Depends upon density timing for green light will be allocate if emergency occur then corresponding green light will be grow another illustrated in red.
Project is used to control traffic signal system automatically with IR sensors. Signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at junctions.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
Depends upon density timing for green light will be allocate if emergency occur then corresponding green light will be grow another illustrated in red.
Project is used to control traffic signal system automatically with IR sensors. Signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at junctions.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
A Comparative Study of Sensors for Road Traffic Density MeasurementIJSRD
Sensors plays a vital role for measurement of traffic density on road. To acquire the traffic data from road various sensor were used. Different sensors have their own advantages and limitation in terms of accuracy in measurement. However a sensor varies from parameter to parameter i.e range, location of installation, power consumption, number of scanned lanes, features etc. This paper describes about the conventional sensors that were used for traffic density measurement in automatic traffic control system. Also the comparison between different sensors has been discussed in this paper.
Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed MonitoringBharat Biyani
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.
IOT based project for accident victims,where the message is directly sent to the nearby ambulance, and the traffic is maintained on the basis of the fact that whether an ambulance is present on the road or not.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This project report is based on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicle. In which we use the RF receiver and transmitter with an encoder and decoder module.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
WIRELESS BLACK BOX REPORT FOR TRACKING OF ACCIDENTAL MONITORING IN VEHICLESNiraj Rajan
The following paper is to develop a
wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and
GPS tracking system for accidental monitoring.
MEMS is a Micro electro mechanical sensor which is
a high sensitive sensor and capable of detecting the
tilt. This device can perform all the tilt functions like
forward, reverse, left and right directions. The system
consists of cooperative components of an
accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and
GSM module. If any accident occurs, this wireless
device will send mobile phone a short massage
indicating the position of vehicle by tracing the
location of the vehicle through GPS system to family
member, emergency medical service (EMS) and
nearest hospital. . The threshold algorithm and speed
of motorcycle are used to determine fall or accident
in real-time. In this project we are also using
temperature sensor and CO sensor which are
interfaced to the micro controller. With the help of
temperature sensor we can measure amount of
temperature exhausted from the vehicle. CO sensor
will sense the amount of CO gas emitted from the
vehicle. Whenever the CO gas level exceeds the
threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is
stopped. Ultrasonic sensor in the module is used to
detect any obstacle in the surroundings of the vehicle
and intimates the microcontroller and the controller
calculates the distance between the vehicles and if the
distance is very less, then vehicle stops automatically.
A Comparative Study of Sensors for Road Traffic Density MeasurementIJSRD
Sensors plays a vital role for measurement of traffic density on road. To acquire the traffic data from road various sensor were used. Different sensors have their own advantages and limitation in terms of accuracy in measurement. However a sensor varies from parameter to parameter i.e range, location of installation, power consumption, number of scanned lanes, features etc. This paper describes about the conventional sensors that were used for traffic density measurement in automatic traffic control system. Also the comparison between different sensors has been discussed in this paper.
Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed MonitoringBharat Biyani
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.
IOT based project for accident victims,where the message is directly sent to the nearby ambulance, and the traffic is maintained on the basis of the fact that whether an ambulance is present on the road or not.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This project report is based on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicle. In which we use the RF receiver and transmitter with an encoder and decoder module.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
WIRELESS BLACK BOX REPORT FOR TRACKING OF ACCIDENTAL MONITORING IN VEHICLESNiraj Rajan
The following paper is to develop a
wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and
GPS tracking system for accidental monitoring.
MEMS is a Micro electro mechanical sensor which is
a high sensitive sensor and capable of detecting the
tilt. This device can perform all the tilt functions like
forward, reverse, left and right directions. The system
consists of cooperative components of an
accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and
GSM module. If any accident occurs, this wireless
device will send mobile phone a short massage
indicating the position of vehicle by tracing the
location of the vehicle through GPS system to family
member, emergency medical service (EMS) and
nearest hospital. . The threshold algorithm and speed
of motorcycle are used to determine fall or accident
in real-time. In this project we are also using
temperature sensor and CO sensor which are
interfaced to the micro controller. With the help of
temperature sensor we can measure amount of
temperature exhausted from the vehicle. CO sensor
will sense the amount of CO gas emitted from the
vehicle. Whenever the CO gas level exceeds the
threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is
stopped. Ultrasonic sensor in the module is used to
detect any obstacle in the surroundings of the vehicle
and intimates the microcontroller and the controller
calculates the distance between the vehicles and if the
distance is very less, then vehicle stops automatically.
