Operative dentistry deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and restoration of tooth structure to correct defects, restore function and aesthetics. The history of operative dentistry began with tooth extractions in the middle ages and has evolved to be more evidence-based and focused on minimally invasive techniques. It is indicated to treat conditions like dental caries, trauma, and developmental defects. Its main objectives are diagnosis, prevention, preservation and restoration of teeth. There are different systems for notation of individual teeth, with the most commonly used systems being the Universal system and FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) two-digit system.
Fixed prosthodontic treatment can offer exceptional satisfaction for both patient and the dentist. Fixed Prosthodontics can transform an unhealthy, unattractive dentition with poor function into a comfortable, healthy occlusion capable of giving years of further service while greatly enhancing esthetics.
Nothing is more important in the construction of fixed partial dentures than an adequate diagnosis and a well-devised treatment plan. Although these two subjects are usually considered together. Astute dentists must recognize their subtle differences. Diagnosis is an evaluation of the condition of the patient when he presents for treatment. Treatment planning concerns the treatment procedures by which the dentist will restore the patient to an optimum state of dental health.
this seminar consist of INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITION & CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
HISTOGENESIS OF DENTAL CARIES
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Fixed prosthodontic treatment can offer exceptional satisfaction for both patient and the dentist. Fixed Prosthodontics can transform an unhealthy, unattractive dentition with poor function into a comfortable, healthy occlusion capable of giving years of further service while greatly enhancing esthetics.
Nothing is more important in the construction of fixed partial dentures than an adequate diagnosis and a well-devised treatment plan. Although these two subjects are usually considered together. Astute dentists must recognize their subtle differences. Diagnosis is an evaluation of the condition of the patient when he presents for treatment. Treatment planning concerns the treatment procedures by which the dentist will restore the patient to an optimum state of dental health.
this seminar consist of INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITION & CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
HISTOGENESIS OF DENTAL CARIES
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
The cast metal restoration is versatile and is especially applicable to Class II onlay preparations. The process has many steps, involves many dental materials, and requires meticulous attention to prepration.
Tooth treatment planned to be restored with an intracoronal restoration, but the decay or fracture is so extensive that a direct restoration, such as amalgam or composite, would not be able to sustain or bear forces.
Additionally, when decay or fracture incorporate areas of cusp or remaining tooth structure that undermines perimeter walls of a tooth, an onlay might be indicated.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
The presentation depicts in a very simplified manner the steps of cavity preparation and restoration of class 3 and class 5 composite restoration. It is well supported with illustrations that further provide a better understanding of the topic.
class Ii cast metal restorations like indirect inlay and onlay for restoration of posterior teeth.Cutting technique for inlay and onlay and impression techniques..
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
The cast metal restoration is versatile and is especially applicable to Class II onlay preparations. The process has many steps, involves many dental materials, and requires meticulous attention to prepration.
Tooth treatment planned to be restored with an intracoronal restoration, but the decay or fracture is so extensive that a direct restoration, such as amalgam or composite, would not be able to sustain or bear forces.
Additionally, when decay or fracture incorporate areas of cusp or remaining tooth structure that undermines perimeter walls of a tooth, an onlay might be indicated.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
The presentation depicts in a very simplified manner the steps of cavity preparation and restoration of class 3 and class 5 composite restoration. It is well supported with illustrations that further provide a better understanding of the topic.
class Ii cast metal restorations like indirect inlay and onlay for restoration of posterior teeth.Cutting technique for inlay and onlay and impression techniques..
BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHS OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTICS, BRANCHES OF DENTISTRY, ORTHODONTIC
This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.
Esthetics in complete denture/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Nomenclature, eruption and shedding of teeth.pptxDrBerinDhanya
The first step in understanding dental anatomy is to know the nomenclature or the system of names used to describe or classify the materials used in the subject.
For the clinician to treat dental problems knowledge of proper eruption time and shedding time is very important.
A variety of developmental defects that are evident after eruption of the primary & permanent teeth can be related to local and systemic factors.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Similar to Introduction to Operative Dentistry (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Introduction to Operative Dentistry
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O O P E R A T I V E
D E N T I S T R Y
B Y
DR. NUHA ELKADIKI
(MDS)
2.
