onset of action is depended on tmax AUC: total integrated area under plasma level-time and expresses the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation
- 6. Routes of Drug Administration ◦ Oral (per os, p.o.) ◦ Inhalation vapors, gases, smoke ◦ Mucous membranes intranasal (sniffing) sublingual rectal suppositories ◦ Injection (parenteral) intravenous (IV) intramuscular (IM) subcutaneous (SC) intraperitoneal (IP; nonhumans only) ◦ Transdermal
- 7. The process by which drug proceeds from the site of administration to the site of measurement (blood stream) within the body. Necessary for the production of a therapeutic effect. Most drugs undergo gastrointestinal absorption. This is extent to which drug is absorbed from gut lumen into portal circulation Exception: IV drug administration
- 12. The movement of drug from the blood to and from the tissues Determined by: • partitioning across various membranes •binding to tissue components •binding to blood components (RBC, plasma protein) •physiological volumes