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Bab III perekonomian jangka panjang
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kurva permintaan agregat (AD) dan penawaran agregat (AS), serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergerakan dan pergeseran kedua kurva tersebut dalam analisis keseimbangan ekonomi jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan dampak kebijakan fiskal dan moneter terhadap AD-AS.
Inflasi, Pengangguran, dan Kurva Phillips
Kurva Phillips menunjukkan hubungan negatif antara inflasi dan pengangguran dalam jangka pendek. Pada setiap titik, pembuat kebijakan dapat memilih kombinasi inflasi dan pengangguran dengan menggerakkan permintaan agregat di sepanjang kurva penawaran agregat jangka pendek. Faktor seperti inflasi yang diharapkan, pengangguran siklis, dan guncangan penawaran dapat menyebabkan pergeseran kurva Phillips.
Penawaran Agregat dan Tradeoff Jangka Pendek antara Inflasi dan Pengangguran
Penawaran Agregat dan Tradeoff Jangka Pendek antara Inflasi dan Pengangguran
>Tiga Model Penawaran Agregat
>>Model Harga Kaku (Sticky Price)
>>Model Upah Kaku
>>Model Informasi-Tak Sempurna
>Inflasi, Pengangguran, dan Kurva Phillips
Disusun oleh:
Afrida Syahputri R. N.
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Muhammad Rafi Kambara
Saila Dhiyaul Haq
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Kurva penawaran agregat jangka panjang (LRAS) vertikal menunjukkan output jangka panjang tidak terpengaruh oleh tingkat harga. Kurva permintaan agregat (AD) dan perubahan jumlah uang beredar dapat mengubah tingkat harga tanpa mempengaruhi output. Kurva penawaran agregat jangka pendek (SRAS) datar mengasumsikan harga kaku sehingga perubahan AD dapat mempengaruhi output jangka pendek.
Permintaan dan penawaran agregat
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang model permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat dalam teori makroekonomi klasik dan Keynesian.
2. Model ini menjelaskan hubungan antara tingkat harga agregat, output agregat, dan bagaimana keseimbangan ekonomi tercapai.
3. Dokumen juga membahas faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi pergeseran kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat.
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Bab III perekonomian jangka panjang
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kurva permintaan agregat (AD) dan penawaran agregat (AS), serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergerakan dan pergeseran kedua kurva tersebut dalam analisis keseimbangan ekonomi jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan dampak kebijakan fiskal dan moneter terhadap AD-AS.
Inflasi, Pengangguran, dan Kurva Phillips
Kurva Phillips menunjukkan hubungan negatif antara inflasi dan pengangguran dalam jangka pendek. Pada setiap titik, pembuat kebijakan dapat memilih kombinasi inflasi dan pengangguran dengan menggerakkan permintaan agregat di sepanjang kurva penawaran agregat jangka pendek. Faktor seperti inflasi yang diharapkan, pengangguran siklis, dan guncangan penawaran dapat menyebabkan pergeseran kurva Phillips.
Penawaran Agregat dan Tradeoff Jangka Pendek antara Inflasi dan Pengangguran
Penawaran Agregat dan Tradeoff Jangka Pendek antara Inflasi dan Pengangguran
>Tiga Model Penawaran Agregat
>>Model Harga Kaku (Sticky Price)
>>Model Upah Kaku
>>Model Informasi-Tak Sempurna
>Inflasi, Pengangguran, dan Kurva Phillips
Disusun oleh:
Afrida Syahputri R. N.
Danan Giriatmojo
Fildzah Salsabila
Muhammad Rafi Kambara
Saila Dhiyaul Haq
6 mankiw09
Kurva penawaran agregat jangka panjang (LRAS) vertikal menunjukkan output jangka panjang tidak terpengaruh oleh tingkat harga. Kurva permintaan agregat (AD) dan perubahan jumlah uang beredar dapat mengubah tingkat harga tanpa mempengaruhi output. Kurva penawaran agregat jangka pendek (SRAS) datar mengasumsikan harga kaku sehingga perubahan AD dapat mempengaruhi output jangka pendek.
Permintaan dan penawaran agregat
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang model permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat dalam teori makroekonomi klasik dan Keynesian.
