Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx

INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
What is nursing(concept)
Nursing is an art and a science. Nursing as an art
has been practised ever since the human world
began .Modern nursing involves many kinds of
concept and skills related to health and social
sciences and with basic science on contemporary
issues .Nursing as a profession is unique because
it addresses humanistic ally and holistically the
response of client and families to actual and
potential health problems.

Nursing is a helping profession and as such it
provides services which contribute to the
health and wellbeing of the people .Nursing
is a vital consequence to the individual
receiving services .it fulfils needs which
cannot be met by the family ,other individuals
in the community or the person himself.

In 1959 DE Johnsons wrote about the science of
nursing with several existing definition .he
believed that nursing should be a body of
knowledge with the these goals
1 preventing illness
2.promoting and maintaining health.
3. providing comprehensive care

CONCEPT OF NURSING
• The art of nursing
• Competence
• Attributes of practice
• Personal commitment

OBJECTIVES OF NURSING
• To prepare nurses who will give expert bedside
nursing care in the hospital and community
• To provide integration of health and social
aspect of theory and practice in generalized
public health nursing.
• To provide a adequate sound scientific
foundation to understand the functioning of
body and mind in health and diseases.

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• To prepare nurses who will be able to work
completely with team members.
• To provide opportunities through curricular and
extra curricular activities for full development
of personality of each individual student.
• To ensure opportunities for initiative and
resourceful and sense of responsibility for
oneself.

Principles of nursing
The Basic Nursing principles are
1.Safety
2.Comfort
3.Resourcefulness
4.Therapeutic effectiveness
5.Good workmanship
6.Individuality

PRINCIPLES OF NURSING PRACTICE
• Nurse and the nursing staff treat everyone in
their care with dignity and humanity .
• Nurse and the nursing staff take responsibility
for the care they provide and answer for their
own judgments and actions.
• Nurse and nursing staff manage risk ,are
vigilant about risk and help to keep everyone
safe in the places they receive health care.

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• Nurses and nursing staff provide and promote
care that puts people at the centre , involves
patients, service users their families and help
them make informed choices about their
treatment and care.
• Nurses and nursing staff are the heart of the
communication process.
• Nurse and the nursing staff have up to date
knowledge and skills.

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• Nurses and nursing staff work closely with
their own team and with other professionals
• Nurse and the nursing staff lead by
example ,develop themselves and other staff
and influence the way care is given in a
manner that is open and responds to
individual needs.

Definition of Nursing
• Definition of Nursing attributed to Nightingale is “The goal
of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for
nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the
environment”.
• In 1966, Virginia Henderson Wrote a definition of
Nursing , stating that “the unique function of the nurse is
to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its recovery , that
he would perform unaided, if he had necessary strength,
will or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help
him independence as rapidly as possible”

• According to American Nurses Association definition “Nursing is the
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health
problems”(1980)
• According to WHO “Nursing as an integral part of the health care system,
encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of
physically ill, and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and
community settings .within the broad spectrum of health care ,the
phenomena of particular concern to nurse are individual , family and
group responses to actual or potential health problems”
• According to American Nurses Association defined nursing as the
protection, and promotion and optimization of health and abilities,
prevention of injury, allivation of suffering through the diagnosis and
treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals,
families, communities and populations.(ANA 2003)

Scope of nursing
Scope means the breadth of opportunity to function or range of activity
• The scope of nursing can be characterized by
• 1.Education opportunity
• 2.Service opportunity can be divided in to
A .opportunities in clinical areas.
• B .opportunities in educational institutes
• 1.Educational opportunities at present
• A .Auxiliary Nurse Midwives/Multipurpose health workers,1 ½ yr training
program
B .Diploma in General Nursing and Midwives 3 year and 6Months program.
• C .Bsc Nursing Basic 4 Years program
• D .Post certificate Diploma in clinical specialities like Nursing Education
• E .Post graduate education
• F. M Phil program
• G .PhD program

