Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the simplest and easiest techniques of relaxation.
JPMR is a two-step relaxation practice to reduce stress and build awareness of sensations of tension and deep relaxation in various muscle groups.
The first step in this practice is to create tension in specific muscle groups and begin to notice what tension feels like in this body part.
The second step is to then release this muscle tension and begin to notice what a relaxed muscle feels like as the tension drains away. By moving through the body by alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in a certain order, one builds awareness of how to recognize and differentiate between the associated feelings of a tensed muscle and a completely relaxed one.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Health psychology;Definition, areas,Aims, Need & Significance|Aboutpsy.comAboutPsy
Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
..........aboutpsy.com
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
HRM 498 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Strategic HRM Plan, Part III Evaluati...parthiban3131
Learning Team Assignment: Strategic HRM Plan, Part III: Evaluation and Assessment Memo
This is due with the Final Report. Please submit this assignment as a checkpoint to ensure you complete required parts according to schedule.
Resource: Step Six: Evaluation and Assessment in Ch. 2 of Managing Human Resources
Determine what assessments and evaluative measures as directives for HR will measure your divisional effectiveness over the next five years.
Write a 200- to 350-word memo to upper management, summarizing your decisions.
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the simplest and easiest techniques of relaxation.
JPMR is a two-step relaxation practice to reduce stress and build awareness of sensations of tension and deep relaxation in various muscle groups.
The first step in this practice is to create tension in specific muscle groups and begin to notice what tension feels like in this body part.
The second step is to then release this muscle tension and begin to notice what a relaxed muscle feels like as the tension drains away. By moving through the body by alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in a certain order, one builds awareness of how to recognize and differentiate between the associated feelings of a tensed muscle and a completely relaxed one.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Health psychology;Definition, areas,Aims, Need & Significance|Aboutpsy.comAboutPsy
Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
..........aboutpsy.com
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
HRM 498 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Strategic HRM Plan, Part III Evaluati...parthiban3131
Learning Team Assignment: Strategic HRM Plan, Part III: Evaluation and Assessment Memo
This is due with the Final Report. Please submit this assignment as a checkpoint to ensure you complete required parts according to schedule.
Resource: Step Six: Evaluation and Assessment in Ch. 2 of Managing Human Resources
Determine what assessments and evaluative measures as directives for HR will measure your divisional effectiveness over the next five years.
Write a 200- to 350-word memo to upper management, summarizing your decisions.
General Statements are usually the topic sentence or the main idea of the paragraph while Specific Statements are the supporting information for the topic sentence or main idea.
Example:
General Statement: Birds are Insect Controllers.
Specific Statement:
A 3-ounce baby bird will eat 5 ½ ounces of insects.
Birds eat almost twice their own weight.
(for more info: visit Antonio Senado Ramelo The Secret Passage on Facebook.)
and click the link for a sample lesson plan of General and Specific Statement: https://www.slideshare.net/rameloantonio/general-and-specific-statement-daily-lesson-log
Animal Models from The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Ps.docxjustine1simpson78276
Animal Models
from The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science
When medical or psychological phenomena in animals are studied as analogues to those
phenomena in humans, one is said to be using an animal model. Models are basic and powerful
tools in biological and behavioral sciences, and this explains in part why so much research aimed
at understanding human physiology, brain, and behavior is actually done with animals. The key
word for understanding models is analogy. Use of a model is not a claim of identity with that
being modeled. Rather, a model is a convergent set of analogies between the human phenomenon
and the system that is being studied as a model for that phenomenon. Animal models are widely
used in neuroscience and psychology to explore and understand new relationships and
interactions among the environment, central nervous system, and behavior and to study these
interrelations under simpler and more controlled conditions than can be achieved
in research with humans. Animals models often allow for the discovery of causal relations not
possible in research on humans.
Animal models have a long and distinguished history in studies of both normal and abnormal
behavior. Life scientists (e.g., anatomists, physiologists, pharmacologists, and psychologists)
broadly accept the homological and analogical bases for the use of animal models that are rooted
in the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Evolutionary theory projects a continuity of
morphology, physiology, and the emergent emotions and ÒmindÓ from animals to humans.
