This document provides an overview of community pharmacy. It defines community pharmacy as the place where the public can get medicines and healthcare products. It describes the historical development of pharmacy from compounding medicines to today's focus on clinical services. The key functions of modern community pharmacists are described, including dispensing prescriptions, providing patient counseling, conducting health screenings, and offering over-the-counter products. The document outlines the legal classifications of medications and dispensing requirements for prescription drugs. The prescription processing and dispensing steps taken by pharmacists are summarized.
-ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY.pptxGeletaGalataa
The role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy can be categorized into four major areas: general responsibilities, dispensing responsibilities, clinical pharmacy services, and research. Pharmacists ensure policies and procedures are followed, maintain competence through continuing education, and provide drug information to patients and other healthcare professionals. They are responsible for dispensing medications properly, providing clinical services like patient reviews and therapeutic drug monitoring, and conducting research in areas like policies, drug distribution, and clinical studies.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
Retail pharmacy
Retail community pharmacy
Retail pharmacist
Retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh
Retail pharmacy practice in Abroad
Retail pharmacy is a pharmacy in which drugs are sold to patients, as opposed to a hospital pharmacy. Also known as a community pharmacy.
The term ‘retail community pharmacy’ means an independent pharmacy, a chain pharmacy, a supermarket pharmacy, or a mass merchandiser pharmacy that is licensed as a pharmacy by the State and that dispenses medications to the general public at retail prices.
The document discusses the process of new drug discovery and development. It begins with an overview of how drug discovery aims to identify compounds that can treat diseases through testing and assays. It then discusses the history of drug discovery from early use of plants/animals to current scientific processes. The stages of drug development are outlined as preclinical testing on animals, followed by four phases of clinical trials on humans to test safety, efficacy, and get regulatory approval. Finally, it notes the long timelines, high costs, and regulatory hurdles of getting a new drug approved and on the market.
The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
The Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) is responsible for establishing drug policies and formularies for hospitals. The PTC frames guidelines for drug selection, use, and monitoring. It aims to promote rational drug use and ensure drug safety. The PTC is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses and administrators. It meets regularly to review new drugs, adverse drug reactions, educational programs, and other drug-related issues. The PTC advises the hospital on drug policies and procedures to optimize patient care and safety.
Prescribed medication order & Communication Skills for PharmacistDr Manish Pal Singh
The document discusses prescribed medication orders and communication skills for pharmacists. It covers what a prescription is, the parts of a prescription, abbreviations used in prescriptions, legal requirements, and communication skills when interacting with prescribers and patients. Good communication is important for pharmacists to properly handle, interpret, authenticate and record prescriptions and counsel patients.
This document provides information on establishing and operating a community pharmacy. It defines a community pharmacy as privately owned establishments that serve a society's drug needs. Key aspects covered include selecting an accessible site, designing an ideal layout, meeting legal requirements for licensing and record keeping, properly dispensing medications, and maintaining appropriate patient, legal, and financial records. The goal is to provide convenient pharmaceutical services and products to customers while complying with regulations.
-ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY.pptxGeletaGalataa
The role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy can be categorized into four major areas: general responsibilities, dispensing responsibilities, clinical pharmacy services, and research. Pharmacists ensure policies and procedures are followed, maintain competence through continuing education, and provide drug information to patients and other healthcare professionals. They are responsible for dispensing medications properly, providing clinical services like patient reviews and therapeutic drug monitoring, and conducting research in areas like policies, drug distribution, and clinical studies.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
Retail pharmacy
Retail community pharmacy
Retail pharmacist
Retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh
Retail pharmacy practice in Abroad
Retail pharmacy is a pharmacy in which drugs are sold to patients, as opposed to a hospital pharmacy. Also known as a community pharmacy.
The term ‘retail community pharmacy’ means an independent pharmacy, a chain pharmacy, a supermarket pharmacy, or a mass merchandiser pharmacy that is licensed as a pharmacy by the State and that dispenses medications to the general public at retail prices.
The document discusses the process of new drug discovery and development. It begins with an overview of how drug discovery aims to identify compounds that can treat diseases through testing and assays. It then discusses the history of drug discovery from early use of plants/animals to current scientific processes. The stages of drug development are outlined as preclinical testing on animals, followed by four phases of clinical trials on humans to test safety, efficacy, and get regulatory approval. Finally, it notes the long timelines, high costs, and regulatory hurdles of getting a new drug approved and on the market.