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Presentation On: "Micro-controller 8051 & Embedded System"surabhii007
The presentation is dealing with majors about 'An Embedded System' along with 'Micro-controller' with it's base peripherals & parameters.
Hope It'll be helpfull!
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
9. EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
General purpose Processor
Microprocessor –Intel8085,
Microcontroller-Intel8051,ATMEL89c51,PIC16f877A
Embedded Processor-ARM9,INTELi960,AMD29050
DSP Processor- Texas Instruments TMS320
Application Specified Integrated Circuit(ASIC )- Cellphone Processor
Application Specific System Processor(ASSP) –setup box(STIH206), Motor driver
IC’s,
Multi processor system using GPP’s/SOC - Snapdragon
processor,mediatek,apple
10. General purpose Processor It is designed for specific application
ASIP have good flexibility with good performance
It have low cost and low power consumption.
So efficiency is high
It have high computational speed.
Example : Embedded microcontroller , DSP,network processor , PDA, Cell
phones
Intel, Motorola, Hitachi,TI, Philips and ARM
For example, an Intel®—MCS51, Philips® 51XA, 51MX, or Motorola —
68HC11, 68HC12, 68HC16
ASIP(Application Specific Instruction
Processor)
11. ASIC(Application specific integrated
circuits)
Integrated circuits customized for specific use
Digital ASIC- logic gates,digital memory,microprocessor
Analog ASIC-Amplifiers, regulators ,op-amp, ADCS
Mixed ASIC-combination of the two
12. Embedded system application
Based on microcontroller (without OS)
Based on microprocessor (with OS(LINUX)/without OS)
13. MICROPROCESSOR FAMILIES
INTEL:I3 ,I5,I7 , i386 Embedded Processors
80386 processor used in such as BlackBerry 950, and Nokia 9000
Communicator, electronic musical instruments
AMD:AMD Embedded R, G-Series
AMD Embedded G-Series used in Communications, Digital Set Top Boxes,
Industrial Controllers, Medical, Networking, Single Board Computers.
ARM:Cortex-A, Cortex-R, Cortex-M
Cortex-R used in Cameras,Industrial,Mobile handsets, StorageAutomotive
14. Mobile phone processor
Qualcomm Processor: snap dragon 845 in Xiaomi Mi MIX 2S
Apple : Apple A11 Bionic in Apple iPhone 10
Mediatek: MT6797M (Helio X20) in InFocus Epic 1
Industrial Processor:
Blackfin Processors- Combined control and signal processing capabilities
SHARC Processors - provide the industry’s best 32-bit floating point performance
18. ISSUSE AND SOLUTION
Controlling the traffic becomes major issues of rapid increase in
automobiles and large time delay between the traffic lights .
Increase fuel consumption as well as pollution.
In order to avoid this problem we can go for Density based traffic light
system
21. MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller are single chip device
Read input device
Process data or information
Control the output device
Using the microcontroller
How to connect the microcontroller to the hardware.
How to write and program the code into the microcontroller.
23. ATMEL 89c51 Microcontroller
Harvard architecture, RISC instruction set
8-bit ALU and Accumulator
16-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus
4 KBytes of on-chip program memory
128 Bytes of on-chip RAM
32 bidirectional I/O lines, which can also be used as four 8-bit
ports
Two 16-bit timers /counters
Full duplex UART
Six interrupt source
Idle and Power down mode
25. IC 8051 Pin Description
Ground
Voltage Supply
(+5V)
26. Port 0 from
Pin-39 to Pin-32
An 8-bit open drain
bidirectional port.
DUAL
FUNCTION
Used to access both
data and address
IC 8051 Pin Description
27. Port 1 from
Pin-1 to pin-8
8-bit bidirectional
I/O port with
internal pull-ups
IC 8051 Pin Description
28. Port 3 from
Pin-10 to Pin-17
P3.0 : RxD(serial input port)
P3.1 :TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 :INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 :INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 :T0 (Timer 0 External input)
P3.5 :T1 (Timer 1 External input)
P3.6 :WR (External data memory write
strobe)
P3.7 :RD (External data memory read
strobe)
IC 8051 Pin Description
29. 89c51 I/O Ports
It is generally a specific place for being physically connected to some other
device, usually with a socket and plug of some kind.
