Chapter 03- History of nursing.pptx.Nursing students

HISTORY OF NURSING
AND NURSING AS A
PROFESSION
CHAPTER 3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to (MUST KNOW):
 History of Nursing, History of Nursing in India.
 Contributions of Florence Nightingale.
 Nursing: Definition, Concepts, Philosophy, Objectives, Characteristics, Nature and Scope
of Nursing/Nursing Practice, Functions of Nurse, Qualities of a Nurse, Categories of
Nursing Personnel.
 Nursing as a Profession: Definition and Characteristics/ Criteria of Profession.
 Values: Introduction—Meaning and Importance.
 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Nurses.

TERMINOLOGY
 Basic nursing care: Care that can be performed following a defined nursing procedure
with minimal modification in which the responses of the patient to the nursing care are
predictable.
 Board of nursing: The state-specific licensing and regulatory body that sets the standards
for safe nursing care, decides the scope of practice for nurses within its jurisdiction, and
issues licenses to qualified candidates.
 Chain of command: A hierarchy of reporting relationships in an agency that establishes
accountability and lays out lines of authority and decision-making power.
 Code of ethics: A code that applies normative, moral guidance for nurses in terms of
what they ought to do, be, and seek. A code of ethics makes the primary obligations,
values, and ideals of a profession explicit.

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
 ADON: Assistant Director of Nursing—is there to always assist and back up the head
director when not available or absent.
 APN: Advanced Practice Nurse—a nurse who is educationally past the post-graduate level.
 BN: Bachelor in Nursing y BSN: Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
 CEN: Certified Emergency Nurse.
 CCU: Critical care unit.
 CDN: Certified dialysis nurse.
 Change nurse: A change nurse looks after the immediate functions of a specific unit.
 CNL: Clinical nurse leader.
 CNA: Certified nurse assistant.
 CNM: Certified nurse-midwife.
 CNP: Clinical nurse specialist.
 CPM: Certified Professional Midwifes.

INTRODUCTION
 Nursing has been called the oldest of the arts and the youngest of the profession.
 The roots of medicine and nursing are intertwining and found in mythology, ancient
eastern and western cultures and religion.
 Nursing is one of the greatest of humanitarian services and all people whether ill or well,
rich or poor, literate or illiterate, young or old, at work or at play, in or out of hospital, are
in some way or other, directly or indirectly closely associated with it.

HISTORY OF NURSING
 The word “nurse” originally came from the Latin word “nutrire”, meaning to suckle,
referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of
a person who cares for the infirm.
 From the earliest times most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated to service on
religious principles.
 In Europe before the foundation of modern nursing, Catholic nuns and the military often
provided nursing-like services. It took until the 19th century for nursing to become a
secular profession.

DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING PROFESSION
The standards of a profession typically include seven requirements:
1. Possess a well-defined and well organized body of knowledge.
2. Enlarge a systematic body of knowledge and improve education.
3. Educate its practitioners in institutions of higher learning.
4. Function autonomously in the formulation of policy.
5. Develop a code of ethics.
6. Attract professionals who will be committed to the profession for a lifetime.
7. Compensate practitioners by providing autonomy, continuous professional development,
and economic security.

PRESENT SCENARIO OF NURSING IN INDIA

HISTORY OF MILITARY NURSING IN INDIA

SCOPE AND SKILLS OF MILITARY NURSING

DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE NURSING
GRADUATES

HISTORY OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Florence Nightingale was born May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy. She was an English social
reformer and statistician and is credited with being the founder of modern nursing.

Nightingale’s most famous contribution occurred during the Crimean War. On October 21 of
1854, Nightingale and a staff she trained were sent to care for wounded soldiers at the
Ottoman Empire.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY BY FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE

DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
 International Council of Nursing (ICN) 1973: Nursing encompasses autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or
well, and in all settings.
 Florence Nightingale: Nursing defined as the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery.
 Canadian Nurses Association-1987: Nursing practice as a dynamic, caring and helping
relationship in which the nurse assists the client to achieve and obtain optimal health.
 American Nurses Association: Nursing practice as direct goal-oriented and adaptable to
service the needs of the individual, the family and community during health and illness.

OBJECTIVES, CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHY OF
NURSING
OBJECTIVES OF NURSING
 To prepare nurses who will give expert bedside nursing care in the hospital and
community.
 To provide integration of health and social aspect of theory and practice in generalized
public health nursing.
 To provide an adequate, sound scientific foundation to understand the functioning of body
and mind in health and disease.

ELEMENTS OF NURSING PHILOSOPHY

VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING

QUALITIES OF PROFESSIONAL NURSE

CATEGORIES OF NURSING PERSONNEL

PERSON-CENTERED NURSING CARE (NURSING
PROCEDURES

NURSE AS A MEMBER OF HEALTHCARE TEAM

PRINCIPLES OF TEAM BASED HEALTH CARE

PRINCIPLES OF RELATIONSHIP-BASED CARE

CONCEPT OF PROFESSIONALISM IN NURSING
 Art of nursing
 Competence
 Attributes of practice
 Personal commitment

PROFESSIONALACTIVITIES IN NURSING

SCOPE OF NURSING IN INDIA
TYPES OF NURSES IN HIGHEST DEMAND

ISSUES RELATED TO NURSING PROFESSION

ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND EXAMPLES

AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CODE OF ETHICS

ETHICAL DILEMMA ISSUES FACED BY THE NURSES

LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSING
 Common law: Common law is law that results from previous legal decisions. They are
based on legal precedent.
 Statutory law: Statutory law is law that is passed by a legislative body such as the
state’s legislature or the US Congress.
 Constitutional law: Constitutional law is law that is included in the Constitution of the
United States of America and its amendments.
 Administrative law: Administrative law is rules and regulations that are legally enacted
to support some statutory law.
 Criminal law: Criminal law, part of public law, covers acts that are illegal and against
the law.
 Civil law: Civil law, also part of public law, covers torts and contract laws.

TYPES OF LAW
 Civil law: Includes rules and regulations that specify the required course of action to be
followed by an individual in business and social relationships with others. It is concerned
with relationships among people and the protection of a person’s rights.
 Criminal law: Defines offences that affect public welfare and security and impose
penalties. It includes rules forbidding conduct that is injurious to public order and
specifying punishments to be administered to individual who exhibits injurious conduct.

LAW AND NURSE
 Responsibility of appointing and assigning.
 Responsibility in quality control.
 Responsibility for equipment.
 Responsibility for observation and reporting.
 Responsibility to protect public.
 Responsibility for record keeping and reporting.
 Responsibility for death and dying.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A NURSE
 Responsibility of nurse during the discharge of patient.
 In Case of Death of the Patient
 Legal Responsibility of a Nurse in Admission and Discharge of Mentally Ill Patients.
 Responsibilities during Discharge of Mentally Ill Persons.
 Responsibilities of a Nurse in Case of Absconding of Patient.
 Responsibilities of a Nurse during Examination of a Female Patient.
 Legal Responsibilities of a Nurse While Administrating Medication.
 Legal Responsibilities during Sterilization and Abortion.
 Legal Responsibilities of a Nurse during Organ Transplant.

CREDENTIALING
 The process by which an individual nurse is designated as having met established
professional competency standards, at a specified time, by an agent or body generally
recognized as qualified to do so.
 The purpose of credentialing or certification is to assure other professionals and the public
that the person has mastered the skills necessary to practice a particular specialty and has
acquired the standard body of knowledge common to that specialty.

NURSE PRACTITIONER
A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse who has been authorized by the State or Territory
regulatory authority to use the title. The authorization process should ensure that the registered
nurse applying has:
(a) Undertaken appropriate postgraduate education or equivalent to support their practice;
and
(b) Provided evidence of their ability to consistently practice autonomously and at an
advanced level within an extended role.

IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN NURSING SCIENCE
Nursing science is the development of theories and practical concepts for improving how
clinicians and patients administer care and manage conditions.
TELEHEALTH AND TELENURSING

PHOTOVOICE
Photovoice is a qualitative method of community-based research that uses photographs to
encourage knowledge and transformative change, especially among marginalized groups.
SMART BEDS
Smart beds use advanced medical technology at the point of care, connecting important
information wirelessly, seamlessly, and directly to care providers. Smart beds can monitor a
patient’s blood pressure, body temperature, heartbeat, oxygen levels, and more, and deliver it to
a central node which can be accessed remotely.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. American Nurses Association [ANA]. Nursing’s Social Policy Statement, 2nd edition.
Washington, D.C.: Nursesbooks.org., 2003.
2. Annamma KV. ‘A New Text book for Nurses in India’. Chennai, BI Publications.
3. Arnold E, Boggs K. Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication Skills for
Nurses, 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995.
4. Becker BG, Fendler DJ. Vocational and Personal Adjustments in Practical Nursing, 7th
edition. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc, 1994.
5. Benner P. From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice.
London; Addison Wesley, 1984.
6. Berman A, Snyder S, Kozier B, Erb G. Kozier and Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing:
Concepts, Process, and Practice, 8th edition. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte
Ltd., 2008.

Chapter 03- History of nursing.pptx.Nursing students

Chapter 03- History of nursing.pptx.Nursing students

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