At the more biological end of the continuum of behavioral neuroscience and
psychological research and application, the use of animal models finds general acceptance and is
largely noncontroversial. These uses include research on neural mechanisms of reflexes,
motivation, emotion, learning, perception, and memory. Animal models are an established
integral component of the progress of understanding in these areas. Contemporary animal models
make clear that neuroscience, emotion, and behavior do not exist in a linear chain from one to
the other but in a continuously interdependent interacting circle. More
controversially, animal models have been and continue to be extended with success into the
behavioral neuroscience of memory dysfunction in aging, problem solving and thinking, social
interactions and cultural structures, drug dependency and addiction, psychopharmacology, and
psychiatry.
Animal modeling is more difficult and controversial when it addresses dysfunctional behavior
and psychopathology. Animal models promise an understanding of human psychopathology, not
as bizarre distortions of behavior but, rather, as the consequence of lawful psychological
processes whose principles and mechanisms can be elucidated scientifically. Ivan Pavlov was
perhaps the first to argue that experimentally induced abnormal behavior in anim.
a) What happens to language and communication after brain damage of different types?
b) How did the ability to communicate and the ability to use language develop in the evolution of the species? How can we relate this development to the evolution of the brain?
c) How do children learn to communicate and use language? How can we relate their acquisition of language to the development of their brains?
d) How can we measure and visualize processes in the brain that are involved in language and communication?
e) How can we make good models of language and communication processes that will help us to explain the linguistic phenomena that we study?
f) How can we make computer simulations of language processing, language development and language loss?
g) How can we make experiments that will allow us to test our models and hypotheses about language processing?
ACQUIRED LANGUAGE DISORDERS:
• Aphasia- language loss due to brain damage, cause can be infarction, hemorrhage or head trauma
• Either comprehension or expression of language or both is effected
• Aphasiology or linguistics aphasiology is the dominant branch of neurolinguistics. Aphasia is an acquired language disorder, a focal lesion. Another cause of acquired disorders can e progressive neurological disease, such as, dementia. Language and memory are closely connected and interdependent, especially in higher cognitive functions.
DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS:
• Disorders that are found in children who have not experienced any specific lesion event.
• Neurolinguists compare developmental language disorders (like SLI, dyslexia) to similar acquired disorders with the view of language acquisition and plasticity (ability to be moulded) of young brains, they also study the language develooment of children with non specific developmental disorders affecting language.
LANGUAGE AND SPEECH:
• Neurolinguists study development of language and speech, their prerequisites in the evolution of species. The changes in the structure and function f the brain are compared to different species ways of living.
• Experiments are being carried out with primates that are being taught human communication systems.
Steph The Fore people began to die of a disease, and the diseas.docxwhitneyleman54422
Steph:
The Fore people began to die of a disease, and the disease seemed to target women and children specifically. (Bichell, 2016) The Fore people called the disease kuru in their native language, which meant trembling or shivering. (Bichell, 2016) During this time in the 1950s, researchers came in and were trying to discern what was happening to the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. They continued to research and test the people, and while doing so they kept eliminating disease after disease. During this time they tested for diseases, infections, viruses, etc. All of this just eliminated the various issues and taking them out of the equation. (Bichell, 2016) Many locals believed it was the result of sorcery, but they were insistent on finding out what was happening because with all the women dying, they were running out of bloodline. Around 1961, a researcher began to map out bloodlines trying to find a genetic link to the disease, but was unsuccessful. Then, there was a discovery. The Fore people believed that the bodies of their dead would be better served by being eaten by the women who loved them. This was because the bodies would have been eaten by worms or insects, and the Fore believed it was better if they ate their loved ones themselves. (Bichell, 2016) Typically the women would eat the loved ones, but the women would also feed the children “snacks” sometimes until they were old enough to live with the men. (Bichell, 2016) This was the cause of the disease. This disease was unique because it was nothing like anything scientists had seen before. It was not a virus or infection and it was later found that the illness caused was a protein that made the body eat away at the brain, making holes in it, and eventually killing the host of the illness. (Bichell, 2016) This story is a good example of anthropology’s holistic approach because it used testing that did not disrupt or hurt any additional people. It used genetic bloodlines and blood tests to find the right illness, instead of disrupting the people or causing more problems. This was great because the Fore were wanting help in understanding what was happening, but if people had come in and started causing problems among the people, they may have been forced out. This could have led to the complete extinction of the Fore.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Gary:
The people of Papua New Guinea were a hidden species, until the 1930's and some twenty years from that, they began being studied and researched. It was estimated that some 200 people, per year died of a condition called " kuru" which meant shivering and trembling. When an individual, primarily a woman or young child ( under the age of 8) contracted the disease, they would lose control of their body functions and emotions. For this reason, some researchers called it the " laughing death". When 'kuru' was first studied, it was believed that sorcery was the culprit, and then furt.
