Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining is the process through which computers control machine-based processes in manufacturing. The kinds of machines controlled include lathes, mills, routers and grinders – all used for manufacturing of metal and plastic products.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Introduction, Conventional and Revised with CAD/CAM Product cycle, Application of computers to the design process, comparison of capabilities of designers and computers, Reasons for implementing CAD, Benefits of CAD, CAD workstation,
This describes the mechanism of Computer Numerical Control along with its types, control system, motion system, Programming of CNC, G codes, Part programming, adaptive control machining etc.
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools by means of computers executing per-programmed sequences of machine control commands. This is in contrast to machines that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually.
Most NC today is computer numerical control (CNC), in which computers play an integral part of the control.
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs
Introduction, Conventional and Revised with CAD/CAM Product cycle, Application of computers to the design process, comparison of capabilities of designers and computers, Reasons for implementing CAD, Benefits of CAD, CAD workstation,
This describes the mechanism of Computer Numerical Control along with its types, control system, motion system, Programming of CNC, G codes, Part programming, adaptive control machining etc.
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools by means of computers executing per-programmed sequences of machine control commands. This is in contrast to machines that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually.
Most NC today is computer numerical control (CNC), in which computers play an integral part of the control.
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs
Contents:
1. History
2. Introduction to CNC Milling
3. Elements of CNC Machine
4. How CNC Works
5. CNC Programming
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
7. Applications of CNC
A numerical control system in which the data handling, control sequences, and response to input is determined by an on-board computer system at the machine tool.
This lesson includes activities for illustrating concepts related to materials selection for laser cutter use. Commonly used materials and their expected behaviors are discussed. We also discuss why some materials are unsafe or unsuitable for laser cutting
Safe Materials
The materials that the laser can cut, are materials like wood, paper, cork, and some kinds of plastics.
Etching can be done on almost anything, wood, cardboard, aluminum, stainless steel, plastic, marble, stone, tile, and glass.
NX is one of the world’s most advanced and tightly integrated CAD/CAM/CAE product development solutions. Spanning the entire range of product development, NX delivers immense value to enterprises of all sizes. It simplifies complex product designs, thus speeding up the process of introducing products to the market.
NX is one of the world’s most advanced and tightly integrated CAD/CAM/CAE product development solutions. Spanning the entire range of product development, NX delivers immense value to enterprises of all sizes. It simplifies complex product designs, thus speeding up the process of introducing products to the market.
Manufacturing cost is the sum of costs of all resources consumed in the process of making a product. The manufacturing cost is classified into three categories: direct materials cost, direct labor cost and manufacturing overhead.
3D printing is a very popular form of manufacturing, used to create objects from digital designs, by layering resin to build a 3D component. ... To simply answer the question “Why is it called additive manufacturing?”, it is because the build process adds instead of subtracts raw material
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing technologySTAY CURIOUS
Additive manufacturing 3D Printing
3D printing is the process of building an object one thin layer at a time. It is fundamentally additive rather than subtractive in nature. To many, 3D printing is the singular production of often-ornate objects on a desktop printer.
Design of Stage Progressive Die for a Sheet Metal Component STAY CURIOUS
Progressive die stamping is a metal forming process widely used to produce parts for various industries, such as automotive, electronics and appliances. Progressive die stamping consists of several individual work stations, each of which performs one or more different operations on the part.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) & Manufacturing AutomationSTAY CURIOUS
Manufacturing automation. Automated manufacturing systems operate in the factory on the physical product. They perform operations such as processing, assembly, inspection, or material handling, in some cases accomplishing more than one of these operations in the same system.
Non-traditional machining, also known as “non-conventional machining” or “modern machining method”, generally refers to the machining method of removing or adding materials with energy of electricity, heat energy, light energy, electrochemical energy, chemical energy, sound energy and special mechanical energy,
AutoCAD LT 2D CAD software is the perfect solution for designers and drafters who want an easy-to-use tool for creating drawings faster and with more precision. Cost-effective 2D CAD software for drafting, drawing and documentation. Cost-effective 2D CAD software for drafting, drawing and documentation.
A gear bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing similar to an epicyclic gear. Gear bearings consist of a number of smaller 'satellite' gears which revolve around the center of the bearing along a track on the outsides of the internal and satellite gears, and on the inside of the external gear.
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other.
A brake system is designed to slow and halt the motion of vehicle. To do this, various components within the brake system must convert vehicle's moving energy into heat. This is done by using friction. Friction is the resistance to movement exerted by two objects on each other.