The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
The Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) is responsible for establishing drug policies and formularies for hospitals. The PTC frames guidelines for drug selection, use, and monitoring. It aims to promote rational drug use and ensure drug safety. The PTC is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses and administrators. It meets regularly to review new drugs, adverse drug reactions, educational programs, and other drug-related issues. The PTC advises the hospital on drug policies and procedures to optimize patient care and safety.
Prescribed medication order & Communication Skills for PharmacistDr Manish Pal Singh
The document discusses prescribed medication orders and communication skills for pharmacists. It covers what a prescription is, the parts of a prescription, abbreviations used in prescriptions, legal requirements, and communication skills when interacting with prescribers and patients. Good communication is important for pharmacists to properly handle, interpret, authenticate and record prescriptions and counsel patients.
This document provides information on establishing and operating a community pharmacy. It defines a community pharmacy as privately owned establishments that serve a society's drug needs. Key aspects covered include selecting an accessible site, designing an ideal layout, meeting legal requirements for licensing and record keeping, properly dispensing medications, and maintaining appropriate patient, legal, and financial records. The goal is to provide convenient pharmaceutical services and products to customers while complying with regulations.
The document provides a history and overview of poison control centers and their organization and operations. It discusses how the first poison control centers were established in the 1930s-1980s and key roles of pharmacists. The goals of poison control centers are to provide comprehensive, accurate and timely information to clients and enhance medical care of patients. It outlines the typical personnel, resources, equipment, policies and procedures needed to organize and run an effective poison control center.
14ab1t0022 organising structure of staff, infrastructure and workload stati...Ramesh Ganpisetti
The document discusses the functions and infrastructure of a hospital pharmacy. It defines a hospital pharmacy as a department that supplies, manufactures, stores, dispenses and provides drugs and special products. It oversees the supply of medicines to patients, staff education, and developing treatment guidelines. The document recommends staffing ratios of one pharmacist per 133 patients, and outlines policies for tracking and reporting workload statistics to hospital administration to aid staff planning.
The document discusses the marketing and regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including the differences between OTC and prescription drugs, the OTC drug review process conducted by the FDA, and the role of pharmacists in counseling patients on the safe and effective use of OTC medications. Key points covered include the benefits and risks of OTC drug use, the FDA approval pathways for OTC products, and best practices for pharmacist counseling on OTC selections and their appropriate use.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
this presentation deals with drug price control in India. it has also updated information on drug price regulation. any suggestion regarding this topic is most welcomed.
Rational prescribing,dispensing and use of drugsAhmad Ali
The document discusses rational drug use and dispensing. It defines rational drug use as using the right drug for the right patient in the right dose at the right time through the right route while ensuring cost-effectiveness. Rational dispensing involves accurately interpreting prescriptions, checking for errors, precisely filling medications, properly labeling containers with instructions, and educating patients. The key steps in rational dispensing are receiving prescriptions, interpreting instructions, checking drugs, filling accurately, labeling clearly, and providing instructions to patients.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
The document outlines 7 steps for responding to drug information requests: 1) Secure requestor demographics; 2) Obtain background information; 3) Determine and categorize the question; 4) Develop a search strategy and conduct research; 5) Evaluate, analyze, and synthesize the information; 6) Formulate and provide a response; 7) Conduct follow-up and documentation. Following these steps will help ensure drug information specialists provide the best possible answers to medication questions from a variety of audiences. Proper documentation of questions and responses also allows referencing past inquiries.
The document outlines the key aspects of working in a community pharmacy, including processing prescriptions, customer service, common pharmacy types and roles of technicians. It describes the prescription filling process which involves validating prescriptions, entering information into the computer, generating labels, retrieving medications, pharmacist approval and storage. The document also discusses customer pick-up, cash registers, ordering supplies and disease management counseling.
Definition, Types of drug distribution systems, Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory (outdoor) patients, Distribution of controlled drug, Novel drug distribution methods
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
Retail pharmacy practice in bangladesh and abroadMD Jahidul Islam
The document discusses retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh and abroad, outlining the types of retail pharmacies, qualifications and roles of retail pharmacists, laws regarding drugs in Bangladesh, and the drug delivery and retail pharmacy practice systems in Bangladesh and other countries. Retail pharmacies can be independent, chain, or franchise models and retail pharmacists are responsible for dispensing and advising on medications while ensuring legal and ethical guidelines are followed.
