This document provides an introduction to computer science, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses how computers solve problems through algorithms, and how early computers were conceptualized and developed, leading to the modern definition of a computer as a general purpose, programmable information processor. The fields of computer science and engineering are traced back to mathematical and engineering roots in the 17th-20th centuries.
The document discusses problem solving using computers. It explains that programming languages allow problems to be solved repeatedly by telling the computer the logic or algorithm to follow. An algorithm is a series of steps, like pseudocode or a flowchart, that represent the procedure for solving a problem. It then provides examples of algorithms for calculating the factorial of a number in different formats, including English steps, flowcharts, and pseudocode. Programming implements the algorithm by translating it line-by-line into source code.
2.0 Introduction to Computer Science and ProgrammingAbdelrahman Hosny
This is an introduction to Computer Science and Programming for absolute beginners. Use these slides to start introducing some non-technical major students to the field of software development and computer programming.
This document provides an introduction to computer science concepts. It discusses how computers have become ubiquitous in modern life and allows many activities to occur. It defines what a computer is and explains that computer science studies how computers work. It also defines key concepts like programs, hardware, software, programmers, algorithms, binary systems, registers, bytes and bits.
Introduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBus.
In this slideshow we will cover:
What is Computer Science?
What is Computer System?
What is Computation?
Types of Computing
Computer Organization
Hardware and Software
Operating System
please email your feedback to team@wagmob.com
For full access please go to app.wagmob.com and search for "computer science"
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and other external devices. The software includes operating systems, application software, and utility software. A computer performs four basic functions - input, processing, output, and storage. It takes in data through input devices, processes the data using programs, produces output through output devices, and stores processed data and instructions in memory and storage.
The document discusses the process of writing a computer program. It explains that programming involves breaking a problem down into a logical sequence of steps. There are two main phases: the problem-solving phase where the problem is analyzed and an algorithm is developed, and the implementation phase where the algorithm is translated into a programming language and tested. The process also includes a maintenance phase to modify the program as needed over time.
The document discusses problem solving using computers. It explains that programming languages allow problems to be solved repeatedly by telling the computer the logic or algorithm to follow. An algorithm is a series of steps, like pseudocode or a flowchart, that represent the procedure for solving a problem. It then provides examples of algorithms for calculating the factorial of a number in different formats, including English steps, flowcharts, and pseudocode. Programming implements the algorithm by translating it line-by-line into source code.
2.0 Introduction to Computer Science and ProgrammingAbdelrahman Hosny
This is an introduction to Computer Science and Programming for absolute beginners. Use these slides to start introducing some non-technical major students to the field of software development and computer programming.
This document provides an introduction to computer science concepts. It discusses how computers have become ubiquitous in modern life and allows many activities to occur. It defines what a computer is and explains that computer science studies how computers work. It also defines key concepts like programs, hardware, software, programmers, algorithms, binary systems, registers, bytes and bits.
Introduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBus.
In this slideshow we will cover:
What is Computer Science?
What is Computer System?
What is Computation?
Types of Computing
Computer Organization
Hardware and Software
Operating System
please email your feedback to team@wagmob.com
For full access please go to app.wagmob.com and search for "computer science"
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and other external devices. The software includes operating systems, application software, and utility software. A computer performs four basic functions - input, processing, output, and storage. It takes in data through input devices, processes the data using programs, produces output through output devices, and stores processed data and instructions in memory and storage.
The document discusses the process of writing a computer program. It explains that programming involves breaking a problem down into a logical sequence of steps. There are two main phases: the problem-solving phase where the problem is analyzed and an algorithm is developed, and the implementation phase where the algorithm is translated into a programming language and tested. The process also includes a maintenance phase to modify the program as needed over time.
The document discusses computer science and its applications. It defines computer science as the study of computer hardware, software, and application of technology. It lists algorithms, programming, and microprocessors as key aspects of computer science and discusses how computer science is experienced in daily life through computerized systems and technologies. It also mentions robotics and space shuttles as new frontiers for computer science.
This document provides a high-level overview of the various fields that contribute to the foundations of artificial intelligence, including philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory/cybernetics, and linguistics. For each field, it briefly describes the key questions or goals addressed in that area and highlights some important historical figures and developments that helped establish the foundations for modern AI research.