How are we different from a Rock—Understand the effects of physiology on huma...Srishti Katiyar
An interesting virtue of being a human being is the ability to perceive and thereby act which defines our behavior. There are myriad ways to study our behavior, and one of the most practical ways is to observe the ways in which physiological events affect behaviour. Physiological psychology is the study of human behavior through physiological impact.
This presentation explores neuroscience from critical perspectives. It expands brain-centred neuroscience by incorporating research findings from somatic psychology and contemporary genetics.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. IB - The Biological Perspective
Introduction
The focus of this perspective is the interaction between the physiological and
psychological factors that contribute to behavior. Changes in behavior can arise
from an interaction of dispositional and environmental factors. Research has
frequently, but not exclusively, used the experimental method. Key issues that are
relevant to the biological perspective include criticisms that it often involves a
reductionist approach and that behavior exhibited by non-human animals is not
always relevant to humans. In this unit students will evaluate the relevance of this
perspective to modern psychology.
You need to be able to:
Describe and evaluate the cultural context and development, the conceptual framework, the
methodology, and the application of the biomedical model.
Cultural context and development: Methodology:
- Darwin (Evolution – Natural Selection) Correlational studies, double blind
trials, experiments (use of animals and
- Dualism humans = ethically controversial),
interviews, case studies and
- Later shift from Dualism to Materialism questionnaires.
Conceptual Framework (Key Applications:
Concepts): - comparison with other perspectives
physiological (biological) concepts affect - application of genetic research and
behavior. ethical implications
Neurotransmitters (excitatory, inhibitory). - changes in education, work and
The Brain (localization of functions). therapy.
Bodily Rhythms
Describe and evaluate theories and empirical studies within this perspective.
Theories:
Biological researchers tend to view behavior has purely physical. Their basic assumption is
that the brain determines behavior.
Dualism – the view, first attributed to Descartes, that mind and body are distinct, Descartes
believed that the two could interact via the pineal gland in the brain. However, now most
psychologist disregard this assumption.
2. Materialism – assumption that all behavior has a physiological basis.
The two primary concerns of the biological perspective are the workings of the nervous
system, and the role of hereditary on behavior.
Assumptions:
• Materialism (body and mind are the same)
• All psychological behavior is first physiological (mind appears to reside in the brain,
therefore all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors ultimately have a physical/biological cause)
• Genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behavior to the environment. Therefore,
much behavior will have a genetic basis.
Heredity – the biological transmission of characteristics from one generation to the other.
This is a main aspect of the biological approach.
Natural Selection – the evolutionary process by which those random variations within a
species which enhance reproductive success lead to perpetuation of new characteristics, in
essence, individuals possessing traits which enhance survival and reproduction are likely to
have more offspring (Darwin).
Empirical Studies:
Darwin – His theory of natural selection published in his book “The Origin of Species”
(1859) was a major influence on the biological perspective. Darwin was advocating not only
the inheritance of characteristics, but also an evolutionary link between humans and all other
species. Even though, his theory caused much controversy, it laid the basis for the study of
hereditary influences on behavior.
1861 – A French doctor, Paul Broca, encountered a case in which a man lost the ability to
speak coherently after a head injury. Later, Broca, was able to demonstrate, by post mortem
autopsy, that the cause of the man’s deficit lay in damage to a specific point in the brain.
The proof of this localization of function (connecting a specific behavior to a specific brain
area) was crucial to this perspective.
Wernicke - Interested in psychiatry, traditionally he studied anatomy
initially and neuropathology later. He published a small volume on aphasia
which vaulted him into international fame. In it was precise pathoanatomic
analysis paralleling the clinical picture. He is best known for his work
on sensory aphasia and poliomyelitis hemorrhagia superior. The aphasia
syndrome, as described by Wernicke in 1908, consists of loss of comprehension of spoken
language, loss of ability to read (silently) and write, and distortion of articulate speech.
Hearing is intact. Wernicke aimed at a natural system for the classification of mental
disorders, chiefly based on the anatomy and pathology of the nervous system. His pattern of
thought was based on the concept that psychiatric diseases were caused by disturbances of
3. the associative system. It was, in other words, a sort of localisation doctrine.
