This document provides an introduction to the human body, including definitions of anatomy and physiology. It describes the six levels of structural organization, from chemical to organismal. The six main life processes - metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction - are outlined. Homeostasis, the maintenance of equilibrium in the body's internal environment, is also defined. Finally, basic anatomical terminology including body positions, regional names, and directional terms are introduced to describe body structures.

1. Introduction to human body
By: Ms Gulnaz Bano
(B.Ph, M.Ph, PGDPRA)

2. Learning Outcomes
• Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology
• Levels of structural organization and body
systems
• Basic life processes
• Homeostasis
• Basic anatomical terminology

3. Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy (ana- up; -tomy process of
cutting) is the science of body structures and
the relationships among them.
• Physiology (physio =nature; -logy =study
of) is the science of body functions—how the
body parts work.

5. Levels of structural organization and
body systems
• From the smallest to the largest, there are six
levels of organization
▫ Chemical
▫ Cellular
▫ Tissue
▫ Organ
▫ System, and
▫ Organismal level

7. Basic life processes
• There are the six most important life processes
of the human body
▫ Metabolism
▫ Responsiveness
▫ Movement
▫ Growth
▫ Differentiation
▫ Reproduction

8. 1. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical
processes that occur in the body.
 One phase of metabolism is catabolism (catabol-
throwing down; -ism a condition), the breakdown of
complex chemical substances into simpler
components.
 The other phase of metabolism is anabolism (anabol-
a raising up), the building up of complex chemical
substances from smaller, simpler components.
2. Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect
and respond to changes. For example, a decrease in
body temperature represents a change in the
internal environment (within the body).

9. 3. Movement includes motion of the whole
body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells. For example, the
coordinated action of leg muscles moves your
whole body from one place to another when you
walk or run.
4. Growth is an increase in body size that results
from an increase in the size of existing cells, an
increase in the number of cells, or both.

10. 5. Differentiation is the development of a cell
from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
6. Reproduction refers either to the formation
of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement, or to the production of a new
individual.

11. Homeostasis
• Homeostasis (homeo= sameness; -
stasis=standing still) is the condition of
equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of
the body’s many regulatory processes.
• It is a dynamic condition.
• In response to changing conditions, the body’s
equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow
range that is compatible with maintaining life.

14. Basic anatomical terminology
• Body Positions
▫ Descriptions of any region or part of the human body
assume that it is in a specific stance called the
anatomical position.
• Regional Names
▫ The human body is divided into several major regions
that can be identified externally. The principal regions
are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower
limbs
• Directional Terms
▫ To locate various body structures, anatomists use
specific directional terms, words that describe the
position of one body part relative to another

23. THANK YOU