Introduction to computing, Analog Computers, Hybrid computers, TYPES OF COMPUTER, Parts of the Computer ,
Software, Hardware, data, Users, Input and output devices,
The document discusses input devices, output devices, processing, and disadvantages of using computers. It provides examples of input devices like keyboards, scanners, and mice. Output devices mentioned include monitors and printers. Processing allows multitasking by switching between tasks on CPUs. Disadvantages of computer use include carpal tunnel, eye strain, too much sitting, and limited learning.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
The document discusses the definition, functions, advantages, applications and generations of computers. It defines a computer as a device that accepts data as input, processes it, and generates output. Computers provide benefits like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, reliability and the ability to automate tasks. They are used widely in various fields such as business, banking, education, engineering and more. The document also covers computer languages and the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
This document discusses artificial intelligence and its applications. It defines strong AI as attempting to create human-level intelligence in machines, while weak AI focuses on narrow applications using machine learning. Some advantages of AI include reducing errors, exploring dangerous environments, and assisting with repetitive tasks. Challenges include the high cost of development and an inability to match human creativity or emotions. The document outlines several applications of AI in fields like transportation, the military, art, business, education, and hotels.
This is the first lecture belonging to the course "Introduction to computers". It covers the following topics:- Computer Definition,Electronic Data Processing, Data and Information definitions,Types of data, Characteristics of computer.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce information as output, and store information for future use. It describes the basic components of a computer as hardware and software. The key hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers. The document also provides definitions and examples of different types of computers classified by size and power, including personal computers, laptops, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. It takes in data through input devices, processes it using components like the CPU and memory on the motherboard in the system unit, and outputs information through output devices. Storage devices like hard disks and CDs are used to store data, programs, and information for future use. Networks connect computers and enable communication and sharing of resources and information over the internet. Computers run software programs that control the computer and enable users to perform tasks. Popular personal computers include PCs, Macs, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices. Computers are used in many aspects of society like education, business, healthcare, science and more.
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts PresentationAna Tan
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
There are two types of programming languages: low-level languages which are machine-oriented and difficult for humans, and high-level languages which are easier for humans to read and write. Programs are initially written in a high-level language and then compiled into machine-executable code. Common high-level programming languages include C, C++, Java, PHP, and Visual Basic.NET.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
MLIS, Hardware and Software- Workshop AIOU 2013, LIS Studies, Library and information science, Computer Science, Information science, Information technology, Hardware, Software, Computer basics, Information Management
The document provides an overview of software programming and development. It defines key concepts like software, hardware, programming languages, compilers, interpreters, and algorithms. It discusses low-level languages like machine code and assembly, and high-level languages like C/C++, Java, and .NET. It also explains the planning process for computer programs using algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode and the differences between compilers and interpreters. The document aims to introduce foundational topics in software engineering.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses the main hardware components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. It describes how these components work together and are connected via buses. The document also explains how computers represent and store data using binary digits and coding systems. It provides details on random access memory, read-only memory, and how program instructions are transferred between memory and secondary storage.
This document provides an overview of selected topics in computer science, including artificial intelligence, robotics, machine learning, and the internet of things. It will cover these topics through a series of sessions, discussing introductions and basic concepts for each. The first session introduces AI and compares it to machine learning. Subsequent sessions will cover robotics and its types, applications of machine learning, and laws of robotics. Students will work on individual or group projects related to these topics.
This document provides an introduction to computer science, including definitions of key terms like computer, algorithm, and computer science. It discusses how computers solve problems by taking an algorithmic approach, breaking problems down into step-by-step instructions. The history of computer science is explored, from early conceptual computers in mathematics to the first electronic computers engineered in the 1940s. Programming languages and approaches like structured programming and object-oriented programming are also introduced.
The document provides an introduction to computer science, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses how computers process information by taking input, performing computations, and producing output. The document also summarizes the history of conceptual computers developed by mathematicians like Turing and engineers like von Neumann, who helped develop the modern programmable computer. It defines what constitutes a computer and how computer scientists study broader computing systems and agents.
