Induction logging is a method to measure the resistivity or conductivity of geological formations surrounding a borehole. It works by transmitting an alternating current from a coil, which induces eddy currents in the formation. These currents are then detected by a receiver coil to provide measurements of apparent conductivity. Interpretation of induction logs can help determine lithology, fluid saturation, and locate hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The key advantage is that it does not require direct contact with the borehole mud or formations, making it useful for wells drilled with oil-based muds.
Microwave Planar Sensor for Determination of the Permittivity of Dielectric M...journalBEEI
This paper proposed a single port rectangular microwave resonator sensor. This sensor operates at the resonance frequency of 4GHz. The sensor consists of micro-strip transmission line and applied the enhancement method. The enhancement method is able to improve the return loss of the sensor, respectively. Plus, the proposed sensor is designed and fabricated on Roger 5880 substrate. Based on the results, the percentage of error for the proposed rectangular sensor is 0.2% to 8%. The Q-factor of the sensor is 174.
Moisture content investigation in the soil samples using microwave dielectric...IJECEIAES
The microwaves of typical frequency ranges of 3 GHz to 30 GHz have been in use for remote sensing applications which are progressing rapidly. The microwaves can sense existing moisture in any material that absorbs moisture such as soil or vegetation. In case of soils which may be comprised of variable mix proportionate of solids, liquids or gases and distinct textures subjected to the associated size and the arrangements of soil particles. Hence, the moisture absorption by a specific type of soil used to be different. The inherent physical and electrical properties such as color, texture, grains, dielectric constant, conductivity or permeability, etc. differentiate various soils. In this work, authors present soil moisture measurement by simple estimation of emissivity i.e. the ratio of energy radiated by an object to absorbing the body of same physical temperature. A strategic method of measuring dielectric constant using a microwave signal is used in this research work. The measurement of the dielectric constant of the soils collected from the specific regions and analysis of results has been reported. The proposed method is less complex and can further be used for the identification of soil moisture and agricultural applications.
Laterolog is an electrical sonde for measring the electrical resistivity of rocks with in a borehole.Normaly measure the resistivity of mud cake and invaded zone.
Application Of Resistivity For Groundwater, Hydrogeology and Pollution ResearchOmokpariolaElshalom
It was a group seminar geophysics course presentation in my year 3 of which I was asked to represent the group in giving an oral presentation of how we can apply resistivity in the geophysical investigation of groundwater, pollution ansd hydrogeology.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. Contents of Presentation
Log Presentation & Scale
Typical Log Response
Log Measurement Tools
Log Application
Background and formula used
Interpretation
4
5. Introduction
A new logging method, called induction logging, is described; it
measures the conductivity, or resistivity, of the strata traversed by
a bore hole.
The apparatus, which is briefly described, comprises a coil system
coupled with the ground by induction, so that there is no need for
direct contact with the mud, or with the formations.
For that reason, the method is particularly useful in oil base mud, and
it was first applied to that case.
6. A discussion concerning the respective contribution of each region
of grounding the vicinity of the coil system is given.
Through the concept of geometrical factor, it is demonstrated that
the total signal, which measures the apparent conductivity, is the
summation of the partia1 products -geometrical factor by
conductivity - for the different regions of the ground under
consideration.
7. Log Presentation
Resistivity logs are presented in Track 2 or in Tracks 2 and 3 combined on a log scale.
It is possible to have data from both resistivity-type and induction-type tools shown
together, and in this case it is usual to convert the conductivity.
readings from the induction devices to resistivities for display is also possible
(converting resistivities to conductivities for display) it is rarely seen).
If the conductivity from induction-type logs is displayed, the units are millimho per
meter (mmho/m) and the scale is usually 0 – 2000 mmho/m (note the SI equivalent of
mmho/m is millisiemens per metre, mS/m).
5
9. Typical Log Response
The induced current flowing in the formation induces a response in a receiver
coil in the tool.
The response can be analyzed in terms of formation conductivity, the
reciprocal of resistivity.
By adjusting the arrangement of the receiver coil, the formation resistivity
can be measured at a longer or shorter distance from the borehole.
This gives two of the three independent resistivity measurements, a deep
reading and an intermediate reading.
