Introduction to basic concept of genomics
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Define the following and state the techniques used for the study of the following_a) Genomics b) Proteomics c) Transcriptomics d) Metabolomics e) Phenomics Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of genes, which direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Proteomics involves the study of the structure of all proteins encoded in a fully sequenced genome which is also referred as proteomos. Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert shared half of the 1980 Nobel Prize in chemistry for independently developing methods for the sequencing of DNA.
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Mgt olasupo2018
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Introduction to basic concept of genomics
- 1. Answer 1. Genomics ❏ The study of genes and genetic information which are organized within the genome and how organization determines their function. ❏ THOMAS RODERICK coined the term Genomics in 1986 which defined Genomics as the scientific discipline of mapping, sequencing and analyzing the genome of an organism. ❏ Various fields of genomics such as- Structural genomics, Functional genomics, Meta genomics, Epigenomics, Psycho Genomics, Pharmacogenomics, Mutational genomics, Oncogenomics, Personal genomics, Comparative genomics, Pathogenomics. ❏ Techniques used for genomics study are - DNA isolation, genome cloning, PCR, DNA sequencing. 2. Proteomics ❏ The study of proteomes that contain a complete set of proteins expressed from the transcriptome of the cell. ❏ MARC WILKINS coined the term Proteomics in 1994. ❏ Proteomics involves - Structural proteomics - protein protein interaction Functional proteomics - signal transduction, disease mechanism, drug discovery Post translational modification - glycosylation, phosphorylation ❏ Techniques used for proteomics study are - 2D gel electrophoresis, chromatography, protein modelling. 3. Transcriptomics ❏ The study of transcriptomes that contain a complete set of mRNA transcribed from the genome of a cell. ❏ VELCULESCU was given the term transcriptomics in 1990. ❏ Techniques used for transcriptomics study are - SAGE, FISH, DNA microarray, RNA sequencing. 4. Metabolomics ❏ The study of chemical processes involving metabolomes that contain collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, organisms which are end product of cellular processes. ❏ ROGER WILLIAMS introduced the concept that each individual might have a ‘metabolic profile’ in 1940 that reflects in the makeup of biological fluids. ❏ HORNING introduced the term ‘metabolic profile’ in 1971. ❏ The first metabolomics web database i.e. METLIN database was established in 2005 that contained over 10000 metabolites and now it contains over 240000 metabolites.
- 2. ❏ The first draft of human metabolome was completed in 23 January 2007 led by Dr. David Wishart, that project consists of 2500 metabolites,1200 drugs, 3500 food components. ❏ Techniques used for metabolomics study are - NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, Gas chromatography, GC-MS. 5. Phenomics ❏ The study of measurement of phenomes i.e. a set of physical & biochemical traits of an organism or a set of phenotypes expressed by an organism, as they change in response to environment factor, mutation, genetic variation. ❏ Phenomics employed in genomics, pharmaceutical research, metabolic engineering, phylogenetics. ❏ The Human Phenome project was suggested by FREIMER & SABATTI in 2003. ❏ Techniques used for phenomics study are - fluorescence imaging, phenochipping, polymorphisms.