The document discusses computer science and its applications. It defines computer science as the study of computer hardware, software, and application of technology. It lists algorithms, programming, and microprocessors as key aspects of computer science and discusses how computer science is experienced in daily life through computerized systems and technologies. It also mentions robotics and space shuttles as new frontiers for computer science.
This document provides a high-level overview of the various fields that contribute to the foundations of artificial intelligence, including philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory/cybernetics, and linguistics. For each field, it briefly describes the key questions or goals addressed in that area and highlights some important historical figures and developments that helped establish the foundations for modern AI research.
Introduction to computing, Analog Computers, Hybrid computers, TYPES OF COMPUTER, Parts of the Computer ,
Software, Hardware, data, Users, Input and output devices,
The document discusses input devices, output devices, processing, and disadvantages of using computers. It provides examples of input devices like keyboards, scanners, and mice. Output devices mentioned include monitors and printers. Processing allows multitasking by switching between tasks on CPUs. Disadvantages of computer use include carpal tunnel, eye strain, too much sitting, and limited learning.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
The document discusses the definition, functions, advantages, applications and generations of computers. It defines a computer as a device that accepts data as input, processes it, and generates output. Computers provide benefits like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, reliability and the ability to automate tasks. They are used widely in various fields such as business, banking, education, engineering and more. The document also covers computer languages and the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
This document discusses artificial intelligence and its applications. It defines strong AI as attempting to create human-level intelligence in machines, while weak AI focuses on narrow applications using machine learning. Some advantages of AI include reducing errors, exploring dangerous environments, and assisting with repetitive tasks. Challenges include the high cost of development and an inability to match human creativity or emotions. The document outlines several applications of AI in fields like transportation, the military, art, business, education, and hotels.
This is the first lecture belonging to the course "Introduction to computers". It covers the following topics:- Computer Definition,Electronic Data Processing, Data and Information definitions,Types of data, Characteristics of computer.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce information as output, and store information for future use. It describes the basic components of a computer as hardware and software. The key hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers. The document also provides definitions and examples of different types of computers classified by size and power, including personal computers, laptops, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. It takes in data through input devices, processes it using components like the CPU and memory on the motherboard in the system unit, and outputs information through output devices. Storage devices like hard disks and CDs are used to store data, programs, and information for future use. Networks connect computers and enable communication and sharing of resources and information over the internet. Computers run software programs that control the computer and enable users to perform tasks. Popular personal computers include PCs, Macs, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices. Computers are used in many aspects of society like education, business, healthcare, science and more.
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts PresentationAna Tan
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
There are two types of programming languages: low-level languages which are machine-oriented and difficult for humans, and high-level languages which are easier for humans to read and write. Programs are initially written in a high-level language and then compiled into machine-executable code. Common high-level programming languages include C, C++, Java, PHP, and Visual Basic.NET.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
MLIS, Hardware and Software- Workshop AIOU 2013, LIS Studies, Library and information science, Computer Science, Information science, Information technology, Hardware, Software, Computer basics, Information Management
The document provides an overview of software programming and development. It defines key concepts like software, hardware, programming languages, compilers, interpreters, and algorithms. It discusses low-level languages like machine code and assembly, and high-level languages like C/C++, Java, and .NET. It also explains the planning process for computer programs using algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode and the differences between compilers and interpreters. The document aims to introduce foundational topics in software engineering.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses the main hardware components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. It describes how these components work together and are connected via buses. The document also explains how computers represent and store data using binary digits and coding systems. It provides details on random access memory, read-only memory, and how program instructions are transferred between memory and secondary storage.
This document provides an overview of selected topics in computer science, including artificial intelligence, robotics, machine learning, and the internet of things. It will cover these topics through a series of sessions, discussing introductions and basic concepts for each. The first session introduces AI and compares it to machine learning. Subsequent sessions will cover robotics and its types, applications of machine learning, and laws of robotics. Students will work on individual or group projects related to these topics.