1950s -Sperry severed the optic chiasm (the place where nerve cells from the two eyes
cross) and corpus callosum of monkeys. Each eye went to one half of the brain. It proved
that each half of the brain became two separate learning centers. Sperry got together people
who had their Corpus Callosum split to try and control their sever epilepsy. He showed them
different visual stimuli really quickly so only one visual field could take up the information,
and then got the patient to identify the word in different ways. He also tried this using touch
identification and by showing two different symbols to either visual field. He found that the
right visual field was connected to the left side of the brain and vice versa and that the Left
side of the brain could write it or say the information, and the right side could identify the
information by pointing. Still this gave no indication of what might happen in humans. One
obvious difference between primates and people is that monkeys do not speak, and Broca
has shown that speech was found in only one hemisphere. Consequently, no one was sure
what would happen if the hemispheres were separated in a person.
Implications: Support of localization of the brain theory. Mirror sites, connecting to old
memories.
1960s – In Los Angeles, Philip Vogel was trying to treat patients with a long history of
epilepsy. While in many cases epileptics could be treated with anti-seizure drugs, these
patients did not respond to the drug treatment. When all treatments failed, Vogel tried a new
and radical approach: by cutting the fibres of the corpus callosum, he hoped to restrict the
seizure activity to one hemisphere and thus prevent major seizure attacks. While he knew of
Sperry’s work, and there had been occasional clinical reports of damage to the corpus
callosum, no one had purposely separated the hemispheres before. Medically, the treatment
worked, and it reduced the frequency of more limited seizures. Initial observations
suggested that the patients were normal, everyday actions such as walking and eating
seemed to occur naturally. However after further testing, they found that the patients
behaved in many ways as if they had two independent streams of conscious awareness, one
in each hemisphere, each of with is cut from and out of contact with the mental experience
of the “other”. In other words, two minds functioning separately from each other. To assess
the effects of the surgery, the researchers had to use techniques whereby information was
presented to only one hemisphere. The simplest case, involved touch: if the split brain
person were given an object in there life hand while blindfolded, the left hand could pick it
out again, by touch, from a selection of several objects. However, if the right hand
attempted to pick out the article previously held in the left hand, it did no better than chance.
In the case of vision, the situation is a bit more complicated, because each eye is connected
to both hemispheres. The division of visual processing is such that the visual world of both
eye is divided in two, so that the objects on the left side of the visual world are seen by the
right hemisphere, while objects on the right side are seen by the left hemisphere, regardless
of which eye is used. Since only the left hemisphere had language, the split brain person
presented with a word or picture on the left side (conveyed to the right hemisphere) could
not say what they had seen. The left hemisphere also specializes in logic and math skills.
They also discovered that the right hemisphere has musical and spatial abilities which the
left hemisphere lacks. However the right hemisphere is not completely ignorant of language
because if a split person was presented with a word or picture, it can point to a
corresponding word or picture. Thus, if the right hemisphere sees the word “key”, the left
4. hand can correctly choose a key.
Explain how cultural, ethical, gender, and methodological considerations affect the
interpretation of behavior from a biological perspective.
Effectiveness of the perspective in explaining psychological and/or social questions:
Comparison with other perspectives on questions such as aggression, gender differences or
stress. It addresses the question of gender differences: Nature or nurture? When looking at
gender differences it looks at issues such as sex, relationships, eating disorders etc. Eating
disorders have many causes, they can be physiological, cultural, emotional. Society’s
impact on women and the correlation that exists between eating disorders and genders is
studied as the great difference from male: to female ratio increases (1:7).
Gender: There are a great deal of differences between males and females, in terms of
physiology and personality. However, in terms of the brain, there is a distinct difference
between the two genders. Females actually have a larger and more developed corpus
callosum than men, which suggests that they have better communication between the two
sides of the brain. While the male brain is, on average, approximately 10 percent larger than
the female brain, females have a larger frontal lobe than men, which might explain the fact
that women seem to have a heightened perception of emotions than men. Females have
evolved mechanisms that enable them to detect men that will transfer resourced to their
offspring (i.e. health and paternal investment). Males, however, have evolved mechanisms
that enable them to detect females that promise rapid production of offspring, and
disinclination to mate with other men (i.e. health, fertility, and faithfulness). This could
explain why men expect women to be faithful, and why women seek out faithful men,
however males do not feel compelled to remain faithful to women.
Compare theories, empirical studies and the conceptual framework of this model with the other
perspectives.