2. Model ini menjelaskan hubungan antara tingkat harga agregat, output agregat, dan bagaimana keseimbangan ekonomi tercapai.
3. Dokumen juga membahas faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi pergeseran kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat.
Permintaan dan penawaran agregat
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang permintaan dan penawaran agregat. Ringkasannya adalah:
1. Dokumen menjelaskan konsep permintaan dan penawaran agregat serta hubungannya dengan output dan pendapatan agregat
2. Model permintaan dan penawaran agregat digambarkan dengan kurva-kurva dan dijelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya
3. Fungsi konsumsi dan tabungan rumah tangga dijelaskan beserta hubungannya dengan pend
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Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang model permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat dalam teori makroekonomi.
2. Model ini menjelaskan hubungan antara tingkat harga agregat, output agregat, dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya seperti permintaan agregat, penawaran agregat, inflasi, dan keseimbangan ekonomi.
3. Model ini berguna untuk mempelajari kinerja ekonomi dalam jangka pendek dan
AD-AS
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang permintaan dan penawaran agregat, yang merupakan konsep penting dalam ekonomi makro. Dibahas pula variabel-variabel kunci seperti output, harga, dan tingkat pengangguran beserta hubungannya dalam kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat.
Ilmu Ekonomi Makro Permintaan agregat
Kurva permintaan agregat merepresentasikan total permintaan terhadap barang dan jasa dalam suatu perekonomian. Dokumen ini membahas pendapat Keynes dan Pigou tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kurva permintaan agregat. Keynes berpendapat bahwa perubahan harga akan mempengaruhi tingkat bunga melalui pengaruhnya terhadap jumlah uang beredar riil, sedangkan menurut Pigou perubahan harga akan mempengaruhi konsumsi melalui
permintaan dan penawaran agregat
Fluktuasi ekonomi terjadi secara tidak teratur dan berdampak pada berbagai variabel ekonomi seperti produksi, pendapatan, dan pengangguran. Model permintaan dan penawaran agregat digunakan untuk menjelaskan fluktuasi jangka pendek dengan menggunakan kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat. Pergeseran pada kedua kurva dapat menyebabkan perubahan output dan harga dalam jangka pendek maupun panjang.
Factors That Lead To Economic Growth
Human capital and capital goods influence a nation's GDP in the following ways:
1) Countries that invest in the education, health, and training of their workforce (human capital) will have a more productive workforce that can produce more goods and services.
2) The production of capital goods, which are products that have value like machinery, also contributes to GDP.
3) Together, investments in human capital and production of capital goods allow a nation to produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP.
Topic 8 - Business Cycle & Economic Fluctuations
(1) A business cycle refers to fluctuations in economic activity between periods of expansion and contraction. It includes peaks of high growth, followed by recessions with declining growth and rising unemployment, then troughs of low economic activity before recovery. (2) Non-income determined spending from the household, business, government and foreign sectors can stimulate total spending and output in the economy through the multiplier effect. An initial increase in spending is re-spent and circulates repeatedly, magnifying the initial change in income and output. (3) The saving-borrowing relationship between households and businesses can also impact total spending, as savings are leakages from the income stream unless offset by equal borrowing to be injected back
Economic fluctuations
1) There are four phases of the business cycle: recession, depression, peak, and trough. Recessions are periods of economic contraction while expansions include booms.
2) Business cycles cause fluctuations in real GDP and cyclical unemployment. The size of recessions and expansions can be measured by comparing actual output and unemployment to potential output and the natural rate of unemployment.
3) Short-term economic fluctuations are primarily caused by changes in aggregate spending as prices adjust and markets reach equilibrium. Policymakers aim to stabilize the economy by closing output gaps between actual and potential output.
Causes of Economic Growth
Economic growth can be caused by increases in total demand, improvements to the labor force through quality and quantity, progression of technology, and investment. However, different countries experience economic growth through different means depending on their unique economic circumstances and histories. Sustained long-term growth is often attributed to capital deepening through investment and technological advances, while short-term growth may result from increases in total demand.
8 business cycles
The document discusses business cycles, which are alternate periods of economic prosperity and depression in capitalist economies. It provides details on the typical phases of a business cycle, including depression, recovery, prosperity, boom, and recession. Various theories of business cycles are also mentioned, such as the monetary, psychological, overproduction, innovation, and multiplier-accelerator theories. The document concludes with methods that can be used to control fluctuations in business cycles, such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers.
