This slide helps you to understand the basic components of computer

1. Trends and Computer Basics
Introduction to Computers

2. Computer Science
 Computer Science: The discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such
topics as:
 Computer design
 Computer programming
 Information processing
 Algorithmic solutions of problems

3. Role of Algorithms
 Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed
 Program: A representation of an algorithm
 Programming: The process of developing a program
 Software: Programs and algorithms
 Hardware: Equipment used to input information (data) and output the results
of the programs, algorithms.
Algorithm
Program
Programming
Software
Hardware

4. An algorithm for a magic trick

5. History of Algorithms
 The study of algorithms was originally a subject in mathematics.
 Early examples of algorithms
 Long division algorithm
 Euclidean Algorithm
 Let’s take a look at Euclidean Algorithm
 Just to see that YOU can do this stuff!

6. The Euclidean algorithm
 Euclidean algorithm (also called Euclid's
algorithm) is an algorithm to determine the
greatest common divisor (GCD) of two elements.
 One of the oldest algorithms known, dating back
to the ancient Greeks.
 Greatest common divisor (GCD): The largest
positive integer that divides both numbers
without remainder
 I.e. The largest number that can go into two
numbers evenly.
 Examples:
 15 and 6, the GCD is 3
 15 / 3 = 5 6 / 3 = 2
 48 and 40, the GCD is 8
 48 / 8 = 6 40 / 8 = 5
Euclid 200 ton dump
Euclid, 300 BC, "The Father of
Geometry“ was a Greek
mathematician

7. The Euclidean algorithm
Step 1:
• M = 48, N = 40
Step 2:
• M / N
• ___ / ___ = __, R = __
Step 3:
• R <> 0
• M = ___, N = __
Step 2:
• M / N
• ___ / ___ = __, R = __
Step 3
• R = __
Greatest common divisor: N = _
48 40 1 8
40
5 0
8
40 8
0
8

8. Origins of Computing Machines
 Early computing devices
 Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers
 Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
 Positions of gears represent numbers
 Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage
Windows Abacus  Pascal’s mechanical calculator - 1645

9. Babbage’s Difference Engine
• Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that
eventually led to more complex designs.
• The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed
fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 feet (2.4 m) high. Although he received
ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia)
Part of the Difference Engine (below)
Replica of Difference Engine (right)

10. Early Data Storage
 Punched cards
 First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth
 Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
 Popular through the 1970’s

11. Jacquard loom
 The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to control a sequence of
operations.
 Did not do computation, but important in history of computer science.
 The ability to change the pattern of the loom's weave by simply changing cards
 An important conceptual precursor to the development of computer programming.
(Wikipedia)

12. Augusta Ada Byron
 Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace
(1815-1852)
 Mainly known for having written a description
of Charles Babbage's early mechanical
general-purpose computer, the analytical
engine.
 She is also known as the "first programmer".
 The computer language Ada, created by the
U.S. Defense Department, was named after
Ada Lovelace.

13. Early Computers
 Here is a brief overview of some of the early computers and trends in computing.

14. First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches.

15. First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
 First electronic digital computer built by Konrad Zuse, who developed his first
machine, the Z1, in his parents' living room in Berlin in 1938.
 Another early digital computer was built by Dr. John Atanasoff and his assistant
Clifford Berry, known as the ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) built at Iowa State
University during 1937-42.

16. 1946 - ENIAC
 First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator)
 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high
 3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards).
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY

17. 1946 - ENIAC
 Grace Hopper, one of the first
programmers on the ENIAC and the
developer of the programming language
COBOL, says, “It was the first machine
that assisted the power of man’s brain
instead of the strength of his arm.”
 ENIAC was developed long before the days
of silicon chips or microchips, even before
the transistor was invented.
 Like ABC, ENIAC was made up of vacuum
tubes, over 18,000 of them!

18. 1951- UNIVAC 1
 1951 the first commercially available computer was developed, the UNIVAC I
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer) using vacuum tubes
 3,000 additions every second.
 In 5 years we were going a thousand times faster.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMXT4f8C63A

19. 1951- UNIVAC 1
 Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, USN, with other programmers.
 Photo taken, August 13, 1957

20. Second Generation – Transistors
 1947 - Walter Brittain and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories
 Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch

21. 1954 - TRADIC
 TRADIC (TRAnsistorized Airborne DIgital Computer)
 800 transistors.
 First computer system to completely use transistors
 First computer to be successfully operated in an aircraft, an environment
which was hostile to previous computer systems.