5. Biological Psychodynamic Learning
Key terms and concepts: Key terms and Key terms and concepts:
Physiological concepts: archetypes, Reinforcement
(biological) concepts defense mechanisms, (positive/negative), operant
affect behavior. ego, id, superego, conditioning, learning,
Neurotransmitters psychosexual stages of classical conditioning,
(excitatory, inhibitory). development, conditioned response,
The Brain (localization inferiority complex, conditioned stimulus,
of functions). Oedipal conflict, schedules of reinforcement,
Bodily Rhythms conscious etc. shaping etc.
Hormones, Endocrine
gland, Drugs, Stress,
Sleep, Materialism,
Hereditary, Central
nervous system etc.
Key theorists: Key theorists: Key theorists:
Sperry, Vogel, Broca, Freud, Jung, Adler Watson, Skinner, Thorndike
Wernicke
Assumptions: Assumptions: Assumptions:
Based on the assumption Attempts to understand Emphasizes the study of
of materialism, which behavior in terms of the observable responses, and
asserts that all behavior workings of the mind, rejects attempts to study
has a physiological with an emphasis on internal processes like
basis. motivation and the role thinking.
Genes have evolved over of past experience. Focus on learning as a
millions of years to Emphasizes the primary factor in explaining
adapt behavior to the importance of innate changes in behavior.
environment. Therefore, drives, the continuity of Parsimony: The principle
much behavior will have normal and abnormal that states that one should
a genetic basis. behavior and the role of always seek the simplest
the unconscious mind. possible explanation for an
By making the event.
assumption of psychic Associationism:
determinism, views all Mental processes,
behavior as having a particularly learning, are
meaning. based on forming
connections between ideas
and/or events.
Methodology: Methodology: Methodology:
Correlational studies, Case studies, interviews Experiments, interviews,
double blind trials, surveys, observation
experiments, interviews,
case studies and
questionnaires.
Identify and explain the strengths and limitations of biological explanations of behavior.
Strengths – with the biological approach a Limitations – the biological approach
better understanding of how the brain emphasizes “getting inside the black
works has been achieved. Such as with box”, that is look at internal structure of
Broca’s work, “localization of the brain” the organism. However, they do not
psychologists were able to connect a take in to account outside factors, such
6. specific behavior to a specific area of the as the environment, effect of society,
brain). Also the developments of family etc. on behavior. Not every
techniques to study the brain have behavior can be explained solely on the
improved with time. Different techniques brain. Other past experiences can have
are EEG, MRI, CAT scans, PET. an effect on our behavior. Such as
when trying to understand aggression
The biological perspective has also helped and why someone might change acquire
us understand the effect that drugs have in a violent behavior. The biological
the organism (such as cocaine, alcohol etc) perspective proposes that in order for a
and understand what happens to different person’s behavior to change drastically,
areas of the brain and to neurotransmitters. two out of these three things must
The study of psychoactive (mind happen: 1) caused by physical damage
affecting) drugs is a concern in both to the brain, 2) have a mental disease,
psychology and medicine, and has given 3) or have been abused as a child. This
rise to a hybrid field called last one however does not seem to go
psychopharmacy. This extensive study with the perspective since it takes into
has helped to understand in depth humans’ account past experiences.
behavior under the influence of drugs.
Another strength of this perspective is the
understanding of the effects of hormonal
change on behavior.
Explain the extent to which free will and determinism are integral in this perspective.
Free Will: Since this perspective Determinism: The biological
acknowledges the presence of the mind perspective is deterministic in that it
(basic assumption of materialism), and states that certain psychological
focuses on how processes in the brain (personality) traits are pre-determined,
account for behavior, it can be assumed or inherited. The emphasis on genetics
that free will is integral to this perspective. and the biological basis of behavior
However, such theories as those that makes determinism integral to this
explain aggression, suggest that there are perspective.
some behaviors which are hereditary and
which we have no control over.
Explain and evaluate claims that correlates exist between physiological and psychological
behavior.
Localization of function: it has been determined that certain areas of the brain are primarily used for
certain functions and determine specific behaviors. This also allows us to determine the effects of
damage on these particular areas of the brain.
Discuss controversies surrounding a reductionist approach, as adopted by many biological
psychologists.
7. The biological approach can be said to be a reductionist approach because it focuses specifically on
neurological processes. It doesn’t take other possible explanations of behavior into account, such as
cognitive processes (mental models), or the role of the environment.