The document discusses opportunities for pharmacy practice research in community settings. It begins by outlining the changing role of pharmacists from product-focused to patient-centered care. There is a need for pharmacy practice research in community settings to optimize medication use, support self-care, and improve health outcomes. The presentation then describes development of a clinical tool called STARZ-DRP, which is a step-by-step approach for minor illness consultation and triaging decisions in community pharmacies. A study was conducted to evaluate STARZ-DRP which found it improved identification of drug-related problems and referral decisions compared to usual care.
The document defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of pharmaceuticals and important information that reflects the current clinical judgement of medical staff. It discusses the origins of hospital formularies in India in 1968 and 1997. The need for formularies is explained as being due to the increasing number of new drugs, complex drug effects, and interest in lower healthcare costs. Advantages include improved quality, cost reduction, and education. Disadvantages can include restricting physician choice and allowing inferior drugs. The document outlines the process for preparing a formulary including necessary information, guidelines, and components. It emphasizes the role of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee in developing policies to select and use medications optimally.
Budget- Its preparation and implementationSubhash Yende
The document discusses the budget preparation and implementation process for a hospital pharmacy. It defines a budget as a financial plan for a defined period to achieve objectives. The budget is prepared annually or every 3-5 years and includes income/revenue accounts, expenditure accounts, and capital budgets. Income comes from drug sales to inpatients, outpatients, and departments. Expenditure includes salaries, supplies, drug purchases, equipment, and facilities. Proper implementation of the budget requires assessing department needs, available funds, item utility, costs, and quantities. The budget allows for financial planning, decision-making, efficiency monitoring, and priority-setting for the hospital pharmacy.
The document discusses education and training programs in hospitals for pharmacists. It notes that clinical pharmacy training ideally takes place in teaching hospitals, where pharmacists can learn from medical rounds and meetings. Appropriate education and supervised training are needed for pharmacists to take on clinical responsibilities. The role of pharmacists in education and training programs is also discussed, with pharmacists playing a valuable role in developing specialized knowledge about drugs and therapeutics through practical training. Communication skills are an important part of clinical pharmacy training.
Community pharmacies include privately owned establishments that serve the public's need for drugs and pharmaceutical services. They range from corporate chains to independently owned shops. Community pharmacists play an important role in processing prescriptions accurately, counseling patients, monitoring drug use, promoting health, and responding to minor ailments. They must maintain legal and financial records and adhere to a code of ethics regarding their professional activities and relationships.
The document provides a history and overview of poison control centers and their organization and operations. It discusses how the first poison control centers were established in the 1930s-1980s and key roles of pharmacists. The goals of poison control centers are to provide comprehensive, accurate and timely information to clients and enhance medical care of patients. It outlines the typical personnel, resources, equipment, policies and procedures needed to organize and run an effective poison control center.
14ab1t0022 organising structure of staff, infrastructure and workload stati...Ramesh Ganpisetti
The document discusses the functions and infrastructure of a hospital pharmacy. It defines a hospital pharmacy as a department that supplies, manufactures, stores, dispenses and provides drugs and special products. It oversees the supply of medicines to patients, staff education, and developing treatment guidelines. The document recommends staffing ratios of one pharmacist per 133 patients, and outlines policies for tracking and reporting workload statistics to hospital administration to aid staff planning.
The document discusses the marketing and regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including the differences between OTC and prescription drugs, the OTC drug review process conducted by the FDA, and the role of pharmacists in counseling patients on the safe and effective use of OTC medications. Key points covered include the benefits and risks of OTC drug use, the FDA approval pathways for OTC products, and best practices for pharmacist counseling on OTC selections and their appropriate use.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
this presentation deals with drug price control in India. it has also updated information on drug price regulation. any suggestion regarding this topic is most welcomed.