22. Second Generation - Transistors
Transistors were:
 Smaller
 Faster
 More reliable
 Less expensive

23. Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (who was later to
become the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon
chip or microchip).
 An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a
single sliver of silicon.
 It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller
device, the “microchip.”
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWVywhzuHnQ&feature=related

24. 1960 – IBM 360
 1 addition every billionth of a second (nanosecond), or a billion additions
every second
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OdRHImbPug

25. Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
ICs, chips, were:
 Smaller
 Faster
 More reliable
 Less expensive

26. Fourth Generation - Microprocessor
 A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip.
 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip.
 Intel 4004
 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors

27. IBM used it for calculators not computers
 Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s first commercial product to
use a microprocessor.
 Used the Intel 4004 CPU.

28. 1975 - Altair 8800
 Ed Roberts and the first
microcomputer or
personal computer (for
the consumer) the
Altair 8800
 http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=vAhp_LzvSWk

29. MITS Altair 8800
 Microcomputer - a computer
which has a microprocessor.
 Used the Intel 8080
Microprocessor

30. Microprocessors

31. Trends
 Faster
 Smaller
 More reliable
 Less expensive
 Easier to use

32. Personal Computers
 We will see a series of videos, Triumph of the Nerds, which does a great job
in showing the evolution of the PC industry.
 Here is a brief introduction for now.

33. Computer Basics

34. Terms and Acronyms
 WYSISYG (pronounced WHIZ-zee-wig)
“What You See Is What You Get”
GUI: Graphical User Interface

35. What is a computer?
 A computer is an electronic device which can be programmed to change (process)
information from one form to another.
 Do exactly as they are told.
 Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON)

36. Computers are everywhere

37. Rich’s computers at his house

38. Traditional Types of Computers
 General purpose computers
 Mainframe
 Minicomputer
 Microcomputer (Personal Computer)

39.  First computers, introduced in 1950s
 Used by large businesses
 Typically supported hundreds or thousands of users
 Very expensive
 Used for very large processing tasks
 IBM’s new Mainframe
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN4J4mClckA
• Mainframe Computers

40.  Typically supported hundreds of users
 No longer a product line
 Smaller and less expensive than mainframes
 The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing.
• Minicomputers

41. Traditional Types of Computers
 Small, self-contained computers with their
own CPUs
 Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central
Processing Unit) on a single chip.

42. Personal Computer
• Desktop computers
• Laptop computers
• Tablets
• Smart Phones

43. Embedded Computers
 Embedded computers – Computers found
inside consumer goods in order to enhance
their function.
 Cars today might have as many as 50
microprocessors on them.
 Some of the reasons for this increase in the
number of microprocessors are:
 Meet emissions and fuel-economy
standards
 Advanced diagnostics
 Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars
 New safety features
 New comfort and convenience features
 Sensors, wearable, medical devices, and more

44. Special Purpose Computers
 Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific
purpose such as game system or information kiosk.
 ATM Skimming: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3qK46L2b_c

45. Computer is Hardware and Software

46. Hardware versus Software
 Hardware = The physical
components that make up a
computer system.
 More in a moment…
 Much more on all of these
items in later presentations!

47. Hardware versus Software
 Software = The programs
(instructions) that tell the
computer what to do.
 System Software
 Application Software
 Stored on a storage media such
as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy
disk, tape, etc.
 More later…

48. Hardware Components
SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT
PERMANENT
STORAGE
Know these!

49. The Processor
Let’s open the box!

50. The Processor
circuit board = a board with
integrated circuits
(microchips)
 system board or motherboard
 interface boards or expansion
boards
system board or motherboard =
a single circuit board with the
components which make up
the computer’s processor for
a microcomputer, including
the:
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory
 RAM
 ROM or ROM BIOS
 expansion slots

52. The Processor: The CPU
CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic
circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which:
1. executes the instructions in a software program
2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially
RAM and input devices
The CPU is the computer!
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

53. Moore’s Law
 The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an
integrated circuit (IC) increases exponentially, doubling
approximately every two years. The observation was first made by
Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in a 1965 paper (1).
 1 - Taken from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law