Historical Development and Cultural Context
A long history of interest in mind-body dilemma
The influence of Darwin
The development of genetics and scanning technology
Paradigm shift toward the scientific method
• The Greeks (Hippocrates and Galen)
• Early brain research (Broca and Gage)
• Darwin
• Gene research (Mendel, Watson & Crick and the Genome project)
• Brain research (Lesions, Electrical stimulation, ECG, CAT, MRI)
• Discoveries in medicine and biology (neurotransmitters, Hormones, Drugs)
• Philosophy (Dualism Vs Materalism)
Assumptions
• All that is psychological is first physiological; behavior is biologically
determined.
• Human genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behavior to the
environment. Therefore, much behavior has a genetic basis.
• Psychology should investigate the brain, nervous system, endocrine system,
neurochemistry, and genes.
• Animals may be studied as a means of understanding human behavior.
Key Concepts and Ideas
8. Overview: Structure and Function of the Neuron
1. Glial cells
Techniques to Learn about Structure and
2. Neurons
Function
3. Cell body
Measuring Brain Function
4. Dendrites
• EEG (electroencephalogram) – used to
5. Axon
study states of arousal – sleeping
6. Terminal buttons
/dreaming and detect abnormalities and
7. Myelin sheath
study cognition.
8. Neurotransmitters
• PET (positron emission tomography) –
9. Acetylcholine
color graphics depend on the amount of
10. Dopamine – stimulated the hypothalamus to
metabolic activity in the imaged brain
synthesize hormone
region.
11. Serotonin – sexual activity, concentration and
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) –
attention
show brain at work at higher resolution
12. endorphins
than PET = Changes in oxygen in the
13. Reflex Action – reflex arc
blood of an active brain area. Explore
The Endocrine System
well-known systems like perception to
• Endocrine system consists of glands that
less understood systems like motivation
secrete chemical messengers called
and emotion.
hormones into your blood. The hormones
Organization of Nervous System
travel to target organs where they bind to
• Central nervous system – brain and
specific receptors.
spinal cord
• Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
• Peripheral nervous system – somatic
thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal glands,
and autonomic
pancreas, ovaries and testes
• Somatic nervous system – motor
Genetics and Evolution Psychology
neuron – stimulate skeletal (voluntary)
• Nature vs. Nurture
muscle.
Genetics and Behavior
• Autonomic – neuron that stimulates
• Heritability – Twins
smooth (involuntary) and heart muscle.
• Transmission of hereditary characteristics
• Autonomic – antagonistic sympathetic
• Chromosome, gene, Turner’s syndrome,
nervous system and parasympathetic
Klineflether’s syndrome, Down syndromes,
nervous system.
• Spinal Cord
The Brain
Evolution
Three division
1. Reptilian brain – maintains homeostasis
and instinctive behavior
2. Old mammalian brain – limbic system
3. New mammalian brain – cerebral cortex
80% of brain volume higher function
Split brain
Key Theorists and Their Contributions
Hubel and Weisel (Vision) Hubel & Wiesel inserted microscopic electrodes into the visual cortex of
9. experimental animals to read the activity of single cells in the visual cortex
while presenting various stimuli to the animal's eyes. They found a
topographical mapping in the cortex, i.e. that nearby cells in the cortex
represented nearby regions in the visual field, i.e. that the visual cortex
represents a spatial map of the visual field.
Roger Sperry (Brain) Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a
neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with
David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in
Medicine for his work with split-brain research. In his Nobel-winning work,
Sperry separated the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer
signals between the right and left hemispheres, to treat epileptics. Sperry and
his colleagues then tested these patients with tasks that were known to be
dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the
two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness. In his words, each
hemisphere is the lateralization of brain function.
Charles Darwin (evolution) His 1859 book On the Origin of Species established evolution by common
descent as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.
He examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man,
and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals.
Paul Broca (brain) Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech production center of
the brain located in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobes (now
known as the Broca's area). He arrived at this discovery by studying the
brains of aphasic patients (persons with speech and language disorders
resulting from brain injuries), particularly the brain of his first patient in the
Bicêtre Hospital, Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan" due to his inability to clearly
speak any words other than "tan".
. Pierre-Paul Broca, Flourens and Lashley, Fred Gage, Joe Martinez, Sperry & Gazzaniga, Hobson & McCarley,
Simon LeVay, Bailey & Pillard, W. Greenough, Saul Schanberg, E Roy John, Tiffany Field.