Rational prescribing,dispensing and use of drugsAhmad Ali
The document discusses rational drug use and dispensing. It defines rational drug use as using the right drug for the right patient in the right dose at the right time through the right route while ensuring cost-effectiveness. Rational dispensing involves accurately interpreting prescriptions, checking for errors, precisely filling medications, properly labeling containers with instructions, and educating patients. The key steps in rational dispensing are receiving prescriptions, interpreting instructions, checking drugs, filling accurately, labeling clearly, and providing instructions to patients.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
The document outlines 7 steps for responding to drug information requests: 1) Secure requestor demographics; 2) Obtain background information; 3) Determine and categorize the question; 4) Develop a search strategy and conduct research; 5) Evaluate, analyze, and synthesize the information; 6) Formulate and provide a response; 7) Conduct follow-up and documentation. Following these steps will help ensure drug information specialists provide the best possible answers to medication questions from a variety of audiences. Proper documentation of questions and responses also allows referencing past inquiries.
The document outlines the key aspects of working in a community pharmacy, including processing prescriptions, customer service, common pharmacy types and roles of technicians. It describes the prescription filling process which involves validating prescriptions, entering information into the computer, generating labels, retrieving medications, pharmacist approval and storage. The document also discusses customer pick-up, cash registers, ordering supplies and disease management counseling.
Definition, Types of drug distribution systems, Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory (outdoor) patients, Distribution of controlled drug, Novel drug distribution methods
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
Retail pharmacy practice in bangladesh and abroadMD Jahidul Islam
The document discusses retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh and abroad, outlining the types of retail pharmacies, qualifications and roles of retail pharmacists, laws regarding drugs in Bangladesh, and the drug delivery and retail pharmacy practice systems in Bangladesh and other countries. Retail pharmacies can be independent, chain, or franchise models and retail pharmacists are responsible for dispensing and advising on medications while ensuring legal and ethical guidelines are followed.
The document discusses opportunities for pharmacy practice research in community settings. It begins by outlining the changing role of pharmacists from product-focused to patient-centered care. There is a need for pharmacy practice research in community settings to optimize medication use, support self-care, and improve health outcomes. The presentation then describes development of a clinical tool called STARZ-DRP, which is a step-by-step approach for minor illness consultation and triaging decisions in community pharmacies. A study was conducted to evaluate STARZ-DRP which found it improved identification of drug-related problems and referral decisions compared to usual care.
The document defines a hospital formulary as a compilation of pharmaceuticals and important information that reflects the current clinical judgement of medical staff. It discusses the origins of hospital formularies in India in 1968 and 1997. The need for formularies is explained as being due to the increasing number of new drugs, complex drug effects, and interest in lower healthcare costs. Advantages include improved quality, cost reduction, and education. Disadvantages can include restricting physician choice and allowing inferior drugs. The document outlines the process for preparing a formulary including necessary information, guidelines, and components. It emphasizes the role of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee in developing policies to select and use medications optimally.
Budget- Its preparation and implementationSubhash Yende
The document discusses the budget preparation and implementation process for a hospital pharmacy. It defines a budget as a financial plan for a defined period to achieve objectives. The budget is prepared annually or every 3-5 years and includes income/revenue accounts, expenditure accounts, and capital budgets. Income comes from drug sales to inpatients, outpatients, and departments. Expenditure includes salaries, supplies, drug purchases, equipment, and facilities. Proper implementation of the budget requires assessing department needs, available funds, item utility, costs, and quantities. The budget allows for financial planning, decision-making, efficiency monitoring, and priority-setting for the hospital pharmacy.
The document discusses education and training programs in hospitals for pharmacists. It notes that clinical pharmacy training ideally takes place in teaching hospitals, where pharmacists can learn from medical rounds and meetings. Appropriate education and supervised training are needed for pharmacists to take on clinical responsibilities. The role of pharmacists in education and training programs is also discussed, with pharmacists playing a valuable role in developing specialized knowledge about drugs and therapeutics through practical training. Communication skills are an important part of clinical pharmacy training.
Community pharmacies include privately owned establishments that serve the public's need for drugs and pharmaceutical services. They range from corporate chains to independently owned shops. Community pharmacists play an important role in processing prescriptions accurately, counseling patients, monitoring drug use, promoting health, and responding to minor ailments. They must maintain legal and financial records and adhere to a code of ethics regarding their professional activities and relationships.
