This document discusses a dental course that covers dental conditions and procedures. It includes instructions for students to view a presentation on dental topics, share personal experiences or ask questions, and respond to other students' posts. The document then lists learning outcomes related to dental charts, interpreting dental charts, explaining dental conditions and treatments, and dental procedures. It also includes details on dental coding, components of dental charts, retaining and transferring dental records, interpreting odontograms, tooth numbering systems, charting symbols, common dental conditions and their treatments, and developmental conditions in children.

1. ADMN1340
Dental Conditions and
Procedures Part 2
Discussion Board Instructions
1. Please view this presentation.
2. Share a personal/family experience about one of the topics in
the PowerPoint or ask a question about one of the topics.
3. Also, read other people’s posts on the discussion board and
answer another student’s question or respond to their story with
your own story or ask a question about their story.
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2. Outcomes
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10.1 Discuss components of the dental chart and
policies for the transfer and retention of records.
10.2 Demonstrate the ability to interpret conditions
on a patient’s odontogram.
9.2 Explain the causes, clinical signs and treatment for
various conditions or disorders of the teeth and/or
periodontal tissues.
9.3 Explain the causes, clinical signs and treatment
options for temporomandibular (TMJ) joint disorders.
9.4 Explain the causes, clinical signs and treatment for
developmental and/or childhood conditions of the
teeth and mouth.
9.5 Explain the dental procedures and applicable
preventative health teaching associated with each of
the following treatment categories: Diagnostic,
Preventative, Restorative, Endodontic, Periodontic,
Prosthodontic, Surgical, Orthodontic.

3. Dental Procedures and Fee Guide Codes
3
00000-09999 Diagnosis: Examination & oral cancer screening, x-rays
10000-19999 Prevention: Fluoride treatments and sealants, cleaning/ prophylaxis/
scaling, polishing, night guards and space maintainers
20000-29999 Restoration: Fillings and repairs and bonding, inlays and onlays and crowns,
veneers
30000-39999 Endodontics: Root canal, pulpotomy, emergency pulpectomy
40000-49999 Periodontics: Root planing, gum surgery/soft tissue grafting
50000-59999 Prosthodontics-Removable: dentures (partial, full)
60000-69999 Prosthodontics-Fixed: Bridges
70000-79999 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Extractions, impactions, tumours, cysts,
I&D, re-implantation of avulsed tooth, dental implants, TMJ surgery
80000-89999 Orthodontics: Braces, thumb crib
90000-99999 Adjunctive: Medications, anesthesia, bleaching, lab services,
correspondence, forms, court appearances, etc.

4. Components of the Dental Chart
 Patient registration form (includes medical and dental
history)
 Examination findings
 Diagnosis and treatment plans
 Record of treatment provided
 Correspondence
 Consent forms
 Radiographs
 Financial Record:
◦ Third party insurance information
◦ Eligible family members entitled
to benefits under the guarantor
◦ Date and amount of all fees charged
◦ Date and amount of all payments made
◦ Itemized list of commercial lab fees that were incurred
◦ Copies of any written agreement with the client or client guarantor
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5. Retention and Transfer of Dental Records
RETENTION OF RECORDS TRANSFER OF RECORDS
 Dentistry Act (1991) requires
that clinical, financial and drug
records be maintained for at
least 10 years from the date of
the last entry
 If client is under age 18, records
must be kept for a minimum of
10 years after the day on which
the client reached the age of 18
years
 Exceptions:
◦ working models
◦ copies of dental claim forms
(2 yrs)
Clients have a right of access to
their complete dental record:
 Requires a written directive
signed by client or his/her
representative
 Dentist retains original records,
including radiographs
 May charge record transfer fee,
which covers photocopying,
duplication and transfer costs
 Insurance companies may also
seek information; be sure you
only release information directly
related to the claim in question