Attitude Toward Determinism
• Behavior is mainly determined (genetically and
environmentally). People have no choice over heredity or
environment and these factors interact to produce
behavior.
• Biological approaches to psychology look at the
deterministic influence of genetics, brain structure and
biochemistry. Sociobiologists investigate evolutionary
determinism.
Methods
10. Invasive vs. non-invasive techniques. Invasive techniques, such as split brain studies are not only un-
ethical, but leave patients in what can be considered a worse condition than their previous one.
Although when the corpus callosum was cut on severe epileptics, their seizures stopped, but so did the
communication between left and right brain. These techniques are dangerous and messy. Non-invasive
techniques, however, such as MRI, CAT scans, or PET scans, are safer, and are a lot more helpful in
determining areas of the brain which may be malfunctioning.
Correlational studies, double blind trials, experiments (use of animals and humans = ethically
controversial), interviews, case studies and questionnaires.
• Correlational Studies
• Quasi-Experiments & Natural Experiments
• Twin research (a type of correlational research)
• Experimentation
• Lab research vs. naturalistic research
• Reliability and validity of research
• Ethical considerations
Applications
(Where and how is this perspective used with specific examples)
comparison with other perspectives
- application of genetic research and ethical
implications
- changes in education, work and therapy.
Ethical Issues
Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses
• The approach is very scientific, and • Reductionist - Bio-psychological theories
thus is reliable. often over-simplify the huge complexity
• Practical applications have been of physical systems and their interaction
extremely effective. with the environment.
• It has not explained how mind and body
interact - consciousness and emotion are
difficult to study objectively.
11. Key Terms
action tiny electrical current that is autonomic
regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, other
potential generated when positive sodium nervous
mainly involuntary movements
ions rush inside the axon system
all-or-none if an action potential starts at the central
made up of the brain and spinal cord; carries
law beginning of an axon, it will nervous
information back and forth between brain and body
continue to very end of axon system
Alzheimer's incurable, fatal disease involving cerebellum
located at back of brain; involved in coordinating (but
disease brain damage, with memory loss,
not in initiating) voluntary movements
deterioration of personality
curare a drug that enters bloodstream and cortex
a thin layer of cells covering the entire surface of the
blocks receptors on muscles,
forebrain; folds over on itself to form a large area
causing paralysis
dendrites branchlike extensions that arise endocrine
a system of glands which secrete hormones that
from cell body and receive and system
affect organs, muscles, and other glands in the body
pass signals to cell body
end bulbs miniature containers at extreme fight-flight
a state of increased physiological arousal that helps
ends of axon branches; store response
body cope with and survive threatening situations
chemicals called neurotransmitters
glial cells brain cells that provide scaffolding, forebrain
the largest part of the brain; has right and left sides
insulation, chemicals to protect and
(hemispheres) responsible for many functions
support neuron growth
ions chemical particles that have frontal lobe
electrical charges; opposite a relatively large cortical area at the front part of the
charges attract and like charges brain; involved in many functions; like an executive
repel
mescaline a drug that causes arousal, visual gene
a specific segment on the strand of DNA that contains
hallucinations; acts like
instructions for building the brain and body
neurotransmitter norepinephrine
mind-body asks how complex mental activities gonads
glands (ovaries in females, testes in males) that
question can be generated by physical
regulate sexual development and reproduction
properties of the brain
nerve impulse series of separate action potentials homeostasi
keeping the bodyUs level of arousal in balance for
that take place segment by s
optimum functioning
segment down length of axon
neuron brain cell with specialized limbic
core of the forebrain; involved in many motivational
extensions for receiving and system
behaviors and with organizing emotional behaviors
transmitting electrical signals
neurotransmit MRI scan
chemical keys with a particular
ters (magnetic passing nonharmful radio frequencies through brain
shape that only fits a similarly
resonance and measuring how signals interact with brain cells
shaped chemical lock or receptor
imaging)
Parkinson's branchlike extensions that arise occipital
core of the forebrain; involved in many motivational
disease from cell body and receive and lobe
behaviors and with organizing emotional behaviors
pass signals to cell body
phantom limb vivid experience of sensations and parietal
located directly behind the frontal lobe; its functions
feelings coming from a limb that lobe