This document provides an introduction to computer science, including definitions of key terms like computer, algorithm, and computer science. It discusses how computers solve problems by taking an algorithmic approach, breaking problems down into step-by-step instructions. The history of computer science is explored, from early conceptual computers in mathematics to the first electronic computers engineered in the 1940s. Programming languages and approaches like structured programming and object-oriented programming are also introduced.
The document provides an introduction to computer science, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses how computers process information by taking input, performing computations, and producing output. The document also summarizes the history of conceptual computers developed by mathematicians like Turing and engineers like von Neumann, who helped develop the modern programmable computer. It defines what constitutes a computer and how computer scientists study broader computing systems and agents.
1. The document discusses the Turing test, which proposes determining if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human by having an interrogator question both the machine and human without seeing them.
2. It describes John Searle's Chinese room argument against the idea that running a computer program is sufficient for a machine to have a mind or understanding.
3. There is debate around whether strong AI, which claims computers could match or exceed human intelligence through algorithms, is possible or if intelligence requires aspects like consciousness that computers may lack.
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It outlines the course contents which includes 7 chapters covering topics like introduction to computers and their components, operating systems, word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, algorithms and flowcharts, and programming languages. It then discusses what a computer is and its advantages such as improved employment prospects, skills that span aspects of life, greater self-sufficiency, and a foundation of lifelong learning. The document also covers the capabilities, limitations, and comparison between computers and humans. Finally, it discusses the history of data processing from manual mechanical devices to electronic devices.
This document provides information about computers and their basic components. It defines what a computer is as a machine that takes in information, processes it, and produces new information. It describes the different types of computers like desktop PCs, laptops, mainframes, and supercomputers. It explains how computers work by storing data and instructions as binary digits. It also outlines some common hardware components inside computers like the central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), and hard disk drive.
This document provides information about computers and their basic components. It defines what a computer is as a machine that takes in information, processes it, and produces new information. It describes the different types of computers like desktop PCs, laptops, mainframes, and supercomputers. It explains how computers work by storing data and instructions as binary digits. It also outlines some common hardware components inside computers like the central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), and hard disk drive.
This document discusses Turing machines and the conceptual problems of computational theory. It begins by introducing Turing machines as a theoretical model of computation that is equivalent to all standard computers. It then explains that while computational ability seems limitless, there are problems that are inherently unsolvable by computers due to logical contradictions. The document provides examples of uncomputable sets and functions, such as real numbers with infinite decimal representations and the halting problem. It formally defines Turing machines and describes how they work. The document argues that while Turing machines can solve computable problems, there are problems like deciding program halting that cannot be solved by any computer algorithm.
This document provides an overview of the field of computer science. It discusses that computer science involves developing new techniques to solve problems that were previously unsolvable, unlike information technology which focuses on applying existing solutions. It outlines several subfields of computer science like computer vision, machine learning, cryptography etc. It explains that theoretical computer science uses logic and math to prove truths, while empirical research relies on experiments. Algorithms are fundamental as they provide step-by-step instructions for computers. Some tasks are impossible to solve according to computability theory. The document ends by discussing the complexity of different algorithms.
The document provides information about computer history, components, and applications. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and Pascal's calculator. The first automatic digital computers included the Z3 in 1941 and ENIAC in 1946. A modern computer has basic components of input, output, memory, control, and processing units. Common applications include office suites, internet access, and design/manufacturing tools.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data by accepting input, processing it, and producing output. It can perform both numerical and logical calculations much faster and more accurately than humans. Early mechanical computers from the 16th century evolved into modern electronic computers. Generations of computers progressed from using vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits, becoming smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
Soft computing is a field that uses approximate solutions and techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, and evolutionary computation to problems that are too complex for traditional binary logic-based computing. It aims to achieve human-like decision making by incorporating uncertainty, imprecision, and partial truth into solutions. The main goal of soft computing is to develop intelligent machines that can provide solutions to real-world problems that are difficult to model mathematically.
Algorithm Design and Complexity - Course 1&2Traian Rebedea
Courses 1 & 2 for the Algorithm Design and Complexity course at the Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING OR FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTINGsharock2
This chapter introduces fundamentals of computers, including:
- A computer is an electronic device that processes information based on instructions to generate output.
- The history of computing began with counting systems and early mechanical calculators, leading to modern electronic computers started by pioneers like Babbage and Turing.
