Natural gas can be transported via pipelines, as liquefied natural gas (LNG), or compressed natural gas (CNG). Pipelines are the most common method and have high reliability but lack flexibility. LNG and CNG allow for transportation of remote gas reserves but require large investments for processing infrastructure. Natural gas can also be converted to liquids (gas-to-liquids) or used to generate electricity on-site (gas-to-wire) to enable transportation. Underground storage plays a key role in meeting seasonal demand fluctuations and peak loads.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
Making the CNG Virtual Pipeline a Reality for Transportation Natural Gas (TNG)Jolynn Kennedy, CIMS-GB
No natural gas pipeline? No problem. You can facilitate off-pipeline vehicle fueling for CNG transportation fleet. Learn how by checking out this informative presentation by Broadwind | SAFE, XNG and Hexagon Composites.
Le 05 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) BusinessNsulangi Paul
This module describes natural gas business globally. Gives details explanation on various activities connected to this liquid energy business as such LNG value chain, structures, factors to consider on capacity, number of facilities and expected global LNG business.
Power Generation systems for smaller grids and remote area generation facilities such as mine sites. Presentation used at "PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum" Conference Nov 2015. and presented by Howard Wright of Powergen Pty. Ltd.
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
Making the CNG Virtual Pipeline a Reality for Transportation Natural Gas (TNG)Jolynn Kennedy, CIMS-GB
No natural gas pipeline? No problem. You can facilitate off-pipeline vehicle fueling for CNG transportation fleet. Learn how by checking out this informative presentation by Broadwind | SAFE, XNG and Hexagon Composites.
Le 05 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) BusinessNsulangi Paul
This module describes natural gas business globally. Gives details explanation on various activities connected to this liquid energy business as such LNG value chain, structures, factors to consider on capacity, number of facilities and expected global LNG business.
Power Generation systems for smaller grids and remote area generation facilities such as mine sites. Presentation used at "PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum" Conference Nov 2015. and presented by Howard Wright of Powergen Pty. Ltd.
* We have a technology called the VIRTUAL PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY (VPT) - captures flared gas, stranded gas, associate gas (dry or wet - explained in the slide) at any given pressure, processes it, transport and supply the gas at the preferred discharge pressure. Our tubes carries a minimum of 550mscf (could carry more if the road is good and can take the weight). It can also pick up gas from existing pipelines and deliver gas to pipeline disconnected areas.
* Modular Power Plant (minimum of 1.5MW) and can be co-generated (power and steam/hot water).
INSIGHT: building a gigantic MW plants that will take 4 - 5 years to achieve also not considering where the source of feedstock is has been a major problem in West Africa.
Meanwhile, TEI can build modular plants (1.5MW each) 6MW plants + VPT within 6 - 9 months and could have 100 different locations (600MW) over a period of time serving numerous locations, and make the return on your investments within a year or 16 - 18 months as the case may be (depending on the distance from feedstock and discharge pressure) yet achieving the same purpose (or even more) in a significant less amount of time as any stand alone 500MW which will just be concluded in the 4th or 5th year talk less of when the breakeven point will be.
Also, if one station goes out, it does not affect the other 99 plants/stations hence providing light/electricity to a wider range. Another better advantage of our VPT and modular plants and why we are better than any product on earth as of today. So robust, you can deploy in the rural areas.
* Modular Gas Storage - For contingent supplies, we can build modular storage facility (such as a farm tanks) with storage capacity of 7.5mmscf/d and could increase in the same module. It is very scalable in that, other than the fact that we can move it from a location to another, we could also convert the modules to a gas transportation/supply cylinders attached to trucks.
* Modular Gas Separator - used to extract by-products of natural gas in small quantities. Methane to power turbines, Propane for cooking, Butane, LNG, etc. are other by-products we can help monitize...
These are reasons why we are a SOLUTION to the Gas, Power and Energy sectors and looking forward to providing a solution to the existing problems.....