Teori Konsumsi
Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Siklus Hidup, Kurva Pengeluaran Konsumsi Jangka Panjang dan Jangka Pendek, Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Pendapatan Relatif, Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Pendapatan Permanen
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
The Business Cycle
The document discusses the business cycle, which consists of four phases: expansion/growth, peak, recession, and trough/depression. During expansion, spending and employment rise until reaching a peak. Then a recession begins as spending and employment fall. The cycle bottoms out at a trough, with low production and high unemployment, before beginning expansion again. The business cycle is influenced by internal factors like consumption, investment, and government policy, as well as external factors such as technology and wars. The government uses fiscal and monetary policy to stabilize the economy and prevent severe recessions or inflation.
Economic Growth & Economic Development
Economic growth refers to the increase in a country's real output of goods and services over time, historically measured through greater industrialization and commercialization. It is meant as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Determinants of economic growth include GDP, GNP, and per capita income. Economic development was once used interchangeably with economic growth but now refers to growth plus progressive changes in important variables like material well-being, poverty reduction, literacy, health, unemployment, and inequality. The traditional view defined development strictly in economic terms of sustained GDP growth, but the new view rejects that narrow definition in favor of also considering social indicators.
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang permintaan dan penawaran agregat. Ringkasannya adalah:
1. Dokumen menjelaskan konsep permintaan dan penawaran agregat serta hubungannya dengan output dan pendapatan agregat
2. Model permintaan dan penawaran agregat digambarkan dengan kurva-kurva dan dijelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya
3. Fungsi konsumsi dan tabungan rumah tangga dijelaskan beserta hubungannya dengan pend
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Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang model permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat dalam teori makroekonomi.
2. Model ini menjelaskan hubungan antara tingkat harga agregat, output agregat, dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya seperti permintaan agregat, penawaran agregat, inflasi, dan keseimbangan ekonomi.
3. Model ini berguna untuk mempelajari kinerja ekonomi dalam jangka pendek dan
AD-AS
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang permintaan dan penawaran agregat, yang merupakan konsep penting dalam ekonomi makro. Dibahas pula variabel-variabel kunci seperti output, harga, dan tingkat pengangguran beserta hubungannya dalam kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat.
Ilmu Ekonomi Makro Permintaan agregat
Kurva permintaan agregat merepresentasikan total permintaan terhadap barang dan jasa dalam suatu perekonomian. Dokumen ini membahas pendapat Keynes dan Pigou tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kurva permintaan agregat. Keynes berpendapat bahwa perubahan harga akan mempengaruhi tingkat bunga melalui pengaruhnya terhadap jumlah uang beredar riil, sedangkan menurut Pigou perubahan harga akan mempengaruhi konsumsi melalui
permintaan dan penawaran agregat
Fluktuasi ekonomi terjadi secara tidak teratur dan berdampak pada berbagai variabel ekonomi seperti produksi, pendapatan, dan pengangguran. Model permintaan dan penawaran agregat digunakan untuk menjelaskan fluktuasi jangka pendek dengan menggunakan kurva permintaan dan penawaran agregat. Pergeseran pada kedua kurva dapat menyebabkan perubahan output dan harga dalam jangka pendek maupun panjang.
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Human capital and capital goods influence a nation's GDP in the following ways:
1) Countries that invest in the education, health, and training of their workforce (human capital) will have a more productive workforce that can produce more goods and services.
2) The production of capital goods, which are products that have value like machinery, also contributes to GDP.
3) Together, investments in human capital and production of capital goods allow a nation to produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP.
Topic 8 - Business Cycle & Economic Fluctuations
(1) A business cycle refers to fluctuations in economic activity between periods of expansion and contraction. It includes peaks of high growth, followed by recessions with declining growth and rising unemployment, then troughs of low economic activity before recovery. (2) Non-income determined spending from the household, business, government and foreign sectors can stimulate total spending and output in the economy through the multiplier effect. An initial increase in spending is re-spent and circulates repeatedly, magnifying the initial change in income and output. (3) The saving-borrowing relationship between households and businesses can also impact total spending, as savings are leakages from the income stream unless offset by equal borrowing to be injected back
Economic fluctuations
1) There are four phases of the business cycle: recession, depression, peak, and trough. Recessions are periods of economic contraction while expansions include booms.