54. Input Devices
 Enter information into a computer
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4FJtJKTZD8

55. Output Devices
 Send information out from a PC
 Pattie Maes: Unveiling game-changing wearable tech
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZ-
VjUKAsao&eurl=http%3A//www.orkut.com/FavoriteVideos.aspx?rl=ls&
uid=3220410101163014300&feature=player_embedded

56. System Unit - Revisited
System Unit:
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory
 RAM
 ROM or ROM BIOS
 expansion slots
SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT
PERMANENT
STORAGE

57. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory) = integrated circuits (chips) used to
temporarily store software (programs, instructions) and data
 “primary” storage for the CPU
 electronic switches, storing ON’s and OFF’s
Temporarily stores for the CPU:
 Software
 operating system software
 application software
 Data
 data (documents, spreadsheets, etc.)

58. RAM
 RAM is TEMPORARY memory
 RAM is volatile
 stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically
 when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
Inserting RAM

59. RAM: Speed
Why does the CPU use RAM?
 The CPU is very FAST!
 The CPU needs the instructions (software) and data as quickly as possible
 If the CPU has to wait, so does the user
Why doesn't the CPU use permanent storage like disk drives?
 Too slow
 EXAMPLE: Spellchecker

60. RAM: Capacity
The amount of RAM determines:
 What software and data the user can work on
 How much software and data the user can work with
 Most new computers have at least 2 GB and that is steadily increasing
“out of memory” error message from the Operating System
The more complex and sophisticated the software, the more instructions that software
contains, which means larger software files.

61. ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are
used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other
critical information
Read Only = information which:
 Cannot be changed
 Cannot be removed
 Cannot be appended (added to)
 Fixed by manufacturer

62. ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System
software)
ROM permanently contains:
 start-up (boot) instructions
 instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the
communications with the keyboard and the monitor
Firmware = software program which is stored on a microchip, such as
the software on the ROM chip permanently

63. Storage Devices
 Storage Devices:
 Floppy disks (obsolete)
 CD-ROMs, DVDs (becoming obsolete)
 Hard disks and solid state drives (SDD)
 Zip / Rev disks (obsolete)
 Tape drives
 Network drives
 Storage Area Networks

64. Computer Performance
 CPU speed (and type)
 Amount of RAM (and speed)
 Hard disk capacity

65. Software
 System Software
 Application Software

66. Application Software
 Performs specific tasks:
 Word processing
 Calculations
 Information storage and retrieval
 Accounting
 Cannot function without the OS
(Operating System)
 Written for a specific operating
system and computer hardware.

67. Operating System Software
 Loads automatically when you
switch on a computer
 Main roles:
 Controls hardware and software
 Permits you to manage files
 Acts as intermediary between user
and applications

68. Operating System Software
Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system including:
 hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O)
 security
 system interface
 application interface

69. GUI – Graphical User Interface
Windows 3.1
Windows
95/98/XP

70. GUI – Graphical User Interface
MAC OS
UNIX/LINUX with
X-Windows

71. CLI – Command Line Interface
 No GUI
 MS DOS / Command Prompt
 Linux / Unix

72. CLI – Command Line Interface

73. Word Star on DOS

74. Putting it altogether!
 Booting up the computer
 Creating and saving a word processing document
 Shutting down the computer

75. 1972 - Xerox Alto
 Xerox Alto – first microcomputer.
 Developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto
Research Center)
 Not for consumer market.
 1981 – Xerox Star
 Xerox executives “just didn't get it”.

76. 1976 - Apple I
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed the Apple I microcomputer in their
basement.
 Though it was a flop, its successor became the first popular home computer

77. 1977 – Apple II

78. Others from 1977 - 1981
Commodore
PET 2001
Tandy TRS-80 Osbourne
Kaypro

79. Others from 1977 - 1981
Atari
Timex Sinclair
Texas Instruments
IMSAI

80. 1981 – IBM PC
 What everyone was waiting for, or fearing…
 “Open Architecture” and IBM

81. 1984 – Apple Macintosh

82. 1985 – Microsoft Windows 1.0

83. 1987 – IBM PS2 and OS2
 Closed architecture (similar to Apple)
 Never made it.