GE ADGT Application - Virtual Pipeline
GE코리아 뉴스레터를 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/IE8WS8
GE코리아 YouTube 채널을 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/M2gc8m
상상을 현실로 만듭니다. Imagination at work.
GE가 꿈꾸는 가치입니다. 아니, GE는 단지 꿈만 꾸고 있는 것이 아닙니다. 상상을 현실로 만들기 위해, 불가능했던 것을 가능하게 만들기 위해 쉬지 않고 움직이고 있습니다. GE는 에너지, 의료, 항공, 수송, 금융 등의 여러 분야에서 고객과 인류사회의 진보를 위해 더 편리하고 빠르며 친환경적인 솔루션을 찾아냅니다.
Connect with GE Online:
GE코리아 웹사이트: http://www.ge.com/kr/
GE리포트코리아: http://www.gereports.kr/
GE코리아 페이스북 페이지: hhttps://www.facebook.com/GEKorea
GE코리아 슬라이드쉐어: http://www.slideshare.net/GEKorea
This is presentation given by PG&E representatives about a large Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) project being developed in Felton, CA. This project is one of the largest ever developed in the industry.
My Invention - Onboard Vehicle Refueling System (OVRS) - Abridged Slideshare ...Greg Ibizugbe
Present invention provides a solution to the CNG station unavailability problem by imparting a mobile refueling capability to vehicles that run on compressed natural gas or other gaseous fuels. It accomplishes this through an integrated system of onboard compression, storage, interface modules and a centralized electronic control system; onboard refueling operation is implemented by the compression module which is enclosed in lightweight, acoustic containment within the vehicle. With this invention, natural gas vehicles or NGVs are effectively able to refuel from readily available sources of natural gas: such as home residences, commercial and other building facilities with existing utility gas piping infrastructure
Steve Lussier, McNeilus, presented information on the Natural Gas Fleet Applications for Concrete Mixers for our Natural Gas for Transportation Roundtable in Mequon, WI.
Virtual Pipeline Applications & Feasibility
- Power Generation, IPPs & Mining Operations
total conversions and peak capacity augmentation
- Industrial Heat & Burners
- Pipeline Turbine Power
Includes:
- Overview of virtual pipeline technology - full-fill and maximum offload for improved ROI
- Transportation and tanking options
- Offload, pressure reduction and storage or direct use
- Preliminary ROI & Feasibility Calculations – Several Illustrations Included
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
5. Pipelines Method of Natural Gas Transportation
• Pipelines are a very convenient method of transport but are not
flexible as the gas will leave the source and arrive at its (one)
destination.
• There are three major types of pipelines along the transportation
route:
– Gathering system
• The gathering system includes low pressure small pipelines that transport
raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing plant.
6. – Intrastate/interstate pipeline system
• Transport natural gas from the processing plant to the centers of its
consumption.; and
– Distribution system.
The distribution pipeline system has the purpose of delivering gas to the
end/consumers.
Natural Gas must be highly pressurized to move it along the pipeline.
To ensure that the Natural Gas remains pressurized, compressor stations are
installed in intervals along the pipeline.
7.
8. Advantages :
– Reduction in cost of transportation is very significant.
– Supply through pipelines is very reliable. It is free from
obstacles in road and rail transport.
– In case of underground pipelines, the land in which pipeline is
laid can still be used for agricultural use.
– It ensures supply in remote areas where road ways are not
very good.
9. Disadvantages :
– It is not flexible, i.e., it can be used only for a few fixed
points.
– Its capacity cannot be increased once it is laid.
– It is difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines.
– Underground pipelines cannot be easily repaired and
detection of leakage is also difficult.
– Any leak can cause a accident, e.g Buguruni-Dar-Es
Salaam.
10. Limitation for pipelines application:
– For offshore stranded Natural Gas,
• Pipelines it is economical viable to a distance less than
700 miles.
– For onshore pipelines,
• The breakeven point is about 2,200 miles (Mokhatab
and Purewal, 2006).