- A computer has both hardware and software - hardware are the physical parts like the CPU and memory, while software are the instructions that interface with the hardware.
- Computers use binary numbering system internally instead of decimal, and numbers can be converted between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
This document provides an introduction to an artificial intelligence course. The course aims to give students knowledge and understanding of core AI concepts like search, game playing, planning and machine learning. Students will learn how to apply these concepts to construct simple AI systems using a declarative language. The document outlines several core areas of AI including knowledge representation, reasoning, planning, learning, and interacting with the environment. It also discusses the history of AI and provides examples of modern AI applications.
1) A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes it, and generates output. It can perform both simple and complex operations quickly and accurately.
2) Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the physical components, and software which are sets of instructions.
3) Computers have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to microprocessors. Modern computers are classified based on their size and use.
The document discusses concepts related to knowledge, tools, technology, algorithms, and decision making. It provides definitions for these terms and contrasts the focus of knowledge (human-centered and intuitive) versus data/decisions (machine-focused and efficient). Roger Martin's knowledge funnel is described as a process moving from exploration to established solutions. The distinction is made between choices, which rely on human values, and decisions, which focus on outcomes and performance.
The document provides guidance for attending lectures for an Artificial Intelligence course. It states that attendance is mandatory for all lectures, as the lecture notes alone do not provide enough detail and examples to fully understand the material. Students are responsible for attending lectures and taking supplemental notes. They are also expected to do additional reading to further supplement the lecture content. Students should ask questions during or after lectures if anything is unclear or being covered too quickly.
This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) including its history and key concepts. It discusses how philosophers like Hobbes and mathematicians like Boole laid the foundations for AI by exploring symbolic logic and operations. Landmark developments included Babbage's analytical machine, Turing's universal machine concept, and McCarthy coining the term "artificial intelligence". The document also outlines branches of AI like natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, problem solving, learning, and expert systems. It provides examples of applications and concludes by noting progress made in creating human-like artificial creatures remains limited.
The document provides an introduction and history of computers. It discusses:
1. The evolution of computers from early counting tools like the abacus to modern electronic computers. Key developments included Babbage's Difference Engine, the transistor computer, and the microprocessor.
2. The definition of a computer as an electronic machine capable of performing basic arithmetic operations and storing information.
3. The difference between data, which are unprocessed facts, and information, which results from interpreting and processing data.
4. The major components of a computer system including input, output, processing, storage, and software which allows the hardware to perform tasks.
This document discusses factors that affect shelf life of foods and methods for determining shelf life. It outlines intrinsic and extrinsic factors like water activity, pH, temperature, and packaging. Two methods for shelf life testing are described: accelerated shelf life testing, which tests foods under elevated conditions and can predict shelf life 2-4 times faster than real time; and real time shelf life testing, which stores foods long-term under stated conditions. Parameters for measuring shelf life include sensory analysis by trained panels, physico-chemical tests like pH and moisture, and microbiological analysis of pathogens.
This document is a presentation on drying and dehydration of fruits by Darshan Gohel, an agricultural engineering student. It begins with an introduction to drying and dehydration, then discusses principles, pre-treatments, techniques like sun drying and freeze drying, and factors that affect the drying rate. Literature on drying various fruits is reviewed. The benefits of dried fruits and research findings on composition changes during drying are also summarized. The presentation concludes with effects of drying on foods and benefits of dried fruits.
Soil deposits are affected by their mechanism of transport and deposition. There are several common mechanisms: gravity, ice, water, and wind. The mechanism of transport determines the size, shape, and grading of soil particles. For example, water carries particles of different sizes depending on flow speed, depositing silts and clays in lakes and sands and gravels in river beds. Wind also sorts particles by size, producing soils like dune sands and loess.
Preservative releasers as food packagingDarshan Gohel
This document discusses various food preservatives, including organic acids, silver zeolite, spice and herb extracts, and BHA/BHT antioxidants. Organic acids can disrupt bacterial cell walls, with examples including lactic acid, acetic acid, and citric acid. Silver zeolite has bactericidal properties similar to silver nitrate by transferring silver ions to bacterial cells. Spice and herb extracts like cinnamon, oregano, and clove extracts have been shown to inhibit foodborne pathogens in cheese while preventing lipid oxidation. BHA and BHT are phenolic compounds added to foods to preserve fats and oils from becoming rancid.