6. Odontograms
http://www.liveddm.com/developers/components/odontogram/help/topic11.html

7. Review the Tooth
Numbering Systems
Number the teeth in the
ADULT dentition using
the FDI/International
tooth numbering system.
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8. Review the Tooth
Numbering Systems
Number the teeth in the
ADULT dentition using the
Universal tooth numbering
system.
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

9. Review the Tooth
Numbering Systems
• Number the teeth
in the diagram
using both the
FDI/International
and Universal
tooth numbering
system on the
same image.
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

10. Dental Charting
• During clinical examination, the
dentist identifies dental conditions
and prior treatments and records the
findings onto the client’s chart
• An odontogram is a chart used to
document a patient's existing dental
restorations and also to record
planned dental restorations and
treatment
• Odontograms may be drawings closely
approximating the appearance of
actual teeth, or may be stylized and
highly abstracted
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

11. Tooth Surfaces
and Charting
The abbreviations used for the
charting affected tooth surfaces
are indicated in this table:
Abbrev. Surface Description
B Buccal
Surface of posterior teeth
that touch the inner cheek
D Distal
Surface furthest from
midline of face, or the
backward-facing side of the
tooth
F
Facial/
Labial
Surface of anterior teeth that
touch the inner lips
I Incisal
Biting surface of anterior
teeth
L Lingual
Surface of tooth that faces
the tongue
M Mesial
Surface closest to the
midline of the face, or the
forward-facing side of the
tooth
O Occlusal
Biting surface of posterior
teeth

12. Views: Most odontograms will provide
a method of charting on all three views of
the teeth:
Facial/Buccal
View:
• How the tooth
appears from a
frontal
perspective.
Facial surfaces
touch the lips
(anteriorly) and
the cheeks
(posteriorly).
Occlusal/Incisal
View:
• Represents the
biting surface
of the tooth.
Incisal surface
on anterior
teeth and
occlusal surface
on posterior
teeth.
Lingual View
• How the tooth
appears from
the tongue.

13. Charting
Symbols and
Practices
• Vary among practitioners
• May include colour-coding to indicate
restorations and defects
• Examples: (These depend on the
software and/or practitioner)
– Existing condition may be charted
in blue and conditions requiring
future treatment in red
– Once restored: filled in with blue if
amalgam restoration, filled in with
green (or light tan) if composite
restoration
– If a restored tooth requires a new
restoration, the pertinent area is
outlined in the colour
corresponding to the material of
the intended restoration

14. Common Charting Symbols/Abbreviations

15. Common Charting Symbols/Abbreviations

16. Common Charting Symbols/Abbreviations

17. Practice makes perfect!
Let’s review the
conditions and
procedures in
the chart found
on the previous
3 slides

18. Try to chart your own dental work or
conditions on this odontogram

19. Fill in the
Chart
https://www.dentalcareprofessionals.com.au/what-do-my-dental-records-look-like/
TOOTH #
(Universal
system)
Tooth #
FDI
system
CONDITION SURFACE(S)
2 17
Amalgam filling (the filling
extends right across the occlusal
surface to include the proximal
[mesial & distal] tooth surfaces)
MOD
(mesial
occlusal
distal)
4
5
11
20
22
31

20. 9.2 Explain the causes,
clinical signs and
treatment for various
conditions or disorders of
the teeth and/or
periodontal tissues.
9.5 Explain the dental
procedures and
applicable preventative
health teaching
associated with each of
the following treatment
categories: Diagnostic,
Preventative, Restorative,
Endodontic, Periodontic,
Prosthodontic, Surgical,
Orthodontic.
20
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21. Disorders of the teeth and/or periodontal tissues:
Diseases of the Dental Pulp: HYPEREMIA
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• Irritation of the pulp with increased
blood supply to inflamed area
• May cause dental sensitivity and may
lead to an abscess
Signs:
• Hypersensitivity to cold, touch,
pressure of biting, and sweets
• Often episodic; symptoms often
disappear entirely for long periods of
time, then return for briefer episodes
Treatment:
• Desensitizing toothpaste, rinses, resin
coatings, soft tooth brushes,
pulpotomy, pulpectomy
Updated 2018 E Dilgert 21

