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BT201 Introduction to Biotechnology Scope and Applications
- 1. Introduction to Biotechnology Subject Code- BT-201 Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University
- 2. UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION, SCOPE, AND APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 3. DEFINITION “Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.”
- 4. Some of these include the use of microorganisms to make the antibiotic, penicillin, or the dairy product, yogurt; the use of microorganisms to produce amino acids or enzymes are also examples of biotechnology.
- 5. WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology = bios (life) + logos (study of or essence) Literally ‘ the study of tools from living things’ CLASSIC: The word "biotechnology" was first used in 1917 to describe processes using living organisms to make a product or run a process, such as industrial fermentations. LAYMAN: Biotechnology began when humans began to plant their own crops, domesticate animals, ferment juice into wine, make cheese.
- 6. • Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. • Improvements by using science that helps in the production of plants, animals, and other organisms Also used in maintaining a good environment that promotes our well being. • Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.
- 7. BIOTECHNOLOGY IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY IN NATURE • Engineering • Cell and Molecular Biology • Microbiology • Genetics • Physiology • Biochemistry • Immunology • Virology • Recombinant DNA Technology Genetic manipulation of bacteria, viruses, fungi, plants, and animals, often for the development of specific products
- 8. STAGES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Ancient Biotechnology (8000–4000 BC) • Early history as related to food and shelter, including domestication • Classical Biotechnology(2000 BC; 1800–1900 AD) • Built on ancient biotechnology • Fermentation promoted food production • Medicine • Modern Biotechnology • Manipulates genetic information in an organism • Genetic engineering
- 9. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Microbial Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology • Bioremediation • Aquatic Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology
- 10. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria • Create better enzymes • More efficient decontamination processes for industrial • waste product removal • Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine
- 11. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • United Nations Food and Agricultural Org. predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billion! This requires raising food production by approximately 70%! • Plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered) • Resistance to diseases and insects • Foods with higher protein or vitamin content • Drugs developed and grown as plant products • These better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed the growing world population
- 12. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins • Antibodies • Transgenic animals • Animals as important models in basic research • Gene "knockout" experiments • Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies • Animal cloning • Source of transplant organs
- 13. • transgenic animal: a way to achieve large-scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans • Female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk (contains genes from another source) • Example: human genes coding for clotting proteins can be introduced into female goats for the production of these proteins in their milk
- 14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Based on DNA results from this gel, did the defendant commit this crime? Explain based on the gel results. FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. BIOREMEDIATION • The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances • Particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution • Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil • 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska • 2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes
- 16. •Bioremediation – adding nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill
- 17. transgenic normal Two different salmon AQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 18. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine • Preventive medicine • Diagnosis of health and illness • Treatment of human diseases • New information from Human Genome Project • Gene therapy • Stem cell technologies
- 19. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Production of new and improved crops/foods, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals and livestock • Diagnostics for detecting genetic diseases • Gene therapy (e.g. ADA, CF) • Vaccine development (recombinant vaccines) • Environmental restoration • Protection of endangered species • Conservation biology • Bioremediation • Forensic applications • Food processing (cheese, beer)
Editor's Notes
- Answer: This will vary, depending on what students come up with. Probably, most will discuss use of recombinant technology to genetically modify foods. For example, scientists can create better crops that are perhaps more drought resistant. They can create ways to better preserve fruits and vegetables so they don't quickly rot and get wasted. Perhaps create crops that are foul tasting to pests including bugs and animals so that the crops survive. Perhaps create ways to have crops grow even in the most extreme conditions. Students will probably discuss better ways to feed people without relying on being carnivores. A lot of the discussion will be ways to obtain proteins from other novel food sources.
- Answer: Based on the gel results, there is evidence that the defendant committed the crime. The position of the bands as well as number of bands on the gel match with the victim's blood. It is important to note, that though the bands are very light for the sample from the jeans, they also match the victim's blood. Based on this gel, you CAN ONLY say that the defendant is linked to the crime scene. You cannot use this evidence to state that the defendant is guilty of the murder.
- Answer 1. By creating transgenic salmon that overproduce Growth Hormone, it allows the salmon to have fast growth rates over a short period of time. Answer 2. This modified salmon helps humans because it decreases the time and expenses required to grow the salmon for market sale.