Community pharmacies serve the public's need for drug products and pharmaceutical services. They include corporate chains, pharmacy departments in supermarkets, and independently owned shops. Community pharmacies must be conveniently located and properly equipped. An ideal layout attracts customers, increases sales, provides satisfaction, and allows for storage, office space, and minimizing customer movement. Community pharmacists process prescriptions, provide patient care and counseling, monitor drug use, supply traditional and alternative medicines, respond to minor ailments, inform about health issues, promote health, make home visits, and work in agriculture/veterinary fields. They must follow legal record keeping requirements and a code of ethics regarding services, facility maintenance, prescription handling, and patient interactions.
Community pharmacy is a place where medicines are stored, dispensed, and various healthcare services are offered by qualified pharmacists. The roles of a community pharmacist include processing prescriptions, providing patient counseling, treating minor ailments, promoting health, and maintaining pharmacy records. A community pharmacy must be properly established and managed in accordance with legal requirements regarding licensing, staff qualifications, and drug stocking. Community pharmacists have an ethical code to provide quality services, handle prescriptions carefully, maintain fair business practices, and uphold the dignity of the profession.
Community pharmacies include privately owned establishments that serve the public's need for drugs and pharmaceutical services. They range from corporate chains to independently owned shops. Community pharmacies help meet the increasing healthcare needs of a growing population by providing easier access to medications for diseases and health promotion. They are managed through careful site selection, facility layout, staff hiring and training, drug coding and stocking, record keeping, and ensuring all legal licenses and requirements are met. Pharmacists in community settings perform important roles like dispensing prescriptions, counseling patients, monitoring drug use, preparing medications, advising on minor ailments, educating the public and healthcare providers, and participating in health promotion programs.
The document discusses various aspects of community pharmacy including definition, scope, management, legal requirements, staffing, drug coding and stocking, and maintenance of records. It notes that a community pharmacy dispenses medicines under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. It outlines the types of records that must be maintained related to drug purchases, sales, and patient information. Key activities of a community pharmacist include processing prescriptions, providing patient care, monitoring drug use, health promotion, and responding to minor ailments. A code of ethics for pharmacists is also presented.
Objectives, scope, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, type and design, dispensing of proprietary products, legal requirements
The document discusses over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and inventory control in pharmacy practice. It defines OTC drugs as drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and are considered safe for use by the general public. It outlines factors that determine whether a drug can be classified as OTC and provides examples. It also discusses inventory control objectives like meeting demand while minimizing costs and stockouts. Methods for analyzing drug expenditures like ABC analysis and economic order quantity are mentioned.
This document discusses the need for and organization of drug information centers. It notes that the number and complexity of drugs has increased, making it difficult for medical professionals to stay up to date. Drug information centers aim to provide objective, documented data about drugs to support rational drug use and improve patient care. They gather, organize and distribute drug information to health professionals and consumers. The document outlines the functions, sources of information, staffing, funding, and operations of drug information centers.
Community Pharmacy Ravinandan A P 7th Sem.pptxRavinandan A P
Community Pharmacy -
Introduction
Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store,
Types and design
Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store
Dispensing of proprietary products
Maintenance of records of retail and wholesale drug store.
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
The Minor Ailments Scheme aims to reduce GP workload by transferring consultations for minor illnesses to local pharmacies. Participating pharmacists will assess patients, provide treatment and advice for certain minor conditions, and refer patients back to their GP if needed. The scheme is intended to improve access to primary care, support pharmacists' clinical roles, and gradually shift patients to seeking care at pharmacies for minor ailments. GPs can refer eligible patients to the scheme by issuing them a registration form to take to a participating pharmacy for treatment under the program.
This document outlines Samson G/Hiwot's pharmacy practice attachment objectives and observations at Simret Drug Store. The objectives are to identify commonly available drugs and emergency medicines, and develop pharmaceutical care skills. Simret Drug Store has 2 pharmacy professionals and serves 55 customers daily. Key services include dispensing prescriptions, patient counseling, record keeping, and medication therapy management. Samson notes strengths like clean premises and weaknesses like a lack of adverse drug reaction reporting. He contributed by dispensing properly, providing counseling, and recommending improvements to address weaknesses.
The document discusses a hospital formulary, which is a list of pharmaceutical agents approved by a hospital's medical staff for use in treating patients. It includes important information about the drugs like dosage, indications, and side effects. The formulary system helps regulate drug procurement, prescribing, dispensing, and administration. It aims to provide effective treatment options while reducing costs and improving quality of care. The formulary must be regularly revised to reflect new drugs and policies. A pharmacy and therapeutics committee manages additions and deletions based on drug evaluations.
This document discusses rational drug use and outlines steps to improve rational prescribing. It defines rational drug use as "prescribing the right drug, in adequate dose for sufficient duration and appropriate to the patient's needs at lowest cost." Common causes of irrational drug use include lack of information, faulty training, poor communication, and promotional activities by pharmaceutical companies. Improving rational use requires identifying the patient's problem, making an accurate diagnosis, choosing an appropriate treatment, providing instructions to the patient, and monitoring the treatment's effectiveness. Overall the document emphasizes the importance of rational drug use for patient safety and effective treatment.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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2. Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to
• Define community pharmacy.
• List the categories of products sold in community
pharmacy.
• Describe different functions of community
pharmacist.
• Explain the classes of drugs based on legal
requirements for dispensing.
• Explain the prescription content and prescription
interpretation methodology.
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3. Definition
• Community pharmacy is the place where public can
get medicines and other healthcare products.
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4. Historical Overview
• The art of compounding was practiced by priests and doctors in many
old civilizations like Egypt and China.
• The first privately owned drug stores were established early in the 9th
century in Baghdad.
• By the 19th century, the distinction between the pharmacist as a
specialist in the preparation of medicines and the physician as a therapist
generally accepted.
• Historically, pharmacy revolved around the
manufacture and provision of medicines, rather
than on those who consumed them.
• Extemporaneous preparations constituted the
major component of dispensed medications.
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5. Contemporary Community
Pharmacy
• The focus of pharmacists’ activities shifted towards an
increased emphasis on the effects of medicines, namely
clinical pharmacy.
• Extemporaneous preparations largely disappeared.
• Community pharmacies are managed by pharmacists who
are considered experts in the use of medicines.
• In Egypt, registered pharmacist is a holder of B.Sc. of
pharmacy from a pharmacy school accredited by the
Egyptian MOHE and up-to-date, registration doesn’t
require qualifying exam after obtaining the bachelor
degree.
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6. Functions of Today Community
Pharmacy
• Retailing: marketing, financial, business, and
workforce planning.
• Medication dispensing: main function, new
prescription and refill.
• Patient counseling: giving advice to patients on
how to use their medication.
• Provide drug information to other healthcare
professionals.
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7. Functions of Today Community
Pharmacy (Cont.)
• Provide advice on appropriate purchase of OTC for
symptomatic relief in the case of self-limiting minor
illnesses and common complaints.
• Health screening: e.g., monitoring blood sugar and
blood pressure.
• Participation in local and national campaigns to raise
awareness of specific health issues, e.g., smoking
cessation, diabetes control, and influenza vaccination
promotion.
• Referral of patients to the most appropriate healthcare
providers.
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9. Products Sold in a Community
Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Products Non-pharmaceutical Products
• Prescription only medicines
(POM)
• Narcotics and controlled drugs
• Nonprescription medicines (OTC)
• Herbal medicines
• Nutritional and dietary
supplements
• Cosmetics
• Toiletries
• Medical equipments
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Prescription Only
Medicines (POM)
• Only available on a
prescription from an
authorized prescriber
Nonprescription
Medicines (OTC)
• Can be sold under
supervision of a
pharmacist without the
need for a prescription
from a healthcare
professional.
• May be further classified
into:
• General Sales List
(GSL)
• Pharmacy (P) medicines
Medicines Classification
12. OTC Medicines
GSL
• Have a history of being
safe and effective, so,
they can be sold by a
person with no medical
or pharmacy training.
P
• Need a pharmacist’s
expert knowledge of drug
actions and possible
interactions in order to be
supplied to patients in
certain situations, e.g.,
antihistamines (sedation),
nasal decongestants (in
HTN patients).
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13. Prescription
• A handwritten, typed, or computer generated form
which serves as a means of communication between
the prescriber and the pharmacist and gives details
of the medicine(s) to be dispensed for a named
patient and is issued by an authorized prescriber.
• It may contain one or more items which may be
medicines, medical appliances, nutritional
supplements, etc.
• It may be a paper or electronic form.
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14. Essential Information to be Included on
a Prescription
Patient &
Disease Details
• Name
• Address
• Date of the
prescription
• Diagnosis
Medications
Details
• Name
• Strength
• Dosage form
• Dose and dosing
regimen
• Total amount to
be dispensed
• Directions for use
Prescribers
Details
• Name
• Address
• Telephone
number
• Qualification(s)
• Signature/Stamp
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16. Narcotic and Controlled Drugs
• Listed in three (3) schedules.
• Egyptian company for medicines trade is the only
authorized wholesaler of these drugs.
• Inventory movement must be recorded in certified
registers in the following details:
▫ Amount received and date
▫ Amount dispensed and date
• A quota is allocated for each community pharmacy and
the amount can be increased to 24 hours service
pharmacies.
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17. Controlled Drugs Schedules
1st schedule
drugs
• Opioids, tramadol,
and barbiturates.
• The prescription can
contain only one item
and only one pack
can be dispensed.
• The prescription
must be submitted to
the pharmacy and
can’t be returned to
the patient.
2nd schedule drugs
• Benzodiazipines
• The prescription can
contain maximum
two items and
maximum
dispensable amount
is that enough for
one month
consumption.
• The pharmacy stamp
must be placed on
the prescription to
prevent refill.
3rd schedule drugs
• Carovas capsules,
Migranil tablets,
Librax tablets,
Rivotril tablets and
drops, and Cafergot
suppositories.
• The prescription can
be given back to the
patient and no limit
for the amount
dispensable.
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18. Controlled Drugs Prescription Form
• For first and second schedule forms, only prescription forms certified by
Medical Professions Syndicates Union can be used.
• The patient ID number should be included in the prescription besides other
information usually given in the normal prescription.
• The controlled items can’t be dispensed after more than five days from the
date the prescription was issued.
• Each pharmacy must hold a register certified by the health department for
each item of schedule 1 and amounts received and dispensed must be
recorded.
• Registers, prescriptions, and invoices of schedule 1 drugs must be kept by
the pharmacy for five years from the date it was issued.
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19. Dispensing Process
Processing
the
Prescription
- Screening
- Interpreting the
Prescription
Order
- Handling
Prescriptions
which Require
Clarification
- Handling
Prescriptions in
a Stock-Out
Situation
Preparing
the
Medicines
- Filling
- Labelling
- Checking
Counter-Checking
Recording
Issuing
Medicines
to
the
Patient
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20. Screening
▫ To ensure that the prescription is for the correct patient
and it complies with the legal requirements, e.g., signature
of the prescriber, date after which the prescription cannot
be dispensed and prescriber’s registration details.
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21. Screening (cont.)
The prescription should have the following information
• Patient Details
1. Name
2. Address
3. Identification number
(IC/Passport No)
• Prescription Details
1. Drug regimen (name of medicine,
dose, frequency, administration
and duration)
2. Doctor’s signature, stamp and
registration number.
3. Doctor’s name and address.
4. Date of prescribing.
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22. Interpretation
• It is an approach to ensure that the prescriber’s diagnosis and treatment
choice is conveyed accurately and the correct medication is dispensed to
the patient.
• Check for:
▫ Dose, frequency and duration
Should always be checked with reference to the patient’s age, diagnosis, and
comorbidities.
▫ Drug interactions: Drug-drug and drug food interactions, interaction within the
same prescription and with other medications taken by the patient. Can be done
with the use of specialized software.
▫ Medicine duplication, polypharmacy, inappropriate drug therapy, contra-
indications.
▫ Allergies
▫ Unusual usage and suspected drug misuse or abuse.
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23. Handling Prescriptions which
Require Clarification
Incomplete
Prescription /
Clarification
Required
Attempt to
contact
prescriber
Contacted
Documented the
changes on the
prescription and
endorsed with
“PRESCRIBER
CONTACTED”
(PC), dated and
initialled by the
pharmacist/person
dispensing.
Not
Available
Return
Prescription
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24. Handling Prescriptions in a Stock-
Out Situation
• Stock-out: a situation where the prescribed medicine is not
available at the pharmacy when a prescription is being processed.