A 2 stroke engine uses regular gasoline to which you add a small amount of oil. You can run a 4 stroke motor with fuel youve mixed for a 2 stroke. You may have oil smoke from the exhaust or foul plugs over some time, but it wont hurt the engine. You cannot run diesel fuel in a gas engine or vice versa either.
We’ve all been there: You’re driving along the freeway, enjoying the views, and all of a sudden, you hear a beep—you look down, and a symbol appears on your dashboard. You start to wonder what could be wrong.
Some symbols on your car’s dashboard are more obvious than others. However, it’s important to know exactly what they mean in case you need to pull over and call for help. At Virginia Tire & Auto, your safety is our No. 1 priority. That’s why we’re breaking down your dashboard, symbol by symbol.We’ve all been there: You’re driving along the freeway, enjoying the views, and all of a sudden, you hear a beep—you look down, and a symbol appears on your dashboard. You start to wonder what could be wrong.
Some symbols on your car’s dashboard are more obvious than others. However, it’s important to know exactly what they mean in case you need to pull over and call for help. At Virginia Tire & Auto, your safety is our No. 1 priority. That’s why we’re breaking down your dashboard, symbol by symbol.
Turbojets can be highly efficient for supersonic aircraft. Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records.
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. Introduction to CNC machines
CO:- Develop part program for CNC Turning,
Milling and verify on simulation software.
2. Contents
2
• Introduction to CNC
• Operations in CNC
• Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
• Axis selection
• 5 Axis CNC
• Advantages and application of 5 axis
• Types of machine configurations for 5-axis
machining
• Specification of a 5 axis CNC machine
3. Introduction to CNC
3
Numerical control (NC) is the automation of
machine tools that are operated by precisely
programmed commands encoded on a storage
medium, as opposed to controlled manually.
Most NC today is computer numerical control
(CNC), in which computers play an integral part of
the control.
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component
design is highly automated using computer-aided
design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) programs.
6. 6
Other CNC Operations are:-
CNC Water Jet Cutter
Drilling
Sheet metal works (Turret punch)
Wire bending machines
Surface grinders
Cylindrical grinders
submerged welding
Glass cutting
7. Advantages of CNC
7
CNC machines can be used continuously
Batch production with high accuracy
can be updated by improving the software
Training in the use of CNCs is available through
the use of ‘virtual software’.
Intricate detail machining
no need to make a prototype or a model
One person can supervise many CNC machines
simultaneously
saves time
8. Disadvantages
8
more expensive than manually operated
machines
The CNC machine operator only needs basic
training and skills, enough to supervise several
machines. In years gone by, engineers needed
years of training to operate centre lathes, milling
machines and other manually operated
machines. This means many of the old skills are
been lost.
Investment in CNC machines can lead to
10. From 3-axis to 5-axis machining
10
• not sufficient for the complete
finishing process for very
deep part and having narrow
cavities
• results in a bad surface
quality and long machining
times in Case of harder
material
• dozens of views need to be defined
• more tool movements
• programming is quite difficult
• sum of all views does not cover the
whole geometry
• overlapping views lead to surface
quality problems
• More number of lead-in and out
movements
12. ADVANTAGES OF 5 AXIS CNC
12
to machine complex shapes in a single setup
reduces the machinist setup time and increases
production rates
By eliminating multiple set-ups, time and errors are
reduced
the feature-to-features accuracy is improved because
the same zero or datum reference frame is used
throughout the manufacturing process
since simultaneous movement is allowed along the X
and Y axis, shorter and more rigid tools may be used
higher spindle/cutting tool speeds may be achieved
while reducing the load on the cutting tool
Shorter and thicker cutters also reduce vibration when
machining deep pockets or contoured features with
three-axis machines.
14. Types of machine configurations for
5-axis machining
14
Swivel Head with
Rotary Table Integrated Trunnion Table
Traveling Column
15. Specification of a 5 axis CNC
Machine
15
Manufacturers
HURCO
TARUS
CMS north America
OKUMA
CNC TAKANG Taiwan
maximart corporation
YCM (YEONG CHIN MACHINERY INDUSTRIES CO., LTD )
16. Specification cont…
16
TARUS TPGM5X1083 SPECIFICATIONS
Parameters
X Axis Travel 3048 mm
Y Axis Travel 2540 mm
Z Axis Travel 1117 mm
Space between columns 3886 mm
Workable size,L*W 3568 mm*2235 mm
X , Y and Z axis maximum feed rate 30m/min
A axes tip +/-100 degrees
C axis tip Continuous
A and C axis positioning peak torque 4073 NM
A and C axis positioning Feed 30 degrees per second
Milling Spindle HSK 63A, 0-20,000 RPM
(3 axis and 5 axis milling)
4,000 RPM base speed
70 NM constant torque,160 NM peak torque
29 KW rated power
Linear Accuracy (X,Yand Z) ± .013 mm , ± 0.006 mm, ± 0.005 mm
17. CONTENTS
1. History
2. CNC Introduction
3. how they look like?