18. Limitation of LNG mode of Natural Gas Transportation
– Long contract ~20 years or more
– Large Natural Gas reserves >=3TCF
– ~US$ 1 billion investment for a train processing around
500 million CF/day
This makes it difficult for LNG to use smaller isolated
(offshore) reserves and to serve markets commercially
Thus small volumes of intermittent gas are not economically
attractive to the major gas sellers for LNG facilities.
19. Compressed Natural Gas, CNG Model of NG
Transportation
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is filled via a compressor into
pressurized steel gas cylinders and transported to the site of the
consumer by truck in bundles of up to 25 cylinders.
– At a pressure of 200 bar CNG reaches approximately 35 % of the energy to
volume ratio of LNG.
– Gas at these pressures is termed as Compressed Natural Gas’ (CNG).
– CNG is used in some countries for vehicular transport as an alternative to
conventional fuels (gasoline or diesel).
21. Compressed Natural Gas, CNG cont..
Advantages of CNG
– Environmentally Friendly
• Compressed natural gas (CNG) is the cleanest burning transportation fuel on
the market today.
– Reduced Maintenance Cost
• CNG does not contain lead, so spark plug life is extended because there is no
catching.
– Safety Advantage
• Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel storage tanks are stronger and safer than
gasoline or diesel tanks reducing the likelihood of accidental release.
22. Disadvantages of CNG:
– CNG Gas stations have limited availability.
So if your country or state doesn’t have CNG stations, it is of no use.
Examples in Tanzania few cities have good CNG Stations network.
– CNG tank requires need large space and it is heavy.
So it affects reliability and car performance.
23. Note:
• Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) systems would make transport
possible either for:
– Stranded gas (i.e. in places where there is no current market or no export
pipeline)
– Smaller quantities of associated gas which cannot be flared or re-injected.
24. Natural Gas to Liquid (GtL)
• In gas to liquids (GtL) transport processes, the Natural Gas (NG)
is converted to a liquid, such as:
– Diesel
– Syncrude methanol,
– Ammonia, etc.,
• The liquid is shipped in a suitable tanker.
– Qatar may soon be producing clean fuels commercially this way
26. Advantages of GtL
– Transportation
• Natural gas reserves are often too far from gas pipelines.
• Transporting liquid or electricity is more feasible.
– Environmental
• GTL naturally produces extra low-sulfur diesel.
– High Fuel Quality
• High cetane numbers for GTL diesel.
• Low aromatic and olefin content.
27. Disadvantages of GtL
– GTL plants are complex and capital-intensive.
– Syngas production accounts for about 30% and
the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process itself about
15% of capital costs, with other processing units,
power generation and ancillary services making up
the rest (IEA, 2003).
28. Natural Gas to Wire (GtW)
• Gas-to-Wire (GtW)
– is the process of generating electricity from natural gas at the field, a different
approach than producing electricity at a centralized power plant.
• In the Gas-to-Wire process a gas motor (gas turbine) is placed close to the field
and the gas is directly converted into electricity for own use or for sale to the
local market (eventually transported by cables to the destination).
29. • To generate electricity, the gas turbine heats a mixture of air and fuel
at very high temperatures, causing the turbine blades to spin.
• The spinning turbine drives a generator that converts the mechanical
energy into electricity
30. Advantages
– Best applicable in places where there is a need
for heat combined with electricity.
– No intensive capital required for installation of
raw Natural Gas transportation system.
31. Disadvantages
– Installing high-power lines is expensive
– Significant energy loss when converting it to low
voltages for consumers over cable lines.
– In the case of associated gas, there is a risk that if
a generator error or shutdown occurs, then the
whole Natural Gas production facility might also
have to be shut down, unless there exists another
gas outlet.
For these reasons, the use of gas to wire (GtW) has not proved very popular.
32. Natural Gas Hydrate
• Natural Gas Hydrates (NGH)
– Natural gas hydrate is an ice-like substance that is formed by mixing natural gas
with liquid water and cooling it.
The process of gas delivery as NGH involves three steps;
• Hydrate formation/production,
• Transportation to the demanding place and
• Dissociation/regasification of the hydrate structure.