3. CONTENT OF LECTURE:
1. Definition of operative dentistry.
2. History and Epidemiology.
3. Indication of operative dentistry.
4. Objective of operative dentistry.
5. Tooth numbering system(tooth notation) :
A. Universal numbering system.
B. Palmer national numbering system.
C. Federation Dentaire Internationale Numbering System (FDI).
4. 1. DEFINITION OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY:
Operative Dentistry is the art and science of the prevention,
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of defects in the enamel and
dentin of individual teeth.
Also known as Restorative Dentistry or Conservative Dentistry.
According to Mosby's dental dictionary's, operative dentistry
deal with the function and esthetic restoration of hard tissue of
individual teeth.
5. 1. DEFINITION OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY:
• Such treatment should result in the restoration of proper
tooth form, function, and esthetics while maintaining the
physiologic integrity of the teeth in harmonious relationship
with the adjacent hard and soft tissues.
• all of which should enhance the general health and welfare
of the patient.
6.
7.
8. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Operative Dentistry was considered to be the entirety of
the clinical practice of dentistry.
Has been recognized as the foundation of dentistry and the
base from which most other aspects of dentistry evolved.
9. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
The profession of dentistry was born during the early
middle ages.
Barbers was doing well for dentistry ,by removing teeth
with complications .
10. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
The practice of these early dentists consisted mainly of tooth
extraction and practice of dentistry during the founding year was not
based on scientific knowledge.
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1840 ⇒ dental education.
Harvard University in 1867 ⇒ dental program.
In France, Louis Pasteur discovered the role of microorganisms in
disease ⇒ have a significant impact on the developing dental +
medical profession.
11. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
In 1898, Dr. G.V. Black is known as father of operative
dentistry.
In United States, G.V. Black became the foundation of the
dental professions ⇒related the clinical practice of dentistry
to a scientific basis.
12. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
The scientific foundation for operative dentistry was
further expanded by Blacks son , Arthur Black.
Others made significant contributions in the early
development of Operative Dentistry:
– Charles E. Woodbury
– E.K. Wedelstaedt
– Waldon I. Ferrier
– George Hollenback
13. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
• In early part of 1900s ,progress in dental sciences and
technologies was slow .many advance were made during
the 1970s in materials and equipiements.by this time ,it was
also proved that dental plaque was the causative agent for
caries.
14. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
In the 1990s, oral health science ,started moving toward an
evidence-based approach for treatment of decayed teeth.
The recent concept of treatment of dental caries comes
under minimally invasive dentistry.
In December 1999 ,the world congress of minimally
invasive dentistry (MID)was formed.
15. 2. HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Current minimally intervention philosophy ,Follow three
concepts of disease treatment:
1. Identify : identify and assess risk factors early.
2. Prevent :prevent disease by eliminating risk factors.
3. Restore: restore the health of the oral environment.
16. 3. INDICATION OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY.
Is indicated in following conditions :
1. Caries.
17. 3. INDICATION OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY.
Is indicated in following conditions :
2. Developmental structural defects.
Infectious disease in childhood
a. Trauma.
b. Fever.
c. Abscess in developing teeth .
18. 3. INDICATION OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY.
Is indicated in following conditions :
3. Hereditary conditions
Amelogenesis imperfectionDentinogenisis imperfecta
28. 4.OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
Operative dentistry have a five fundamental aims:
A. Diagnosis .
B. Prevention.
C. Interception.
D. Preservation.
E. Restoration.
F. Maintenance
29. 4. OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
A. Diagnosis:
It’s the determination of the nature of the disease ,injury
and congenital defects by examinations ,tests and
investigations .
Proper diagnosis is vital for treatment planning.
30. 4.OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
B. Prevention:
Ultimate goal regarding dental caries is its prevention.
(sealing enamel fault pit and fissures).
To prevent any recurrence of the causative disease and
their defect.
31. 4. OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
C. Interception:
This procedure in operative dentistry refers to preventing
further loss of tooth structure by stabilizing an active disease
process.
32. 4. OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
D. Preservation:
Preservation of vitality of tooth and periodontal support of
remaining tooth structure.