7
11. Induction Resistivity Log Measurement Tools
An apparatus for measuring conductivity of a geological formation adjacent
to a borehole comprising:
a sonde adapted for traversing said borehole.
an oscillator generating an output having a fundamental frequency
An electrode transmitter and electrode receiver.
9
12. a transmitter disposed within said sonde, said transmitter
comprising at least one coil and being coupled to said
oscillator, whereby the output of said oscillator is applied to
said transmitter for inducing eddy currents in said formation.
a receiver disposed within said sonde, said receiver comprising
at least one coil for detecting said eddy currents in said
formation and inducing an electrical signal in said receiver.
10
16. Background And Formula Of Induction log
These logs were originally designed by Henry Doll of Schlumberger and
described in 1947.
It is use in boreholes where the drilling fluid was very resistive (oil-based
muds or even gas).
Induction logging is a controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) exploration
method.
It characterizes geologic formations through the measurements of induced
magnetics fields. 14
17. The sonde consists of 2 wire coils, a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx).
High frequency alternating current (20 kHz) of constant amplitude is applied to
the transmitter coil.
This gives rise to an alternating magnetic field around the sonde that induces
secondary currents in the formation.
These currents flow in coaxial loops around the sonde, and in turn create their
own alternating magnetic field, which induces currents in the receiver coil of
the sonde.
The received signal is measured, and its size is proportional to the conductivity
of the formation.
15
20. Interpretation of Induction Log
Geophysical interpretation is a fundamental part of petroleum and mineral
exploration.
The decision to drill for oil or minerals often depends on our ability to
obtain reliable models of the earth by using geophysical data gathered
at the earth’s surface or in boreholes.
Interpretation involves determining the geologic significance of
geophysical data and generally integrates all available geologic and
geophysical information.
18
21. Interpretation is a process of estimating an earth model whose response
is consistent with all available observations.
Examples of geophysical observations might include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical,
electromagnetic, and borehole data.
By this definition, interpretation can be considered a type
of geophysical inversion.
The early electronic logs or e-logs, plotted only formation resistivity measurements.
The resistivity of a rock is a measure of the degree to which it can impede the flow of an electronic
current.
It is measured in ohm.m2/m which is usually referred to simply as ohm’s/m.
19
22. The ability to conduct electrical current is a function of the conductivity
of the water contain in the pore space of the rock.
Fresh water does not conduct electricity; however, the salt ions found in
most formation water do.
Thus, unless that water is fresh, water-saturated rocks have high
conductivity and low resistivity, hydrocarbons, which are non conductive,
cause resistivity values to increase as the pore spaces within a rock
become more saturated with oil or gas.
20
25. REFERENCES
Badea, E., M. E. Everett, G. A. Newman and O. Biro. (2001). Finite element
analysis of controlled-source electromagnetic induction using gauged
electromagnetic potentials, Geophysics 66, 786—799.
Decker, K. T., M. E. Everett. (2009). Roughness of a layered geologic medium
and implications for interpretation of the transient electromagnetic response of a
loop source. SAGEEP 22, 188.
Doll, H. G. (1949). Introduction to induction logging and application to logging
of wells drilled with oil base mud. Petroleum Development Technology:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 186,
148-162.
26. Everett, M. E. (2013). Near-surface applied geophysics, Cambridge University
Press, New York, NY.
Everett, M. E. (2009). Transient electromagnetic response of a loop source over
a rough geological medium, Geophysics 177, 421-429.
24
28. Comparing Laterologs and Induction Logs
· Induction logs provide conductivity (that can be converted to resistivity).
· Laterologs provide resistivity (that can be converted to conductivity).
· Induction logs work best in wells with low conductivity fluids.
· Laterologs work best in wells with low resistivity fluids.
Both logs provide a range of depths of penetrations and vertical
resolutions. 25
31. Induction log deep (ILD) is for the Rt Of the uninvaded zone.
Induction log medium (ILM) For the sensitivity of the transitional
zone.
V=IR
R=rA/L
Rwa=Rt/F
Rwa=ILD/F (by replacing Rt into ILD)
Rwa=Rw ( true resistivity of water)