The document introduces the topic of syntax, which is the study of the principles and rules for how words are combined to form phrases, clauses, and sentences in a language. It discusses word categories, phrase and clause structure, sentence structure types including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. The document also covers the difference between surface structure, the syntactic form of sentences, and deep structure, the underlying abstract representation.

1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
SYNTAX
Presented by Fifth Group: Atef Nur M Zahri
Rohmah
Nurhayati
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MATHLA’UL ANWAR UNIVERSITY
2011-2012

2. What is Syntax ?
 The study of the principles and processes by
which sentences are constructed in particular
languages.
 the study of the rules that govern the ways in
which words combine to form phrases,
clauses, and sentences. Syntax is one of the
major components of grammar.

3. Words categories
 Anepronym
 Antonym
 Eponym
 Heteronym
 Homonym
 Metonym
 Pseudonym
 Synonym
 Toponym

4. Phrase and Clause Structure
 Phrase structure is a group of words that has
particular meaning when used together, or a
rules is a type of phrase structure grammar.
 Clause structure is a smallest grammatical
unit that can express a complete proposition
and contains minimally a subject and a verb.

5. Examples
 English + book English Book ( Phrase)
 I (s) + study (v) I study (Clause)

6. Sentences Structure
 Sentence is a group of words that contains a
subject and a verb, and express a complete
idea.
 Sentence structure divided be four form
sentences, such as simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence and
compound-complex sentence.

7. Examples
 I like apple. ( simple sentence )
 I like apple. (simple sentence)
I don’t like durian. (simple sentence)
I like apple, but I don’t like durian.
(compound sentence)

8. Deep structure vs. Surface
structure
 Surface structure can be defined as the
syntactic form they take as actual sentences.
In the other word, it is forms of sentences
resulted from modification/ transformation.
 Consider this sentences :
You close the door. (Active)
The door is closed by you. (Passive)
Close the door ! (Imperative)

9.  They seem to be identical, since they have
the same undelying abstract representation
that is called Deep structure.
 Example : S
NP VP
Pron V NP
D N
You Close the door
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