33. 4. OBJECTIVE OF OPERATIVE
E. Restoration:
Restoring form ,function ,phonetic and esthetic.
34.
35.
36. •To achieve the ultimate goals of operative
dentistry, any restorative performance,
requires:
1. Full knowledge about human anatomy and
microbiology.
2. Posses a high developed technical skills.
3. Demonstrated artistic abelites.
39. 3. TOOTH NOTATION
Several different systems are available for tooth reference;
there are however three systems that most practitioners
should be aware of in order to be familiar with the increasing
internationalization of dental journals, conferences and other
forms of communication. Most systems divide the mouth into
four quadrants, which are indicated as if one is viewing the
patient from the front:
42. SURFACES
When describing a cavity or restoration, the location can be
described by the surfaces of the tooth that are involved. These areas
follows:
• Mesial: nearest to the midline of dental arch
• Distal: further from the midline of dental arch
• Labial: next to lips (anterior teeth)
• Buccal: next to cheeks (posterior teeth)
• Lingual: next to tongue (lower teeth)
• Palatal: next to palate (upper teeth)
• Incisal: cutting edge of anterior teeth
• Occlusal: chewing surface of posterior teeth
43. SURFACES
• These surfaces can be represented diagrammatically as a box with
five areas, each of which represents a surface .A series of such
boxes is used to represent all of the teeth.
46. 3.TOOTH NOTATION:
A. Palmer system :
In 1861 Adolph Zsigmondy of Vienna introduced the
symbolic system for permanent dentition. He then modified
it for the primary dentition in 1874. The symbolic system is
now commonly referred to as the Palmer notation system or
Zsigmondy system. Also called Angular or Grid system.
Oldest numbering system.
47. TOOTH NOTATION:
A. Palmer system :
The permanent teeth are numbered from 1 to 8, from central incisor to third
molar. Each tooth also has be identified by the quadrant, thus the upper right first
permanent molar is designated 6|, while the upper left first permanent molar is
designated 6 :
48. TOOTH NOTATION;
A. Palmer system :
The primary (deciduous) teeth are represented by the letters A to E, from central
incisor to second deciduous molar and also have to have a quadrant designation
e.g. the upper right deciduous central incisor is A|.
49.
50. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
Advantages of Palmer:
1. Simple to use.
2. No confusion between primary & permanent dentition.
Disadvantage of palmer system:
1. Oral communication is difficult.
2. Opposing or contralateral teeth are indicated by same number
or alphabet which is confusing.
51. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
B. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
This system is commonly used in America. The teeth
are given individual numbers from 1 to 32, starting with the
upper right third molar and moving clockwise round the arch
to the lower right third molar.
52. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
B. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
ADA officially recommended the Universal system in 1968.
In this system for the permanent dentition the maxillary teeth
are numbered through 1 to 16 beginning with upper right third
molar.
• The mandibular teeth are numbered through 17 to 32
beginning with lower left third molar. The universal system
notation for primary dentition utilises upper case alphabets.
53.
54.
55. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
B. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
In this system, the teeth that should be there are numbered. If you are
missing your third molars, your first number will be 2 instead of 1,
acknowledging the missing tooth. If you’ve had teeth removed or teeth
missing, the missing teeth will be numbered as well.
56. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
Advantages ADA
1. Each tooth has a separate unique letter or number to denote it.
Disadvantage of ADA
1. Difficult to remember letters or numbers of individual teeth.
57. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
C. FDI system (Federation Dentaire Internationale)(Two
Digit Notation):
• The FDI system is a two digit system that has been adopted by WHO .
• In this system the first digit indicates the quadrant and the second digit
indicates the tooth within the quadrant. 1 to 4 and 5 to 8 as the first digit
indicates permanent and primary dentition respectively.
• 1 to 8 and 1 to 5 as the second digit indicates permanent and primary
teeth respectively.
58.
59. 3. TOOTH NOTATION;
Advantages:
1. Each tooth has a separate number.
2. Simple to understand and teach.
3. Easy to pronounce in conversation.
4. Easy to transmit over computer & easy for charting.
Disadvantage:
May be confused with ADA numbers.