This document provides an overview of Android application development. It discusses the Android platform architecture including the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime and application framework. It describes application building blocks like activities, intents, services and content providers. It outlines the course objectives to introduce mobile application development, the Android platform and tools. It also discusses the emulator, application lifecycle, location manager, notifications and common views used for building user interfaces.
This document provides an overview of Java programming concepts for a class. It discusses the intended audience, history of Java versions, core design principles, what Java is and isn't, comparing Java to C, compiling and running a first Java program, basic programming constructs like data types, operators, control flow, and arrays. It also covers parsing string input, reading keyboard input at runtime, and where to find Java class documentation online. The overall summary is an introduction to Java programming concepts aimed at students new to the language.
This document provides information on various topics related to engineering drawing, including scales, engineering curves, loci of points, orthographic projections, projections of points and lines, projections of planes, projections of solids, sections and development, intersection of surfaces, and isometric projections. It contains definitions, explanations, methods of construction, and example problems for each topic. The document aims to help readers visualize concepts in engineering drawing and provide practice through example problems to gain proficiency in applying techniques and reaching correct solutions. Interactive features like illustrations, notes, and tips are included throughout to aid understanding and learning.
1. Power transmission systems transmit mechanical power from one rotating element to another. Common types include belt drives, rope drives, chain drives, and gear drives.
2. Belt drives transmit power between parallel shafts using two pulleys connected by an endless belt. The driver pulley rotates and pulls the belt, rotating the driven pulley.
3. Factors like shaft distance, operating speed, and power requirements determine the appropriate transmission system. Belt drives are effective over moderate distances and speeds but experience some power loss due to slip and creep.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
2. Overview of Discussion
What is computer science?
What is a computer?
What can computers do?
How do computers solve problems?
What is computer science?
Who invented computers?
Conceptual computers
Computing devices
Darshan Gohel
3. Learning Objectives
Define and use terminology
Examples: computer, computer science,
algorithm, specification, correctness, efficiency,
von Neumann machine
Distinguish between algorithms and non-
algorithms
Know something about the history of
computers (up to 1950)
Darshan Gohel
4. Which one is the computer?
Rock Calculator Television
Modern Airplane Washing Machine Computer Workstation
Darshan Gohel
5. Is it a Computer?
What questions would
you ask?
What experiments
would you run?
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6. Is a rock a computer?
Does not act or
process
Takes no input and
produces no output
Computers must be able to handle input and
output
Darshan Gohel
7. Is a washing machine a computer?
Input: dirty clothes
Output: clean clothes
Does not handle
information
Computers input and output information
Darshan Gohel
8. Is a television set a computer?
Input: information from
cables or radio waves
Output: information as
sound and picture
Does not process
information
Computers process information by computing
new results and answering queries
Darshan Gohel
9. Is a modern airplane a computer?
Input: information from
radio waves
Output: manipulations
to the airplane
Can only handle
specific information
necessary for flight
control
Computers are general purpose because
they can perform many different tasks
Darshan Gohel
10. Is an ordinary calculator a computer?
Input: numbers and
mathematical operations
Output: answer
Handles any numeric task
Cannot remember which
buttons are pressed
Computers are programmable so they can
remember sequences of operations
Darshan Gohel
11. Definition of a Computer
a general purpose,
programmable,
information processor
with input and output
Darshan Gohel
12. Computing Agents
Definition of computers does not cover all
that computer scientists study
Broader class of objects and methods –
computing agents
Have some or all of the characteristics of a
computer
Darshan Gohel
13. Specialized Computing Devices and
Information Appliances
Devices limited by set of operations or
programmability
Calculators limited to operations described by
their buttons
Global Positioning System (GPS) calculates
latitude and longitude from satellite signals
Cell phone allows one to surf the web
Information appliances – performs a single
job well
Darshan Gohel
14. Embedded computers and robots
Machines with full-fledged computers inside
Washing machines, airplanes, ATMs, etc.