2) Business cycles cause fluctuations in real GDP and cyclical unemployment. The size of recessions and expansions can be measured by comparing actual output and unemployment to potential output and the natural rate of unemployment.
3) Short-term economic fluctuations are primarily caused by changes in aggregate spending as prices adjust and markets reach equilibrium. Policymakers aim to stabilize the economy by closing output gaps between actual and potential output.
Causes of Economic Growth
Economic growth can be caused by increases in total demand, improvements to the labor force through quality and quantity, progression of technology, and investment. However, different countries experience economic growth through different means depending on their unique economic circumstances and histories. Sustained long-term growth is often attributed to capital deepening through investment and technological advances, while short-term growth may result from increases in total demand.
8 business cycles
The document discusses business cycles, which are alternate periods of economic prosperity and depression in capitalist economies. It provides details on the typical phases of a business cycle, including depression, recovery, prosperity, boom, and recession. Various theories of business cycles are also mentioned, such as the monetary, psychological, overproduction, innovation, and multiplier-accelerator theories. The document concludes with methods that can be used to control fluctuations in business cycles, such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers.
Teori Konsumsi
Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Siklus Hidup, Kurva Pengeluaran Konsumsi Jangka Panjang dan Jangka Pendek, Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Pendapatan Relatif, Teori Konsumsi dengan Hipotesis Pendapatan Permanen
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
The Business Cycle
The document discusses the business cycle, which consists of four phases: expansion/growth, peak, recession, and trough/depression. During expansion, spending and employment rise until reaching a peak. Then a recession begins as spending and employment fall. The cycle bottoms out at a trough, with low production and high unemployment, before beginning expansion again. The business cycle is influenced by internal factors like consumption, investment, and government policy, as well as external factors such as technology and wars. The government uses fiscal and monetary policy to stabilize the economy and prevent severe recessions or inflation.
Economic Growth & Economic Development
Economic growth refers to the increase in a country's real output of goods and services over time, historically measured through greater industrialization and commercialization. It is meant as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Determinants of economic growth include GDP, GNP, and per capita income. Economic development was once used interchangeably with economic growth but now refers to growth plus progressive changes in important variables like material well-being, poverty reduction, literacy, health, unemployment, and inequality. The traditional view defined development strictly in economic terms of sustained GDP growth, but the new view rejects that narrow definition in favor of also considering social indicators.
Four Factors of Economic Growth
This document discusses how economic growth is measured and the factors that influence it. It explains that a country's gross domestic product (GDP) measures economic growth and is the total value of goods and services produced in one year. The four main factors that determine a country's GDP are natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Investing in education, health, and skills training improves human capital and standard of living.
Business cycles
The document discusses business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the Philippine experience. It covers theories of business cycles and the different phases. It also defines unemployment and inflation, and discusses the government's policies in response to the Philippine recession in the 1980s to promote economic recovery.
Indicators Of Economic Development
The document discusses various indicators used to measure economic development in developing countries, including GDP per capita, life expectancy, literacy rates, and poverty rates. It compares these indicators between the UK, Ghana, and Zambia, finding much higher rates of GDP per capita, life expectancy, and literacy in the UK. While these indicators are related, the relationships are complex and countries can vary widely. Overall, the document examines differences in development levels between regions like Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Economic Growth and Development
Development requires sustained effort over long periods and involves changes. Economic growth refers to increases in output or production, while economic development also includes changes to production arrangements. Development in humans and countries involves not just physical increases but also changes to attitudes, habits, and intelligence/institutions to become mature. Economic development is characterized by sustained output increases, widespread structural changes, and growth in efficiency shaped by non-economic factors.
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Economic growth is measured by the increase in goods and services produced over time within an economy. It requires expansion of the labor force, capital, trade, and consumption. Economic growth has been a key objective of India's planning efforts since independence. Multiple socio-economic factors influence economic growth, including economic drivers like natural resources, human capital, investment and entrepreneurship as well as non-economic factors such as social institutions, political stability, and demographics. Proper management of resources and supportive social and political conditions are necessary to maximize economic growth.
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