34. Advantages
Natural Gas Hydrates can be suitable in:
– Small reservoirs
– An associated gas
– Stranded gas and
– other unconventional gas.
Pilot projects have demonstrated that hydrate production is not as simple as it
seems.
The behavior of hydrates is still not completely understood, making it too
dangerous to make on large scale.
35. Natural Gas (NG) Storage
Before 1992, the natural gas market was regulated, and natural
gas storage had two main purposes:
• To provide baseload storage to meet seasonal,
weather-sensitive, demands above normal pipeline
delivery capability
• To provide peak (or peak shaving) storage to
smooth out the demand curve
36. Services Arranged and Coordinated in Market Hub Centers
• Transportation/wheeling—Transfer of gas from one interconnected pipeline to
another through a header (hub), by displacement (including exchanges), or by
physical transfer over the transmission of a market-center pipeline.
• Parking—A short-term transaction in which the market center holds the
shippers gas for redelivery at a later date. Often uses storage facilities, but may
also use displacement or variations in linepack.
• Linepack—Refers to the gas volume contained in a pipeline segment. Linepack
can be increased beyond the pipeline’s certificated capacity temporarily and,
within tolerances, by increased compression.
• Loaning —A short-term advance of gas to a shipper by a market center that is
repaid in kind by the shipper a short time later. Also referred to as advancing,
drafting, reverse parking, and imbalance resolution.
37. • Storage—Storage that is longer than parking, such as seasonal storage. Injection and withdrawal
operations may be separately charged.
• Peaking —Short-term (usually less than a day and perhaps hourly) sales of gas to meet unanticipated
increases in demand or shortages of gas experienced by the buyer.
• Balancing—A short-term interruptible arrangement to cover a temporary imbalance situation. The
service is often provided in conjunction with parking and loaning.
• Title transfer—A service in which changes in ownership of a specific gas package are recorded by
the market center. Title may transfer several times for some gas before it leaves the center.
• Electronic trading —Trading systems that either electronically match buyers with sellers or facilitate
direct negotiation for legally binding transactions.
• Administration—Assistance to shippers with the administrative aspects of gas transfers, such as
nominations and confirmations.
• Compression—Provision of compression as a separate service. If compression is bundled with
transportation, it is not a separate service.
• Risk Management—Services that relate to reducing the risk of price changes to gas buyers and sellers,
for example, exchanges of futures for physicals.
• Hub-to-hub transfers—Simultaneous receipt of a customer’s gas into a connection associated with one
center and an instantaneous delivery at a distant connection associated with another center.
38. • Storage types
porous rock storage: aquifer / depleted field
salt cavern storage
leaching facilities (during creation)
gas facilities (during operation)
• Surface facilities
compressors
gas treatment
39. Important Terminology for Underground Storage
Total gas storage
capacity
Maximum volume of gas that can be stored in an underground
storage facility
Total gas in storage Volume of storage in the reservoir at a particular time
Cushion gas (or base
gas)
Volume of gas intended as a permanent inventory in a storage reservoir to maintain
adequate pressure and deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season
Working gas
capacity
Total gas storage capacity minus cushion gas
Deliverability Most often expressed as measure of the amount of gas that can be delivered (withdrawn)
from a storage facility on a daily basis; deliverability is variable and depends on such
factors as the amount of gas in the reservoir at any time, the reservoir pressure, and
compression capability available to the reservoir
Injection capacity
(or rate)
Amount of gas that can be injected into a storage facility on a daily basis; injection rate is
also variable; depends on the same factors as deliverability.
Source: Energy Information Administration (2004).
40. • Created in a depleted oil or gas field.
• Gas is re-injected into a porous rock formation -> like
a sponge absorbing water.
• Gas is kept in place thanks to impermeable cap rock.
• Geological properties determine the characteristics of
the reservoir:
Porosity - determines the capacity of the rock to
hold gas.
Permeability - determines the ability of the rock to
transmit gas.