include the sense of touch, temperature, and pain
has been amputated
reflex an unlearned, involuntary reaction peripheral all nerves that extend from the spinal cord and carry
to some stimulus; prewired by nervous messages to and from muscles, glands, sense
genetic instructions system organs
reuptake PET scan
process of removing (positron
measuring a radioactive solution absorbed by brain
neurotransmitters from synapse by emission
cells; shows the activity of various neurons
reabsorbtion into terminal buttons tomography
)
sodium pump a chemical process responsible for somatic
a network of nerves that connect either to sensory
keeping axon charged by returning nervous
receptors or to muscles you can move voluntarily
sodium ions outside axon system
stereotaxic fixing a patientUs head in a holder temporal involved in hearing, speaking coherently,
procedure and drilling a small hole through the lobe understanding verbal and written material
12. skull; syringe guided to a rain area
synapse very small space between terminal amygdala
involved in forming, recognizing, and remembering
button and adjacent dendrite,
emotional experiences and facial expressions
muscle fiber, or body organ
autonomic regulates heart rate, breathing, homeostasi
keeping the bodyUs level of arousal in balance for
nervous blood pressure, other mainly s
optimum functioning
system involuntary movements
central made up of the brain and spinal limbic
core of the forebrain; involved in many motivational
nervous cord; carries information back and system
behaviors and with organizing emotional behaviors
system forth between brain and body
cerebellum MRI scan
located at back of brain; involved in
(magnetic passing nonharmful radio frequencies through brain
coordinating (but not in initiating)
resonance and measuring how signals interact with brain cells
voluntary movements
imaging)
cortex a thin layer of cells covering the occipital
core of the forebrain; involved in many motivational
entire surface of the forebrain; folds lobe
behaviors and with organizing emotional behaviors
over on itself to form a large area
endocrine a system of glands which secrete parietal
system hormones that affect organs, lobe located directly behind the frontal lobe; its functions
muscles, and other glands in the include the sense of touch, temperature, and pain
body
fight-flight a state of increased physiological peripheral all nerves that extend from the spinal cord and carry
response arousal that helps body cope with nervous messages to and from muscles, glands, sense
and survive threatening situations system organs
forebrain PET scan
the largest part of the brain; has (positron
measuring a radioactive solution absorbed by brain
right and left sides (hemispheres) emission
cells; shows the activity of various neurons
responsible for many functions tomography
)
frontal lobe a relatively large cortical area at the somatic
a network of nerves that connect either to sensory
front part of the brain; involved in nervous
receptors or to muscles you can move voluntarily
many functions; like an executive system
gene a specific segment on the strand of temporal
involved in hearing, speaking coherently,
DNA that contains instructions for lobe
understanding verbal and written material
building the brain and body
gonads glands (ovaries in females, testes
in males) that regulate sexual
development and reproduction
1. EXAM SHORT ANSWER and ESSAY QUESTIONS
a. Describe one theoretical explanation of behavioural change in
humans based on the biological perspective. [4 marks]
b. Explain the strengths and limitations of the explanation of
behaviour described in part (a). [4 marks]
May 2003
2. Explain and evaluate claims that correlates exist between physiological
processes and psychological behaviour. [20 marks] May 2003
3. Explain why a reductioninst approach adopted by many biological
psychologists is controversial. [8 marks] Nov 2003
4. “Behavioural change can be regarded as arising from an interaction
between innate disposition and environmental factors.” Describe and
evaluate theories or studies within the biological perspective related to
this statement. [20 marks] Nov 2003
5.
13. a. Outline what is meant by the reductionist approach. [2 marks]
b. Explain how one theory or empirical study from the biological
perspective demonstrates a reductionist approach. [6 marks]
May 2004
6. Discuss how ethical and methodological considerations affect the
interpretation of behaviour from a biological perspective. [20 marks]
May 2004
7. Outline historical or cultural considerations that have given rise to the
biological perspective. [8 marks] Nov 2004
8. Discuss strengths and limitations of research methods used within the
biological perspective. [20 marks] Nov 2004
9. Explain how determinism relates to the biological perspective. [8
marks] May 2005
10.
a. Describe assumptions on which key concepts from the biological
perspective are based. [10 marks]
b. Evaluate the assumptions described in part (a). [10 marks]
May 2005
11. Identify and explain one contribution of the biological perspective to
the scientific study of behaviour. [8 marks] Nov 2005
12. Identify one key concept from the biological perspective and discuss its
contribution to the understanding of behaviour. [20 marks] Nov 2005