PORT DETAILS
4 Eight bit I/O ports are available.
Ports named as P0, P1, P2 & P3.
All ports are Input / Output ports.
UponReset all Ports are in HIGH state
To configure the Ports as Input Ports Logical HIGH is assigned to the Port.
35. TACTILE SWITCH
Tactile switch is an on/off electronic switch that is only on when the button
is pressed or if there is a definitive change in pressure.
42. Seven segment displays are used to indicate numerical information
Seven segment displays internally consist of 8 LEDs
In these LEDs, 7 LEDs are used to indicate the digits 0 to 9 and single
LED is used for indicating decimal point
Generally seven segments are two types
INTRODUCTION
43. COMMON ANODE
In the common anode display, all the anode connections of the LED segments are
joined together to logic “1”.
logic “0” or “LOW
44. COMMON CATHODE
In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections of the LED segments are
joined together to logic “0”.
logic “1 or “HIGH
Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems
BILAL 8 Months Ago No Comments
Embedded Systems are ruling our lives. Embedded Systems is an important subject of electronicswhich is mostly not given its due importance. If you talk about technology, you think about Laptops, Computers, DSLRs, Cameras, Mobile Phones, and Tablets. But you never think or talk about embedded systems that are running them.
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals,
such as:
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc.
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Multi Media Cards (SD Cards, Compact Flash etc.)
Networks: Ethernet, Lon Works, etc.
Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
1.General purpose processor: Intel 80x86, Sparc, or Motorola 68HCxxx
1.Embedded Processor:
special microprocessor or microcontroller often called embedded processor.
An embedded processor is used when fast processing contact switching & ALU operations are needed. EXAMPLE:ARM7,INTELi960,AMD29050.
Applications Personal Internet Client Architecture-based PDAs, cell phones and other wireless devices,
2. ASICs:
This is a device that is created with a specific purpose in mind. (customized integrated circuit. It is usually used by a person or company for a very limited usage.)In reality, any chip that is custom-made is an ASIC, irrespective of whether it is analog, digital, or a mix of both.
for example, an IC designed for a specific line of cellular phones of a company.
- ASIC is just built for one and only one customer.- ASIC is used only in one product line- Only volume production of ASICs for one product can make sense which means low unit cost for high volume products, otherwise the cost is not efficient.- Can exploit parallelism to achieve high performance- Low power consumption3.ASSP (Application Specified Standard Processor)—(off-the-shelf components) is an integrated circuit that implements a specific function that appeals to a wide market, which means its function is specified for example a motor drive chip. But it is used widely, not limited to only one customer as ASIC does
off-the-shelf components-you can go to electronic shops and just buy it directly from the "shelf"
Coming into embedded system main aim is design an automatic electronic system. Based on the application categorised into two types
Based on microcontroller without os here we are using processing element is microcontroller like 8051,pic ,arm ,avr,atmega so many microcontroller are there. Example of without os TV, fridge , induction stove, stopwatch, traffic light etc...
Based on microprocessor with os where processing as an microprocessor example samsung s3c2 440 is an arm9 microproceesor using linux os.
Blackfin Processors :
in Industrial The feature-rich Blackfin Processor family is ideally suited for a wide range of industrial applications, from low power metering to high end networked power control systems.
SHARC Processors :dominate the floating-point digital signal processing market, delivering exceptional core and memory performance complemented by outstanding I/O throughput. Starting at 319 MFLOPS per dollar, the industry-standard SHARC Processor family makes floating-point processing economical for applications where dynamic range is a key consideration, such as home and car audio, medical, industrial, and instrumentation products. • Rich, algebraic assembly language syntax instruction set supports conditional arithmetic, bit manipulation, divide and square root, bit field deposit, and extrac
Commonly used exemplary microcontrollers in small scale embedded systems
Using the microcontroller
In order to use the microcontroller in a circuit there are basically two areas
LEDs are all around us: In our phones, our cars and even our homes. Any time something electronic lights up, there’s a good chance that an LED is behind it.