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Introduction to embedded systems
- 1. Introduction to EmbeddedSystems
- 2. Contents • Definition • EmbeddedSystems and General Purpose Computer Systems • Examples • Classifications • Applications • Purpose
- 3. What is anEmbedded System? • Any computing system designed to serve a dedicated purpose. • A computer system with a dedicated function within a larger system.
- 4. Continued... Embedded Systems consistsof both : Hardware Software
- 5. Continued... Definition of Embedded System: Anembedded system is an electro- mechanical system designed to perform a specific function and combination of hardware and software.
- 6. Embedded Systems &General Purpose Computer System General Purpose Computer System Embedded System
- 7. Continued... General Purpose Computer System •Generic hardware+General purpose OS= Various operations • General purpose OS • Applications programmable by users. • Performance • Not power concerned. • Not time critical. • Not needed Embedded System • Special purpose hardware+Embedded OS= Specific operation • May or may not contain OS • Applications non-programmable by users. • Application specific equirements. • HIGHLY Power concerned. • Highly critical. • Behavour is deterministic for certain types. 1. Contents 2. Operating system 3. Alterations 4. Key factor 5. Power consumption 6. Response time 7. Deterministic Behaviour
- 8. History of EmbeddedSystems
- 9. Continued... 1960: Apollo GuidanceComputer 1MHz clock 4 KB words ROM 256 words RAM 1961: Minuteman 1 missile used Autonetics D-17 guidance computer First one to be produced in mass. 1971: Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor chip called the 4004 Used in business calculators
- 10. Examples 1.Washing Machine • Hardware:Buttons, Display, buzzer, electronic circuitry • Software: A chip on a circuit that holds the software which drives controls and monitors the operations. • Mechanical components: The internal that actuall wash the clothes control input and output of water the chasis itself.
- 11. Examples 2. Air Conditioner •Hardware: Remote, display, buzzer, infrred sensors, electronic circuitry • Software: A chip on the circuit that holds the software that drives controls and monitors operstions. • Mechanicl compnents: The internals, motor, the chasis, the outlet.
- 12. Continued... • Range ofembedded systems is from low-end applications like calculators to high-end applications like robots, missile guiding system.
- 13. Classification Classification of EmbeddedSystems: • On generation • On complexity and performance • On deterministic behaviour • On triggering
- 14. Classification: On generation Firstgeneration • 8 bit microproccesor like 8085 and 4 bit microcontroller. • Simple in hardware circuit • Assembly code. • e.g. Digital telephone keypads. Second generation • 16 bit microprcessor and 8 or 16-bit microcontrollers. • Complex instruction set comparatively. • e.g. Data acquisition system, scada system. Third Generation • 32-bit microprocessor and 16-bit microcontroller. • Digital Signal Processor(DSP) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs). • e.g. Networking, media, etc. Fourth Generation • 64-bit microprocessor and 32-bit microcontroller. • System on chips(SOC), Multi core processors. • Hgh performance real- time embedded system. • e.g. Smart Phone
- 15. Classification: On complexityand performance Small-scale • Single 8/16 bit microprocessor or microcontroller. • Less complex hardware and software. • Assembly language. • e.g. washing machine, etc. Medium-scale • 8/16 bit microprocessor or microcontroller. • Real time constraints. • e.g. industrial machines, voice recognisition system. Large-scale • Assembled 32/64 bit RISC microprocessor/microco ntroller. • Real time operation system. • Safety critical applictions. • e.g. Missile guidance system, Aircraft navigation system.
- 16. Classification: On deterministicbehaviour • Applicable for “Real Time” systems. • Based on execution behaviour Real Time embedded systems are divided into Hard and Soft.
- 17. Classification: On triggering •Embedded systems which are “Reactive” in nature can be based on triggering. • Reactive systems can be: Event triggered Time triggered
- 18. Applications Embedded Systems Home appliances Automotiv e industry Home automatio n and security Telecom Computer peripherals Healthcare Banking andRetail Card readers Computer networking systems Consumer Electronics
- 19. Purpose 1. Data collection/storage/representation 2.Data communication 3. Data signal processing 4. Monitoring 5. Control 6. Application specific user interface
- 20. Data Collection/Storage/Representation • Anydata: text, voice, image, audio, video, etc. in either analog or digital form can be collected/stored/represent ed using embedded system. e.g. Digital Camera: Collection/Storage/Representation
- 21. Data Communication • Fromcomplex satellite communication to simple home networking systems. • Data transmission can be wired through USB and TCP/IP or wireless through Bluetooth and WiFi. • e.g. Hubs, Routers, Switches
- 22. Data Signal Processing •Signal processing functionalities like speech coding, audio video code, transmission applications,etc. e.g. Hearing aid
- 23. Monitoring • All embeddedproducts under medical domain are with monitoring functions. • e.g. ECG machine, CRO, digital multimeter, etc. e.g. A patient monitoring system
- 24. Control • Sensors andActuators are used in control function. • Sensors sense the changes at the input and actuators connected at the output are controlled as per the changes in input variable. e.g. Air conditioner
- 25. Application Specific UserInterface • Switches. keybad, lights,bells, display units, etc. • e.g. Mobile phones
- 26. Summary • Embedded systemsare designed to do a specific task. • Differ from general purpose computer system. • Embedded systems have evolved to great extent. • There are various applications of embedded systems. • The future of embedded system is would be next level of living standard of human beings.