• 2.Service opportunities(In both Govt and private sectors)
• A.ANM
• B. Staff Nurse
• C .Senior Staff nurse in promotion
• D .Nursing superintendent Grade 1, on promotion
• E.Nursing Superintendent in grade 2 on promotion
• F.District Health Nurse Supervisor, on promotion
• G.Assistant joint Director of Health and family welfare
services , on promotion

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• Staff nurse
• Ward sister or nursing supervisor
• Assistant nursing supervisor
• Deputy nursing superintendent
• Nursing superintendent
• Director of nursing
• Community health nurse

• Teaching in nursing
• Industrial nurses
• Military nurse
• Nursing service abroad
• Nursing service administrative positions

CATEGORIES OF NURSING PERSONNEL
Service side
Nursing director
Nursing superintendent
Deputy nursing superintendent
Departmental in charge
Head nurse
Charge nurse
Senior staff nurse

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• Auxiliary nurse midwife
• Nursing aid
Nursing personnel in community
 DPHNO: District public health nursing officer
 BPHN : Block public health nurse
 PHN: Public health nurse
 ANM: Auxiliary nurse midwife/Female health
worker

Cont..
Nursing personnel in nursing education
The dean
Principal
Vice principal
Reader
Professor
Associate professor
Lecturer
Assistant lecturer
Clinical Instructor

Philosophy
Philosophy has been derived from two Greek
words, ”philos” means love , sophy means
wisdom. It is the love and searching for
wisdom and truth.
It is a living force, a way of life, an attitude
towards life and a search for truth and reality.

Philosophy of Nursing
A philosophy of nursing includes basic premises about the nature of
nursing, about the goals of nursing, about to right to health and includes
obligation for maintaining health and about the role of nurses in health
care system in society .Nurses offer guidance to help individuals maintain
health. Nurses are partners with physicians in promoting health in
preventing disease and in managing patient care .care is considered as
one of the important values expressed in philosophy of nursing. Nurses
are to synthesis the knowledge from natural and behavioural science
and from nursing science and to use knowledge in making decisions to
meet basic needs of individuals that are immediate in nursing situations.
The basis for the practice of professional nursing is knowledge, the
activity is guided by the intellect and its intellectual activity is applied in
practical realm. Nurses are expected to possess intellectual skills,
interpersonal skills and technical skills.

Goals of Nursing
These are –
1. Maintenance of health
2.promotion of wellness/health
3.Restoration of health
4.prevention of health
5.Facilitate coping
6. care of dying

Core Values of nursing
• Values essential to the practice of professional nursing are-
• 1.Esthetics(qualities of objects, events and person that
provide satisfaction)
• 2.Altruism(regard for the welfare of others)
• 3.Equality(having the same right of privilege)
• 4.Freedom(the ability to exercise choice or action)
• 5.Human dignity(inhere tent worth of an individual)
• 6.Justice(fair treatment through the upholding of moral
and legal principles)
• 7.Truth(faithfulness to factor reality)

Definition of a nurse
• A nurse is a person who has completed a programme on basic nursing education and
is qualified and authorize in his/her country to render the most responsible service of
a nursing nature, for the promotion and maintenance of the health and for the
prevention of illness and the care of the sick.
• The professional nurse is a health worker ,a graduate from a recognized
school/college who is identified by law as a registered nurse whether graduate from
baccalaureate program
• A professional nurse is a graduate who has met the requirements for a registered
nurse in a state in which she is licensed to practice.
• The liberal meaning of nurse
• N-Nobility
• U-Usefulness, understanding
• R- Righteousness,Responsibility
• S-Simplicity, sympathy
• E-Efficient, equanimity

Characteristics and Qualities of a
Professional nurse
• The professional nurse must have certain qualities and characteristics in
order to be considered a good professional. These are-
1Nurse must be mature physically and emotionally.
2.Nurse must have an up to date knowledge(general and special)
3.Nurse must keep herself clean, tidy and well groomed.
4. Nurse must be dependably clever, gentle sympathetic, cheerful alert ,
tactful, kind and honest
5.Nurse must be inspire confidence in others and in herself
6. Nurse must be intelligent
7.Nurse must be open minded, cooperative, responsible, able to develop
good interpersonal relations.
8. Nurse must be a good leader

9.Nurse must have positive attitude towards caring
10.Nurse must be truthful efficient in technical
competence
11.Nurse should be responsible to family. society and not
particularly devoted to the patient
12.Nurse should have self belief towards human care and
cure
13.Nurse should convey cooperative attitudes towards
co-workers , in turn they will develop greater respect
for the nurse.