22. http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14274/css/14274_86.htm
Disorders of the teeth and/or periodontal tissues:
Diseases of the Dental Pulp: PULPITIS
• Inflammation of the dental pulp usually caused by a bacterial
infection resulting from dental caries or fractured teeth
• When micro-organisms enter the pulp, they cause severe damage,
which leads to a buildup of pressure in the canal
• Pressure may cause a dull ache that can lead to a more severe,
pulsating pain
• When severe pulpitis occurs, the dentist may remove a portion or
all the pulp in an injured tooth (pulpotomy or pulpectomy/root
canal)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Updated 2018 E Dilgert 22

23. Disorders of the teeth and/or periodontal tissues:
Diseases of the Dental Pulp: PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
• Results when the pulp has become inflamed and a small pus-filled
abscess forms in the pulpal canal. If left untreated, the inflammation
spreads out through the apex of the root and into the bone
• As the abscess gets bigger, pressure from the inflammation and pus
at the apex of the
root may cause the
tooth to be pushed
up higher in its socket
• The patient may
complain the tooth
feels "high" when
biting and very
sensitive to touch.
Treatment: root canal,
antibiotics, extraction Updated 2018 E Dilgert 23
https://www.dentist-manila.com/glossary/dental-abscess/

24. Endodontics: Specialty that manages prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of the dental pulp and tissues surrounding pulp

25. Disorders of the teeth and/or periodontal tissues:
DENTAL IMPACTION
• A tooth that remains unerupted beyond the time at which it should
normally erupt
• 4 Types of Impaction: Angular, Partial Eruption, Horizontal, Vertical
• Soft tissue impaction: tooth is
located under the gingival tissue
• Hard tissue impaction: tooth is
partially or totally covered by tissue
and bone
Causes:
• Premature loss of primary teeth
• Shifting of developing tooth into a
horizontal or other abnormal position
• Shifting of developing tooth into a
position from which it cannot erupt
because of the presence of other teeth,
lack of jaw space, or abnormally large
tooth crowns Updated 2018 E Dilgert 25

26. DENTAL IMPACTION
A tooth that has not broken
through the gum is known as
an impacted tooth.
Regular dental
checkups will
help in early
detection and
diagnosis.
Treatments
 Antibiotics
 Extraction (surgery)
 OTC pain reliever/ saline water
 Regular monitoring for
asymptomatic impacted tooth
Types of
Impaction
Symptoms
× Sore, bleeding gums
× Jaw ache
× Persistent headache
× Bad breath
× Unpleasant taste in the
mouth
Impacted
Wisdom Tooth
This slide was created by C. Ducut

27. SURGICAL: TOOTH EXTRACTION
What’s an Extraction?
The procedure where a tooth
is taken out from its spot.
There are two types of
extractions.
Simple Extraction
Taking out teeth that
are visible and easier
to access.
Surgical Extraction
Taking out teeth that
are hard to access.
Anesthesia Tooth is
Loosened
Tooth is
Removed
Bite on Gauze
Simple Extraction Process
1 2
3 4
This slide was created by E. Ibrahim

28. Surgical Extractions
• Multiple extractions and
alveoplasty: indicated when a
client will be receiving a partial
denture, full denture or
implants. Teeth are extracted
with forceps and then the
surgeon contours and smooths
the affected area
• Extraction of impactions:
complex extraction of a tooth
not yet erupted; sutures often
required
• Soft tissue extraction: tooth is
located under gingival tissue
• Hard tissue extraction: tooth is
partially or totally covered by
tissue and bone
• Root tips: when teeth fracture
and leave fragments in the bone 28
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Post surgery:
• Client monitored in a recovery area
• Analgesics and antibiotics usually
prescribed
• Sterile gauze pack used intra-orally to
control bleeding
• Cold packs for swelling control
• If sedation used, client must have a ride
home and someone stay with them
• Written instructions provided for recovery
period address eating, rinsing and brushing

29. Disorders of the teeth and/or periodontal tissues:
DRY SOCKET/ALVEOLITIS
Painful inflammation and infection
due to disturbance of a blood clot
2-4 days after extraction of an
impacted tooth.
Causes:
• Inadequate blood supply to
socket: smoking
• Trauma/injury to socket
• Infection within socket
• Dislodgement of clot from
socket, usually by sucking action
Symptoms:
• Increasingly severe jaw pain
• Halitosis
• Fever
• Facial swelling
• Swollen cervical lymph nodes
• Swollen gums
• Unpleasant taste in mouth
Treatments:
• Socket irrigation
• Socket packing
• Anti-inflammatories
• Analgesics
• Antibiotics
Updated 2018 E Dilgert
29
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30. 9.3 Explain the causes,
clinical signs and
treatment options for
temporomandibular
(TMJ) joint disorders.
9.5 Explain the dental
procedures and
applicable preventative
health teaching
associated with each of
the following treatment
categories: Diagnostic,
Preventative, Restorative,
Endodontic, Periodontic,
Prosthodontic, Surgical,
Orthodontic. 30
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31. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINT DISORDERS/TMJ
A group of conditions that cause
pain and dysfunction in the jaw
joint and the muscles that control
jaw movement.
Three main categories:
1.Myofacial pain (most common):
discomfort/pain in the muscles
that control jaw function
2.Internal derangement: involves
a displaced disk, dislocated jaw,
or injury to the condyle
3.Arthritis: a group of
degenerative/inflammatory
joint disorders
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32. TMJ SYMPTOMS & TREATMENTS
Symptoms:
• Pain in the chewing muscles or jaw
joint, may radiate to the face/jaw/neck
• jaw muscle stiffness, limited
movement or locking of the jaw
• painful clicking/popping/grating in the
jaw joint when opening/closing mouth
• a change in the way the upper and
lower teeth fit together
Treatments:
• Self care: ice, soft foods, massage
• Medications: NSAIDs, muscle relaxants,
antidepressants
• Orthodontics, splints to alter bite,
occlusal adjustments
• Surgery, including joint replacement
Updated 2018 E Dilgert 32
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

33. 9.4 Explain the causes,
clinical signs and
treatment for
developmental and/or
childhood conditions of
the teeth and mouth.
9.5 Explain the dental
procedures and applicable
preventative health
teaching associated with
each of the following
treatment categories:
Diagnostic, Preventative,
Restorative, Endodontic,
Periodontic,
Prosthodontic, Surgical,
Orthodontic.
33
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

34. Developmental and/or childhood
conditions of the teeth and mouth:
NURSING BOTTLE MOUTH/ECC
(Early Childhood Caries)
Symptoms:
• Abscess, swelling, pain, fever
Risk Factors:
• Low socioeconomic status
• Limited access to dental care
• Lack of water fluoridation
Treatment:
• Restorations or,
• Extractions and space
maintenance for permanent
teeth when restorations
impossible
Caused by: Bottle feeding of
sweetened liquid (milk, juices)
while children go to sleep
(Sustained contact of sweetened
liquid on anterior surfaces of
upper teeth cause increase
bacterial metabolism and
secretion of acid causing tooth
decay)
Can result in: Space issues and
crooked teeth in future,
changes in surface enamel of
permanent teeth Updated 2018 E Dilgert 34
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

35. Developmental and/or
childhood conditions of the
teeth and mouth:
TETRACYCLINE STAINING
• Deep staining of tooth
enamel caused by
ingesting tetracycline
during years that tooth
enamel is forming-typically
blue-grey or yellow-brown
in colour
• Occurs in children under
the age of 8 or in pregnant
women (especially 2nd
half of pregnancy)
• Does not respond to
bleaching; porcelain
veneers are current
treatment of choice Updated 2018 E Dilgert 35

36. Developmental and/or childhood conditions of the
teeth and mouth: SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
• Any teeth in excess of the 32
normal permanent teeth
• May be normal in shape, but more
frequently are underdeveloped
• May cause failure of eruption,
displacement, or crowding
• Diagnosis: May be evident
through eruption or diagnosed
using x-rays
• Treatment: May be extracted or
simply monitored, depending
upon eruption of related teeth,
pathology, placement, and
orthodontic treatment Updated 2018 E Dilgert 36

37. Developmental and/or childhood conditions of the
teeth and mouth: MALFORMED TEETH
37
• Abnormally large teeth. May affect
some/all teeth
Macrodontia:
• Abnormally small teeth. If affects all teeth,
may be associated with other defects such
as Down’s Syndrome
Microdontia:
• Peg like teeth usually associated with
maternal syphilis
Hutchinson’s Incisors:
• The joining together of two or more
separate developing teeth, leading to a
reduced number of teeth in the dental
arch
Fusion:
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38. Orthodontics
• Malocclusion=Occlusion that is deviated from normal
• Causes: developmental, genetic, injury and habits
• Overbite-Vertical overlapping of upper teeth over lower
teeth (measured in %) 10% is ideal
• Overjet=The horizontal distance between the front
surface of the upper incisors and the front surface of the
lower incisors. (measured in mm) 2-4mm is ideal
• Openbite=Space left between teeth when the jaws are
closed
• Angles classification:
• Class I occlusion: normal occlusion
• Class II malocclusion: distoclusion (overbite)
• Class III malocclusion: mesioclusion (underbite)
• Treatments may include:
• Fixed appliances (cemented or bonded into place)
• Removable appliances for the correction and
maintenance of orthodontic treatment
• Orthognathic surgery when the orthodontic problem
is too severe to be corrected by any other means 38
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

39. Orthodontic Components
Fixed appliances/braces: consist of bands, brackets,
arch wires, and auxiliaries that can move a tooth in 6
directions
• Brackets: bonded to facial/buccal side of tooth
• Bands: cemented around molars
• Archwires: attach to brackets and bands. Serves as a
pattern for the dental arch. Bending the arch wire
creates force and pressure, causing tooth/teeth to
move
• Auxiliaries: attachments to brackets and bands such
as tubes and hooks, which make it possible to add
arch wires and elastics and add strength to the
movement of the tooth
Headgear: used in conjunction with fixed appliances to
control growth and tooth movement
Retainers: used following braces to support the teeth in
the new position. May be fixed or removable
Habit control appliances and space maintainers may
also be used for younger clients prior to orthodontics
39
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40. Space Maintainer Appliances
• When primary teeth are missing or must be
extracted due to extensive decay, this appliance
prevents the remaining teeth from drifting into the
space needed for the permanent teeth
• Type of appliance used depends on the number of
missing teeth and their position in the dental arch
• Most often cemented into place and remain until
the permanent teeth erupt
40
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

41. Sequence of Appointments for Clients Having Braces
Retention appointments
Removal of appliances (de-banding)
Adjustment checks
Insertion arch-wire and tying in with ligature ties or elastics
Bonding brackets
Cementing molar bands
Placement of separators
Orthodontic records
41
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

42. Developmental
and/or childhood
conditions of the
teeth and mouth:
CONGENITALLY
MISSING TEETH/
ANODONTIA
• May be partial or total
• May affect the primary
or permanent dentition
(or both).
• May occur in isolation or
in conjunction with
other genetic disorders
• The teeth most often
involved are the:
• third molars
• maxillary lateral
incisors
• maxillary second
bicuspids/premolars
42
Updated 2018 E Dilgert https://media.nature.com/lw926/nature-
assets/bdj/journal/v201/n2/images/4813820-f18.jpg

43. Removable
Prosthodontics:
Dentures
• A dental specialty in
which missing teeth
are replaced with a
prosthesis that the
client can put into and
take out of the mouth
freely
• Removable partial
denture (a “partial”):
replaces one or more
teeth in an arch
• Removable full denture
(a “denture”): replaces
all teeth in one arch
43

44. REMOVALBLE PROSTHODONTICS:
DENTURES
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY
young and old people with dentures - Bing
images
An economic way to restore
your smile!
Dentures can
be used at
ANY AGE!
People Wuth Dentures - Bing images
Ideal dental solution for those
with a fear of dental work!
A. Schmidt
L. Pearson

45. Fixed Prosthodontics:
Bridge
Fixed bridge: a type of prosthesis
recommended when either one or multiple
teeth are missing within the same quadrant
• Components of a Bridge:
• UNIT: A bridge is described by the
number of units (teeth) involved.
Example: a 3-unit bridge replaces 1
missing tooth by using the 2 adjacent
teeth to hold the bridge in place
• PONTIC: the artificial tooth, or part of
the fixed bridge, that replaces the
missing natural tooth
• ABUTMENT: the natural tooth/teeth that
serve as the support for the replacement
tooth/teeth
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

46. Implants
• Dental implant: artificial
tooth root surgically placed
into jaw to hold a
replacement tooth or
bridge or to provide secure
attachment points for
removable dentures
• More tooth-saving than
traditional bridgework,
since implants do not rely
on neighboring teeth for
support
• Entire procedure may take
from 3-9 months and can
be +++ expensive 46
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

47. Developmental
and/or childhood
conditions of the
teeth and mouth:
CLEFT LIP &
CLEFT PALATE 47
• Cleft lip: separation of
the two sides of the lip-
often includes the bones
of the upper jaw and/or
upper gum
• Cleft palate: an opening
in the roof of the mouth
in which the two sides of
the palate did not fuse
during fetal
development
• Cleft Uvula: with or
without cleft lip, is the
mildest form of cleft
palate
• Degrees of cleft
lip/palate: see diagram
Updated 2018 E Dilgert

48. CLEFT LIP & PALATE
Causes and Treatment
• Causes: Congenital defects, or birth
defects, which occur very early in
pregnancy
• May be hereditary or environmental
• Treatment: Frequently requires several
different types of services all of which
need to be provided in a coordinated
manner over a period of years including:
• Surgery
• Dental/orthodontic care
• Speech therapy
Updated 2018 E Dilgert 48
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

49. Developmental Disorders of the Jaw
Macrognathia: a condition that is characterized by abnormally
large jaws, usually occurring in the mandible
Micrognathia: a condition that is characterized by abnormally
small jaws, usually occurring in the mandible
Exostosis/Torus: a benign bony growth that projects outward
for the surface of a bone
Torus palatinus: a bony overgrowth in the middle of the hard
palate
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

50. MICROGNATHIA –
Bottom jaw is
much smaller
than the top jaw
EXOSTOSIS/
TORI –
Benign, bony
growth on
upper or lower
jaw
MACROGNATHIA
– Large lower jaw
and protruding
chin
This picture from: https://www.studiodentaire.com/en/conditions/micrognatia.php
This picture from: https://www.jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbsr.1766/
This
picture
from:
http://www.drpulp.com/2013/06/micrognathia-types-causes-signs-and.html
A. Butler & A. Jetter

51. References
Updated 2018 E Dilgert 51
Baillargeon, S. (2008). Dental Office Administration.
Scarborough, ON, Canada: Thomson Nelson.
Torres, H. O., Ehrlich, A., Bird, D., & Dietz, E. (2009).
Modern Dental Assisting (9 ed.). Philadelphia, PA, USA:
W.B. Saunders Company.
WebMD Medical Reference. (2021, April 19). Dental X-
rays. (B. Nazario, Editor) Retrieved June 1, 2021, from
WebMD: https://www.webmd.com/oral-
health/dental-x-rays