Porous rock storage : depleted field
41. Porous rock storage : aquifer
• Located in geological formations similar to those
of depleted fields (porosity, permeability).
• Unlike in depleted fields, pores are filled with
water.
• In injection, water is pushed down the formation.
• In withdrawal, the reverse happens.
• Operation is more complex -> gas may migrate
into the water-bearing strata.
• Upon extraction, gas requires further
dehydratation.
42. However, aquifer storage is usually the most expensive and, thus, the least desirable underground storage method for six
reasons (NaturalGas.org, 2004):
• Geologic characteristics of a specific aquifer are generally not well known, which is
usually not the case with a depleted gas or oil field, and, consequently, considerable
resources must be expended to determine the suitability of the aquifer for gas storage.
• Infrastructure (wells, pipelines, dehydration facilities, compression equipment, etc.) is
unavailable at the aquifer site, whereas a depleted gas reservoir would have most of this
infrastructure in place.
• Considerable injection pressure may be required to displace the water with gas.
• Withdrawn gas requires dehydration.
• Aquifer formations generally require a much higher level of cushion or base gas (up to
80% of the total gas volume) than do depleted fields or salt caverns, and, thus, less of
the reservoir volume is usable.
• Environmental regulations govern the use of aquifers for gas storage.
43. Salt cavity storage
• Formed out of salt deposits by dissolving and
extracting salt (leaching).
• Resilient and watertight -> reduced gas migration.
• Salt properties determine, inter alia:
cavern diameter and height
max and min operating pressure.
52. Sand production in aquifer
due to pressure variation cycles and deterioration of safety components
(valves)
decreases well productivity
Viscous fingering in aquifer
may occur in the injection phase and affects diffusion of gas
caused by flow instability (interface gas –water)
gas forms “fingers” extending into water (gas trapping)
leads to loss of working volume
54. Key Facts – Natural Gas Sector in India
Today about 6% share in primary
energy mix; government targets to
increase it to 15% by 2030
Several new LNG capacity
addition being planned; from current
capacity of ~31.0 MTPA to 78 MTPA
in 2021-22
50-50% share of LNG and
domestic gas in overall consumption
in 2017-18
50% of current consumption
from prime consuming sectors Power
and Fertilizer, declining or stagnating
CGD and industrial use growing sectors
and likely to emerge as key drivers.
Existing pipeline connectivity of
over 16,000 km; plans to
increase to over 30,000 km
55. The 15% Vision
• Current gas share in energy mix
India 6.2% World average 23%
• Per capita gas consumption
India 35 SCM World 441 SCM
For 15% gas share, gas consumption needs to quadruple by 2030
56. Increasing infrastructure to support the 15% vision
•Pipeline length/capacity
~17000 km/ 374 MMSCMD
•Additional 15000 km pipeline
coming up
•Sufficient to handle about
three times current
consumption
57. LNG driving consumption; pricing holds the key
• LNG imports rising 50% of consumption
• LNG regas capacity current 31 MMTPA
to increase to 60-70 MMTPA
• Most additionally capacity planned along East Coast
27
65
78
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2017-18 2019-20 2021-22
LNG Capacity (MMTPA)
58. Rising gas consumption supporting the 15% vision
• 15% growth in gas consumption since 2014-
15 ~ 145 MMSCMD
• Shift in consumption pattern away from
conventional segments
• CGD now the fastest growing segment,
holds the most potential
• Refinery and petrochemicals are other two
small but rising segments
59. • 17% share in overall consumption at 24 MMSCMD
• Over 100 % increase in no. of GAs (179) in last two years
• Over 50% in no. of CNG stations (1528) since 2014-15
• About 30% increase in no. of CNG vehicles since 2014-15