Qualities
• Honesty
• Loyalty
• Discipline and obedience
• Courtesy
• Dignity
• Personal appearance
• Tact, sympathy, sense of humor and patience
• Optimistic outlook

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• Observation and adaptability
• Gentleness and quietness
• Economy
• Sense of responsibility
• Adaptability

Function of Nurse
Nurse are responsible for obtaining and maintaining specific knowledge and skills for a
variety of professional roles and responsibilities.
A Role is a pattern of behaviour expected from an individual in specific social situations .Role
of professional nurse perform in her day to day practice , in practice several roles often
concides .these are-
1 care giver
2.communicator
3.Teacher
4.Counsellor
5.Client advocate
6.Change agent
7.Leader
8.Manager
9.Researcher
10. Autonomy and accountability

Profession
• What is profession
• Profession is defined as ‘a vocation requiring advanced training and usually involving
mental rather than manual work, as teaching ,engineering ,etc . especially
• Medicine ,law ,or theology’
• Occupation is often used interchangeably with profession, but their definition differ.
• Occupation as what occupies, or engage ,one time, business and employment”
• Professional preparation takes place in a college or university setting. Preparation is
prolonged in order to includes instruction in the specialized body of knowledge and
techniques of the profession .it includes more than knowledge and skills ,it also
includes orientation to the beliefs values attitudes expected of the members of the
profession.
• A Profession is an occupation with ethical components that is devoted to the
promotion of human and social welfare.

CRITERIA OF PROFESSION
According to Abraham Flexner it is basically
intellectual
-Is based on a body of knowledge that can be
learned
-Practical rather than theoretical
-Can be taught through a process of profession
education.
-Has strong internal organization of members.
-Has practitioners who are motivated by
altruism

According to William shepherd listed criteria of profession
1.A profession must satisfy an indispensible social need and be based
upon well established and socially accepted scientific principles.
2.A Profession must demand adequate pre –professional and cultural
training.
3.A profession must demand the profession of a body of specialized and
systemized knowledge.
.
According to bixler and bixler criteria of a profession include –
1.A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and
improves its techniques of education and service by the use of
scientific method.
2.A profession entrusts the education of its practioners to institutions of

3.A profession applies its body of knowledge in
practical services which are vital to human and
social welfare
According to kellys criteria of profession are-
1.The services provided are vital to humanity
and welfare of society.
2.There is a special body of knowledge which is
continually enlarged through research.

3.Practitioners are educated, in institutions of higher
learning.
4.Practitioners are relatively independent and control
their own policies and activities.
5.There is a code of ethics to guide the decisions and
conduct of practioners.
Nursing is gaining recognition based on criteria That a
profession must have :A well defined body of
knowledge

According to William shepherd listed criteria of profession
1.A profession must satisfy an indispensible social need and be based
upon well established and socially accepted scientific principles.
2.A Profession must demand adequate pre –professional and cultural
training.
3.A profession must demand the profession of a body of specialized and
systemized knowledge.
.
According to bixler and bixler criteria of a profession include –
1.A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and
improves its techniques of education and service by the use of
scientific method.
2.A profession entrusts the education of its practioners to institutions of
higher education.