Such machines require highly reliable,
predictable computer programs
All physical mechanisms controlled by
computers are robotic devices
Restrict definition to machines that are general
purpose and programmable
Robotic arm or cart
Darshan Gohel
15. Natural computing agents
Living organisms process information in their
efforts to eat, survive, and reproduce
1940s study showed frogs collect less visual
information than people
Identify rapidly moving objects as food, slowly moving
objects as predators
Study physical events in terms of information they
contain and process
Chemical reactions, crystal formations, plant growth, etc.
Darshan Gohel
16. What is a computer?
Definition of a computer is narrow
Definition of computing agent is broad
Although many computer scientists focus on
the computer, some computer scientists deal
with computing agents
Darshan Gohel
17. What can computers do – today?
Business productivity managers
Personal information managers
Spreadsheets
Database software
Desktop publishing
Multimedia encyclopedias
Simulate the physical world
Produce a music video
Darshan Gohel
18. What might computers do – tomorrow?
Diagnose diseases
MYCIN captures medical knowledge in rules that
allowed a computer to identify an ailment based
on symptoms
Control robots that walk, talk, and learn
CMU created a program that drove a van from
Pittsburgh to D.C. using cameras for eyes
Compose music and create art
Darshan Gohel
19. How do computers solve problems?
Humans deconstruct problems into small
operations that a computer can carry out
Writing an algorithm
Solve a problem by computer requires
State the problem clearly in a problem statement
Solve the problem with an algorithm that gives
clear instructions
Use a computing agent to carry out the
instructions
Darshan Gohel
20. Stating the problem clearly
Describes what to do, not how to do it
How do I get from Timonium Campus to the
Beltway?
Solve general classes of problems
How do I get from point A in Timonium to point B?
What is the square root of y?
Darshan Gohel
21. Specifying a problem
Clear problem statement is called the
specification
What information can we use as input
What the output, or solution, to our problem
should look like
Specification for the square root problem
Input: A positive number y > 0
Output: A positive number x such that x2 = y
Make sure specification is not ambiguous
Darshan Gohel
22. Solving the problem using an Algorithm
Algorithm – a clear sequence of instructions
for performing a task
a well-ordered sequence
of well-defined,
feasible operations
that takes finite time to carry out
Darshan Gohel
23. Finding the square root to the nearest
tenth
For this example we are interested in the square
root of 55
1. Find the two integers between which √55 lies
Do this by starting at 0 and continuing up through the
integers until you find an integer whose square is less than
55 and the next integer has a square larger than 55
2. Find the first estimate by averaging the two integers
3. Divided 55 by the estimate. Compute it to one more
place than you want in the final answer
4. Average the estimate and the result of step 3
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the tenth digit does not
change
Darshan Gohel
24. Almost Algorithms
To shampoo your hair
1. Rinse
2. Lather
3. Repeat
To set the time on the
VCR
1. Open the front panel
2. Push the button
3. Set the hours, then the
minutes
To write the Great
American Novel
1. Get paper and pencil
2. Sit down
3. Write word on paper
4. If novel is great, quit.
Otherwise, go back to
step 3.
Darshan Gohel
25. Using the computing agent
The square root algorithm is only an
algorithm for an agent that understands
English and can perform arithmetic
Requirements imposed by the computing
agent
Algorithm is in a language the computing agent
understands
Algorithm uses primitive operations that the agent
can carry out
Darshan Gohel
26. Necessity of artificial languages
Problems with natural languages (like
English)
Flexible
Often ambiguous
Computers use artificial languages with
precise meanings
mathematical equations, music notation,
programming languages
Programming languages define primitive
operations computing agents understand
Darshan Gohel
27. What is computer science?
The study of computers
The study of algorithmic processes including
their
Theory
Analysis
Design
Efficiency
Implementation
Application
Darshan Gohel
28. Who invented computers?
Computer science has roots in two fields
Mathematics
Alan Turing and the Turing machine (1930s)
Developed theories with paper and pencil about how to
perform computations by hand
Engineering
John von Neumann and the von Neumann machine
(1940s)
Showed how to build physical computers out of
electronic circuitry
Darshan Gohel
29. Mathematical Roots
Leibniz’s Dream (1600s)
Can we find a universal language for
mathematical algorithms that will let us describe
and solve any problem?