at 3.26 million
• About 65% increase in PNG connections since 2014-15 at
4.81 million
• CNG PNG almost equal consuming segments in sales at
45: 55
CGD Prime Growth Driver of Gas Consumption
60. Gas demand would depend on …
• Marketing and pricing freedom for
natural gas
• Hydrocarbon Exploration Licensing
Policy (HELP)
• Setting-up of Natural Gas Trading
Exchange
• Ban on polluting fuels such as petcoke
and FO
• Promotion of CNG/ LNG vehicles
61. Source: PPAC
▪ Declining domestic gas production is being complemented by increasing LNG imports to meet the current demand level
▪ India has 5 operating LNG Terminals importing about 20 MTPA. 11 additional terminals are being planned which will take the regas capacity to 78 MTPA by
2022-23
Gas production / consumption / imports (mmscmd)
LNG imports rising with declining production
63. Pipeline Infrastructure in India
Gujarat
CGDs
Legends
Existing Pipelines
Under Cons. P/L – work under progress
Approved P/L – work yet to start
Existing LNG Terminal
Proposed LNG Terminal
CGD Network
Proposed CGD Network
(105 Nos.) on GAIL PLs
▪ Authorisation granted for additional
14,500 Kms of new gas pipelines
Gas pipeline network (as on 1.1.2019)
Total Length (km) 16793
Capacity (mmscmd) 374
Average flow during Apr-Sep 2018 (mmscmd) 293.4
Capacity utilisation during 2017-18 (%) 79.73
64. Sector Wise Natural Gas Consumption in India
▪ The natural gas consumption in
the country has been tepid in
last 5-7 years.
▪ Except for petrochemical and
CGD sector the consumption of
natural gas has not witnessed a
steady trend.
▪ Power, fertilizer, CGD, Refinery
and petrochemical sector
contributes to ~85 - 87 percent
of the total gas consumed in
the country.
Historical Gas Consumption (MMSCMD)
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Power 62 44 31 29 30 32 33
Fertiliser 38 40 43 42 44 42 40
CGD 15 16 16 15 15 20 24
Refinery 12 11 11 13 14 15 18
Petrochemical 5 7 7 8 10 11 11
Sponge iron 4 3 1 0 1 2 4
Industrial 1 1 0 1 1 2 2
Misc 29 26 25 20 15 14 13
Total 166 148 134 128 131 139 145
Sector-wise Gas Consumption (2017-18): 144.75 MMSCMD
65. CGD to be primary growth driver of gas
▪ Clearly the sector has grown, both geographically and in volume terms. The significant growth in the sector has been largely due to government
initiatives with the CGD sector (CNG and PNG for residential) being accorded the highest priority for allocation of domestic gas.
▪ With 179 GAs now and 10th round with 50 more areas is on offer, the coming years should see lot of investment in the CNG and PNG
infrastructure. The sector is pegged to see an investment of Rs 70, 000 crore.
CGD growth story
2011-
12
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
Jan
19
Total gas consumption by CGD
(mmscmd) 15.34 15.84 16.18 14.84 14.97 21.19
24
25
CNG Sales 6.46 7.17 7.61 8.04 8.5 9.33 10.5
PNG consumption 8.88 8.67 8.57 6.8 6.47 11.86 13.5
domestic 1.779 -
ind/com 10.081
-
Number of GAs 52 64 78 93 179
CNG Stations (at March end) 1010 1081 1233
1424
1528
CNG Vehicles (million) 2.55 2.56 3.05 3.09 3.26
PNG Connections (million) 2.94 3.16 3.62
4.32
4.81
Source: MoPNG, PPAC
67. PROMOTING USE OF CNG – DEVELOPING THE INFRASTRUCTURE
80% of CNG Cluster
in Maharashtra,
Gujarat & Delhi-NCR
LNG Terminals
Existing CGD
Areas
68. Key Drivers for Gas Demand in India
✓ Marketing and pricing freedom for natural gas
• Marketing and pricing freedom to sell at arm’s length price in the domestic market for oil and gas produced from
acreages awarded under OAL (HELP) and DSF regime
1) Upstream – Investment Reforms
✓ Hydrocarbon Exploration Licensing Policy (HELP)
• The salient features of the policy are Open Acreage Licensing (OAL), single uniform license for conventional and
unconventional hydrocarbons, simpler and easier revenue sharing contract, full freedom for marketing and market
pricing for crude oil and natural gas and Low royalty rates.