Characteristics of a Nursing Profession
 Specialized Education
 Body of Knowledge
 Service
 Autonomy
 Code of Ethics
 Research orientation
 Service orientation
 Professional organization

Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills
, not simply a person trained to perform
specific tasks .Nursing is a Profession.No one
factor absolutely differentiates a job from a
profession.
The professional nursing services meet the
physical ,psychologica l,spiritual and social
needs of human beings

HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA
• Introduction
• Military nursing
• Mission hospitals
• Dufferin fund
• Civilian hospitals
• Nursing education
• Auxiliary nursing
• Registration of nurses

• Trained nurses association of india
• Indian nursing council
• International council of nurses
• The governing body
• International relationship
• The changing pattern of nursing
• Nursing services
• Nursing education

Values
• A Value is a belief about the worth of something, about what
matters , that act as a standard to guides ones behaviour.
• The amount of time, passion and money we devote to
relationship, work ,study fitness activities ,leisure, and other
experiences reveals something about the importance attach
to these endeavors .
• A value system is an organization of values in which each is
ranked along a continuum of importance often leading to a
personal code of conduct .A person values influence beliefs
about human needs ,health , and illness; the practice of
health behaviour and human response to illness.

Development of value
• An individual is not born with values ,rather values
are formed during a life time from information from
the environment ,family ,and culture.
• Common modes of value transmission include:
• Modelling
• Moralizing
• Laissez-faire
• Rewarding and punishing
• Responsible choice

Values of Professional Nurse
• Confidentiality and autonomy
• Protection from harm
• Professional Development
• Dedication
• Systems Thinking
• Caring
• Ethnic and religious sensitivity

VALUES ESSENTIAL TO THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE
• Professional values:
a. Altruism
b .Autonomy
c. Human dignity
d. Integrity
e .Social justice
Additional professional Values frequently cited for nursing include-
• -Equality
• -Esthetics
• -Freedom
• -Truth
• -Service
• -Education
• -Competence
• -Loyality

• Values Clarification include-
• a.choosing
• b.prizing
• c.acting
• ADVOCACY
• It refers to the support of a cause.as a nurse we advocate for the health,safety,
and rights of the client.we safeguard the clients right to physical and auditory
privacy .
• Advocacy-make appropriate referrals to optimize independence;older adult
clients often need with medication administration,home maintainance, dental
careand transportation.
• Help clients interpret medical bills and apply for free or reduced cost
medication programs.

Ethics
• Ethics is the study of conduct and character .it is concerned
with determining what is good or valuable for
individuals ,for group of individuals , and for society at large.
• Elements of ethical agency:
• Ethical sensibility
• Ethical responsiveness
• Ethical reasoning and discernment
• Ethical accountability
• Ethical valuing
• Transformative ethical leadership

Ethical principle
• There are 4 major principle in ethics which
include-
• 1. The principle of justice
• 2. The principle of autonomy
• 3 The principle of beneficence
• 4.The principle of veracity

Application of Ethical principles in nursing
a. Respect for persons
b. Respect for autonomy
c. Respect for freedom
d. Respect for beneficence
e .Respect for non malfeasance
f. Respect for veracity
g. Respect for justice
e. Respect for rights
f. Respect for fidelity
g Confidentiality
.

CODE OF ETHICS
• It is a set of guiding principles that all members of a
profession accept .it is a collective statement about the
groups expectations and standard of behaviour .codes
serve as guidelines to assist professional groups when
questions arise about correct practice.
The American nurses association established the 1st
code of
nursing ethics a decade ago.(2001)
• A. The code of ethics for nurses serve the following
purposes :a. it is a succinct statement of the ethical
obligations and duties of every individual who enters the
nursing profession.

• b. It is the professions nonnegotiable ethical
standard
• C. it is an expression of nursing own understanding
of its commitment to society.
Professional nursing code of ethics-
A .Advocacy
B Responsibility
C . Accountability
D .confidentiality

1.The international council of nurses code of
ethics.
-Nurses and people
-Nurses and practice
-Nurses and society
-Nurses and co workers
-Nurses and profession

Nurses and practice-The nurse carries personal
responsibility and accountability for nursing practice and
for maintaining competence by continual learning.
The nurse maintains a standard of personal health so that
the ability to provide care is not compromised.
The nurse uses judgment regarding individual competence
when accepting and delegating responsibility.
The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal
conduct which reflect well on the profession and enhance
public confidence.

