1. Introduction to
Facilitation
ADLT 675 Groups and Team
Facilitation

2. In your teams …
 Select one key concept from each of the
texts that you found
Interesting
Helpful
Confirming
Surprising!
 Table discussions of the groups you
observed / Report out

3. What does it mean to function in the
role of a facilitator?

4. Developing Skills as a Group Facilitator

5. What is group facilitation?

6. Choosing Among Facilitator Roles

7. Core Values

8. Key Features of the Skilled Facilitator
Approach

9. A Group
Effectivenes
s Model

10. Mental Models

11. Rules Governing Theories-in-Use
From the
work of
Chris
Argyris,
1978

12. Model I Behaviors (unilateral control)

13. Model II Behaviors (mutual learning)

14. Nine Ground Rules for Effective Groups

15. Telling
Testing: “Here’s
what I say,
“What do you
think of it?”
Asserting: “Here’s
what I say and
here’s why I say
it.”
Explaining: “here’s
how the world
works and why I can
see it that way.”
ADVOCACY
An artist’s
pallet of
advocacy
and inquiry
High
Low

16. Asking
Clarifying: “What is the
question we are trying
to answer?”
Interviewing:
Exploring others’
points of view, and the
reasons behind them
INQUIRYLow High

17. Observing
Bystanding: Making
comments which pertain to
the group process, but not to
content.
Sensing: Watching the
conversation flow
without saying much,
but keenly aware of all
that transpires
ADVOCACY
INQUIRY
Low
High
High

18. Generating
Skillful Dialogue (Balancing
Advocacy and Inquiry):
Genuinely curious,
makes reasoning explicit,
asks others about
assumptions
Dialogue:
Suspend all
Assumptions, creating a
“container” in which
collective
thinking can emerge.
ADVOCACY
INQUIRY
Low
High
High

19. Dictating: “Here’s
what I say, and never
mind why.”
(Dysfunctional)
Interrogating:
“Why can’t you
see that your
point of view is
wrong?”
(Dysfunctional)
ADVOCACY
INQUIRY
Politicking: Giving
the impression of
balancing advocacy
and inquiry, while
being close-minded
(Dysfunctional)
Withdrawing:
Mentally
Checking out of the
room, and not paying
attention
(Dysfunctional)
Dysfunctional Forms of Advocacy and Inquiry

20. Asking
Observing
Generating
Telling
Testing
Asserting
Explaining
Skillful
Dialogue
(Balancing
Advocacy and
Inquiry)
Dialogue
Bystanding
Sensing
Clarifying
Interviewing
ADVOCACY
INQUIRY
Low
High
High

21.  Take action base on belief
 Adopt beliefs
 Draw conclusions
 Make assumptions
 Add meanings
 Select data
 Observable data and experience
Ladder of Inference (Argyris & Schön, 1978)

22. How Do You Apply the Ladder of Inference
by Using Advocacy and inquiry?
Walk “Down” the Ladder.