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Patient Can
Receive
Medicines Later
Arrange to get
stock
Medicines
Needed
Urgently
- Communicate with the prescriber
- Ask if the prescribed medicine can be
substituted with another medicine which is
readily available.
25. Filling
• Medicines which need to be packed such as loose
capsules/tablets should be packed into a clean, dry
container, such as a bottle or plastic envelope
which will not compromise the quality of the
product after dispensing.
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• To prevent medication errors, pick the medicine by reading the
label at least twice and cross-checking the medicine name and
strength against the prescription.
• Don’t get confused with look alike drugs.
• Check the expiry date of dispensed medicines to ensure that they
remain unexpired for the duration of the supply course.
• Medicines should be dispensed in original packaging as far as
possible.
27. Labelling
It is advisable for labels to be printed.
Label should contain:
• Name, address, and contact number of
pharmacy.
• Patient’s name
• Name of medicines
• Dosage form with the strength and
quantity per unit dosage form: mg/ml of
liquid, mg/g for semi-solid preparations.
• Directions for use: dose, frequency and
duration (if necessary)
• Date of supply
• Expiry date
• All controlled medicines should be
labelled with “Controlled Medicine”
• Medicines for external use should be
dispensed in suitable containers and
should be labelled with the words or
“For External Use Only” printed in
red OR on a red background.
• Special precautionary labels should
be used where necessary (e.g.,
“Complete the course” for antibiotics,
“May cause drowsiness” for sedating
drugs, etc).
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29. Checking & Counter-Checking
• Check the prescription and the filled medicines to
ensure that the filled medicines correlate with the
prescription.
• Counter-checking should be done by a second person,
other than the staff who did the previous filling and
labelling tasks.
• Check all the medicines prepared for dispensing
against the prescription.
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30. Recording
• If a legal requirement, e.g., controlled drugs, or by the
facility.
• Proper record keeping is an essential part of dispensing as
it facilitates good management and monitoring of services
provided.
• Such records can be used to verify the stocks used in
dispensing, and will be required if a need arises to trace
patients dispensed with a particular medicine.
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31. Issuing Medicines to the Patient
5Rs
Right
Patient
Right
Medicine
Right
Dose
Right
Route
Right
Time
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32. Arrangement of Drugs in the
Pharmacy
(Pharmacy Merchandising)
Merchandising involves the proper placement of goods on
pharmacy shelves.
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• Products under the same ATC are
placed in the same section. e.g., GIT
drugs, respiratory drugs, antibiotics,
cosmetics, surgical appliances, etc.
Anatomical
Therapeutic Class
• Products of the same dosage form are
placed in one section, e.g., tablets,
syrup, etc..
Dosage form
• Products are arranged alphabetically
based on their trade name.
Alphabetical
• Fast moving items are placed near to
the counter while slow moving items
can be placed in a distant site in the
pharmacy.
Speed of movement
34. Combination of Previous Methods
• Fast moving items near to the counter.
• Controlled drugs, antibiotics, cosmetics, nutritional
supplements, and surgical appliances are placed in separate
sections.
• The rest of items are classified based on dosage form.
• Items are arranged alphabetically in each section.
• Place related departments next to or near each other, e.g., Cosmetics,
hair-care products, and health and beauty aids commonly are located
near toiletries and feminine hygiene products because consumers who
come to a pharmacy to purchase the former products also tend to
need the latter
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35. Patient Counseling
• Effective counseling is essential
to get the necessary information
for assessment of patients
presenting to the pharmacy
seeking professional opinion.
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36. Counseling Steps
Take Patient
History
• Presenting
complaint
• History of
presenting
complaint
(HPC)
• Past medical
history
(PMH)
• Direct
questioning
• Social/family
history
(SH/FH)
Make evidence
based
recommendation
• Recommend
safe,
effective and
appropriate
for the
condition to
be treated
according to
evidence-
based
guidelines.
Monitor
symptoms
• Not
possible in
self-
limiting
condition.
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37. Communication skills in the
pharmacy
• Pay full attention to the patient (empathy); avoid
distractions.
• Privacy should be guaranteed.
• Use appropriate body language to show that the patient
has your attention.
• Use open ended questions when you want the patient to
explain more, use closed ended questions when you want
definite answers from the patient.
• Take the time to reflect back to the patient to clarify what
has been said.
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