Nurse and the profession
The nurse assumes the major role in determining and
implementing acceptable standards of critical nursing
practice ,management, research, and education.
The nurse is active in developing a core of research-
based professional knowledge.
The nurse, acting through the professional organization,
participates in creating and maintaining equitable
social and social and economic working conditions in
nursing.

Nurse and co –workers
The nurse sustains a cooperative relationship
with co workers in nursing and other fields
The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard
individuals when their care is endangered by a
co worker or any other person.

3.American Nurses Association code of ethics
The nurse in all professional relationships ,practices
with compassion and respect for the inherent
dignity ,worth and uniqueness of every
individual ,unrestricted by considerations of social
and economic status, personal attributes or the
nature of health problems.
The nurses primary commitment is to the patient,
whether an individual ,family group or community

The nurse promotes, advocates for ,and strives
to protect the health, safety, and rights of the
patient
The nurse is responsible and accountable for
individual nursing practice and determine the
appropriate delegation of tasks consistent
with the nurses obligation to provide optimum
patient care

The nurse owes the same duties to self as to
others ,including the responsibility to preserve
integrity and safety ,to maintain competence and to
continue personal and professional growth.
The nurse participates in establishing , maintaining
and improving health care environments and
conditions of employment conducive to the
provision of quality health care and consistent with
the values of the profession through individual and
collective action.

The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession
through contributions to
practice ,education ,administration and knowledge
development.
The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and
the public in promoting community, national and
international efforts to meet health needs.
The profession of nursing as represented by associations and
their members, is responsible for articulating nursing
values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and
its practice, and for shaping social policy.

Canadian nurses association code of ethics for
registered nurse
a. Nurses provide safe, compassionate, competent and
ethical care.
b. Nurse s recognize, respect and promote a persons
right to be informed and make decisions.
c. Nurses recognize the importance of privacy and
confidentiality and safeguard personal, family and
community information obtained in the context of a
professional relationship.

D. Nurses uphold principles of justice by safeguarding
human rights, equity, and fairness and by promoting
the public good.
E .Nurses recognize and respect the intrinsic worth of
each person.
f. Nurse work with people to enable them to attain
their highest possible level of health and well-being’.
g. Nurses are accountable for their –actions and
answerable for their practice

Ethical responsibility in caring
Types of ethical experiences and situations
Ethical problems involve situations where there
are conflicts between one or more values and
uncertainty about the correct course of action.
Ethical problems involve questions about what
is right or good to do at
individual ,interpersonal , organizational and
even societal levels

• Ethical uncertainty occurs when a nurse feels
Indecision or a lack of clarity ,or is unable to know what the
moral problem is, while at the same time feeling uneasy or
uncomfortable.
Ethical questions arise when there are equally compelling
reasons for and against two or more possible course of
action and where choosing one course of action means
that something else is relinquished or let go .true
dilemmas are infrequent in health care.More often there
are complex ethical problems with multiple courses of
actions from which to choose.

• Ethical distress arises when nurses know or believe they
know the right thing to do, but for various reasons do not or
cannot take the right action or prevent a particular harm .
When values and commitments are compromised in this
way, nurses identity and integrity as moral agents are
affected and they feel moral distress.
• Ethical residue is what nurses experience when they seriously
compromised themselves or allow themselves to be
compromised.The moral residue that nurses carry forward
from these kinds of situations can help them reflect on what
they would do differently in similar situations in future.

• Ethical violations are actions or failures to act
that breach fundamental duties to the persons
receiving care or to colleagues and other
health care providers.
• Ethical courage is exercised when a nurse
stands firm on a point of moral principles
about something in the face of fear or threat
to himself or herself

Using the nursing process to make ethical decisions
Every nurse needs to be confident in using a process of ethical
decision making .one process with which nurses a familiar and
thus can use to make ethical decision is the nursing process.
using the nursing process to make ethical decisions involve this
steps-
Assess the situation-Recognize and then describe the situation and
contextual factors that give rise to the ethical problem . This
involves that main people involved , the patient overall nursing ,
medical and social situation and legal, administrative and staff
considerations.
Diagnose the ethical problem-clarify that the

• Plan
• Implement your decision
• Evaluate decision

Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx

Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx

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Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx