1. A. Definition of Terms
a. Utterance - any stretch of talk by one person, before or after which is
b. Morpheme - the minimal unit of grammatical analysis.
c. Linguistic competence - a person’s tacit knowledge of his language.
d. Phrase structure rule - provide an explicit and precise statement about which
e. Lexicon - contain an exhaustive list of all lexemes of a language
f. Prototype - a central or usual representation of some classes or
g. Finite clause - a clause category where the verb inflection of person,
h. Syncretism - a quality of grammar which enables it to establish as
i. Dependent - the subordinate element in a phrase.
j. Paradigm a set of inflectional forms of a lexeme
k. Feature - formal notation of some characteristic of a unit.
l. Phrase - a type of construction containing a head element and
m. Proposition - an abstract entity of a sentence to which the term true and
n. Clause - a group of words with its own subject and predicate and
o. Tree diagram - also called a phrase marker and consists of nodes and
p. Linguistic performance - the use of language in concrete situations.
q. Sentence the largest unit of syntax, the independent linguistic form.
r. Transformational
grammar
s. Word - the smallest unit of syntax.
t. Head - the major element of a phrase.
B. True or False of Statements
silence on the part of that person.
sentences are well-formed and which are not, with respect to
grammatical classes, constituency, and word order.
categories.
number, and verb are found.
grammatical all the sentences both potential and actual ones.
optionally one or more dependents, and grammatically
equivalent to a single word.
false may apply.
included within a larger sentence.
branches.
any grammar that claims to assign to teach sentence that it
generates both a deep structure and a surface structure
analysis and systematically relates the two analyses.
(True) A formal grammar is a scientific model of a language which describes what is
and what is not grammatical.
(False) The utterance is always identical with the sentence
(True) Constituent structure analysis is possible because of the hierarchical nature of
language.
(False) Sentence’ is a concept that belongs to the theory of performance, and ‘utterance’
belongs to competence.
(True) Chomsky proposed to split language into two parts, the base component and the
2. transformational component.
(True) The base component consists of two parts, the phrase-structure rules and the lexicon
(True) The transformational rules are supplementary in the sense that they operate after
the phrase structure rules of the base component.
(False) Words are constructed by using the rules of syntax
(True) An inflectional paradigm is the set of inflectional forms of a lexeme.
(True) Main clauses are almost always finite and subordinate clauses can be either finite
or non-finite.
(True) Modal operators and past tenses of verb other than be have no person-number
properties
C. Recognizing of Kernel and Non Kernel Clause
K = He sliced it with the knife
NK = (The knife) he sliced it with (was extremely sharp)
K = (I know) that he is ill
NK = They weren’t helpful
NK = The letter was written by my father
K = He knew her father well
K = I can understand most of what he says
D. The Six-term Inflectional Paradigm of Verb Say:
1. Base = say
2. Stem = say
3. Present = says
4. Past = said
5. Participle = said
6. Gerund = saying