2) Downstream - Market Reforms
✓ Setting-up of Natural Gas Trading Exchange
• The government has announced setting up of a gas trading exchange in the country which will enable transparent price
discovery and enable small consumers source gas as per their consumption requirement, moving away from the
current rigid gas contracts
3) Clean and Sustainable Energy Reforms
✓ Ban on polluting fuels such as petcoke and FO
• The government has banned usage of petcoke and FO in northern states of the country
✓ Promotion of CNG/ LNG vehicles
• In order to facilitate early roll-out of CNG/ PNG network in country, Government has accorded prioritized domestic gas
allocation to meet the full gas requirement of CNG and PNG (Domestic) consumer segments
69. Indian market deregulation
Indian Gas Market is highly regulated. The gas market is regulated by the Petroleum and Natural Gas
Regulatory Board (PNGRB). It was established in 2006 to regulate the refining, processing, storage,
transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas so as to
protect consumer interest, ensure uninterrupted and adequate supply and promote competitive markets. The
key functions of the Board are –
• Authorize entities to lay, build, expand or operate pipelines and city gas distribution networks (CGD)
• Determination of tariffs for transportation of gas in common or contract carrier pipelines and CGDs
• Regulate access to pipelines and CGD as per access code, for fair trade and fostering competition
amongst operating entities
• Formulate and enforce service obligation for marketing entities
• Prevention of restrictive trade practices
• Formulation of technical standards and safety norms for construction and operation of gas
infrastructure and ensuring compliance by all entities
• Complaint and dispute resolution
• Maintain a data bank of information on activities relating to petroleum, petroleum products and
natural gas
70. Indian market deregulation…
• Currently, the gas produced in India has a variety of different prices at the wellhead and the pricing is primarily segmented under three broad
regimes: Nomination regime (also known as the Administered Pricing Mechanism or ‘APM’), Discovered Fields regime (also known as the Pre-
New Exploration Licensing Policy regime or ‘Pre-NELP’), and the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP).
▪ The Government is making efforts to
provide marketing and pricing freedom
to the gas that would be produced from
the new gas field ensuring the gas
produces a fair price of the gas produced
and at the same time ensuring that the
end consumers get the gas at affordable
rates
71. Gas prices in India/International
▪ Gas prices have been rising, both
domestically and internationally
▪ They have to compete with alternate
fuels in the consuming sectors.
▪ Domestically, gas competes very well
with alternate fuels in transport and
industrial sectors.
5.05
4.66
3.82
3.06
2.5 2.48
2.89 3.06 3.36
0 0 0
6.61
5.3 5.56
6.3
6.78
7.67
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nov 14-Mar
15
Apr-Sep 15 Oct 15-Mar
16
Apr-Sep 16 Oct 16-Mar
17
Apr 17-Sep
17
Oct 17-Mar-
18
Apr 18-Sep
18
Oct 18-Mar
19
Domestic gas price ($/mmbtu)
Domestic gas price (GCV basis) Price cap for deepwater, ultra deepwater, high temp high pressure areas
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18
Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18
Eurpoean spot Indictaor 5.96 6.92 7.90 7.05 7.35 7.38 7.13 7.42 7.32 7.53 8.76 9.47 8.76 8.28 8.16
Henry Hub 2.88 2.98 2.78 3.66 2.66 2.66 2.76 2.77 2.94 2.81 2.94 2.95 3.23 4.05 4.21
East Asian Delivered LNG indicator 8.15 8.23 8.73 9.87 9.35 8.82 8.74 8.96 9.11 9.47 9.85 10.14 10.82 9.96 9.41
Japan LNG contract price 8.20 9.00 10.20 11.00 10.60 8.80 9.10 8.20 9.30 10.00 10.70 10.60 10.70 10.80
International Gas/LNG prices ($/mmbtu)