Reduce all reasoning to a fixed set of basic rules
Determine truth or falsity of sentences by fixed rules for
manipulating sentences
George Boole (1800s)
Introduces binary notation of calculation
Computers use binary system for logic and arithmetic
Darshan Gohel
30. More on Theory
David Hilbert (1928)
Challenges the mathematical community to find
an infallible, mechanical method for constructing
and checking truth of mathematical statements
Interested in an algorithm
Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, and Kurt Gödel
construct arguments that there is no solution
to Hilbert’s Challenge
Turing builds a conceptual computer for his
argument
Darshan Gohel
31. The Turing Machine and the Church-
Turing Thesis
Turing Machine
Machine with a finite set of rules and an infinite
amount of “scratch paper” for computation
No one has designed a physical computer that can do
more than a Turing machine
Machine could not solve Hilbert’s problem
Church-Turning Thesis
The Turing Machine captures what we mean by
computational systems
Is as powerful an any other mechanical computing
agent
Darshan Gohel
32. Engineering Roots
First step development of calculators
Abacus – developed 5000 years ago in the Middle
East
Pascaline – first mechanical calculator using
gears for calculation (1642)
Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine –
conceptual design that used hundreds of gears to
compute mathematical functions (1820s)
Darshan Gohel
33. Electronic Circuits
Telegraph – uses electricity to convey letters
and transmit information quickly (1844)
Hollerith Tabulating Machine – Uses
electricity and punch cards to calculate the
US census (1890)
Z2 – used circuitry to compute arithmetic
operations (1930s)
Darshan Gohel
34. Programmed Devices
Jacquard Loom – weaves cloth using a pattern
specified using punch cards (1801)
The Analytic Engine – conceptual design for a
machine consisting of a Mill, Store, Printer, and
Readers
Led Ada Lovelace to define programming concepts such as
the subroutine
ENIAC – one of the first programmable electronic
computers (1945)
Programmed by routing cables and flipping switches
Darshan Gohel
35. von Neumann Machine
Store programs in electronic memory along
side the data (1943)
Move and manipulate a program like data
Enabled high-level programming languages
Input Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Memory
Output
Darshan Gohel
36. Machine Languages
Only language computers directly understand
“Natural language” of computer
Defined by hardware design
Machine-dependent
Generally consist of strings of numbers
Ultimately 0s and 1s
Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
One at a time
Cumbersome for humans
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
Darshan Gohel
37. Assembly Languages
English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations
Clearer to humans
Incomprehensible to computers
Translator programs (assemblers)
Convert to machine language
Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
Darshan Gohel
38. High-level Languages
Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
Assembly language requires many instructions to accomplish
simple tasks
Translator programs (compilers)
Convert to assembly language
Interpreter programs
Directly execute high-level language programs
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
Darshan Gohel
39. Programming Approaches
Structured programming (1960s)
Disciplined approach to writing programs
Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
Focus on what the program does
Object Oriented programming
Object is an entity characterized by a state and a
behavior
state is encoded in the computer program as data
behavior is encoded as methods
Darshan Gohel
40. Objects
Reusable software components that model real
world items
Meaningful software units
Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice
objects, audio objects, video objects, file objects, record
objects, etc.
Any noun can be represented as an object
More understandable, better organized and easier
to maintain than structured programming
Favor modularity
Software reuse
Libraries
Darshan Gohel
41. C++
C++ programs
Built from pieces called classes and functions
C++ standard library
Rich collections of existing classes and functions
“Building block approach” to creating
programs
“Software reuse”
Darshan Gohel
42. Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
C++ systems
Program-development environment
Language
C++ Standard Library
Darshan Gohel
43. Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
6. Execute
Loader
Program is created in
the editor and stored
on disk.
Preprocessor program
processes the code.
Loader puts program
in memory.
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
values as the program
executes.
Compiler
Compiler creates
object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker links the object
code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
Editor
Preprocessor
Linker
CPU
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Edit
Compile
Run
Make
Primary
Memory
Primary
Memory
Darshan Gohel