4. Elements of CNC
5. Block diagram of CNC
6. How CNC Works?
7. Features of CNC Machines
8. CNC Programming Basics
9. Common Format of a Block
10. Programming Key Letters
11. Table of important G-codes
12. Table of important M-codes
13. Advantages
14. Challenges
15. Conclusion
16. References
18. History
The first NC machines were built in the
1940s and 1950s by Prof. John T
Parson.
CNC machine came into existence after
evolution of computer around 1980.
Modern CNC Machine are improving
further as the technology is changing
with a variety of functions according to
applications.
19. CNC Introduction
A numerical control
system in which the
data handling, control
sequences, and
response to input is
determined by an on-
board computer
system at the machine
tool.
20. CNC Machines- How do they look like?
Slides
Controller
Servo Motors
Display Console
Controller
Automated
Tool changer
Coolant
control
Chip collection and
removal
21. Elements of CNC Machine
A CNC machine consist of following 6
major elements:
i. Input Device
ii. Machine Control Unit
iii. Machine Tool
iv. Driving System
v. Feedback Devices
vi. Display Unit
23. Open loop and Closed loop controls
In open loop systems the slide may overshoot or may not reach
desired position because of inertia, wear and tear and friction,
hence inaccurate machining.
In closed loop systems the position sensors are used to correct
slide movements and achieve higher accuracy and repeatability
24. How CNC Works
Controlled by G and M codes.
These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a particular
operation.
Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
G & M codes are automatically generated by the
computer software.
25. Features of CNC Machinery
The tool or material moves automatically.
Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU)
which manages operations.
Movement is controlled by motors (actuators).
Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
Tool magazines are used to change tools
automatically.
26. CNC Programming Basics
CNC instructions are called part program commands.
When running, a part program is interpreted one
command line at a time until all lines are completed.
Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are
made up of words which each begin with a letter address
and end with a numerical value.
27. CNC programming
Important things to know:
Coordinate System
Units, incremental or
absolute positioning
Coordinates: X,Y,Z,
RX,RY,RZ
Feed rate and spindle speed
Coolant Control: On/Off,
Flood, Mist
Tool Control: Tool and tool
parameters
Programming consists of a series
of instructions in form of letter codes
•Preparatory Codes:
G codes- Initial machining setup and
establishing operating conditions
N codes- specify program line number
to executed by the MCU
•Axis Codes: X,Y,Z
Used to specify motion of the slide along
X, Y, Z direction
•Feed and Speed Codes: F and S
Specify feed and spindle speed
•Tool codes: T – specify tool number
•Miscellaneous codes – M codes
For coolant control and other activities
28. Common Format of a Block
Sequence
#
Preparatory
Function
Dimension
Words
Feed
Rate
Spindle
Function
Tool
Function
Misc.
Function
N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03
Individual Words
29. Programming Key Letters
O - Program number (Used for program identification)
N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F – Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function
30. Table of Important G codes
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
31. Table of Important M codes
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle on clockwise
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Clamps on
M11 Clamps off
M30 Program stop, reset to start
32. Advantages of CNC
i. - Easier to program;
ii. - Easy storage of existing programs;
iii. - Easy to change a program
iv. - Avoids human errors
v. - CNC machines are safe to operate
vi. - Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones
vii. - Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines
33. i. Costly setup, skilled operators
ii. Computers, programming
knowledge required
iii. Maintenance is difficult
Challenges
34. Conclusion
The advantage of a CNC system are that
the operation of a conventional machine is
removed and the part production is made
automatic.
It reduces the labor work and hence highly
efficient in the manufacturing process.
BHEL generally uses CNC machines to
achieve its manufacturing targets. For
manufacturing works of large scale it is very
difficult to work with manual machines as
they are time consuming. CNC machines
have their wide scope because they are
easy to handle, the work becomes easier
and jobs are done with perfection.
A axis of motion is defined as an axis where relative motion between cutting tool and workpiece occurs.
The primary axes of motion are referred to as the X, Y, and Z axes and form the machine tool XYZ coordinate system.
In CNC machine tool, each axis of motion is equipped with a driving device to replace the handwheel of the conventional machine tool.
Figure shows the coordinate system and the axes of motion of a typical machine tool.
Conventionally machine tools are designated by the number of axes of motion they can provide to control the tool position and orientation.
In these CNC machine tools, the tool is controlled along the three axes (X, Y, and Z) simultaneously, but the tool orientation doesn’t change with the tool motion .