Psych Amygdala Presentation
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The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is involved in processing emotions and emotional reactions. Three studies were summarized that examined the amygdala in different contexts. Study 1 found no significant difference in amygdala volume between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Study 2 found increased amygdala activation in patients experiencing mania compared to healthy controls. Study 3 found that amygdala activation during a phobia-inducing task could predict which patients' symptoms would improve after cognitive behavioral therapy or medication.
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The QEEG is a non-invasive brain imaging procedure that measures brain wave activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. Brain waves are recorded both at rest and during tasks to analyze characteristics like frequency, amplitude, and distribution. These characteristics are then compared to a normal database to evaluate metrics like relative power, asymmetry, coherence, and phase which provide information about brain performance and efficiency. The QEEG can be used to assess conditions like traumatic brain injury, learning disabilities, and neurological or psychological disorders.
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The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input, memory formation, language comprehension, and emotional processing. It contains structures like the hippocampus and amygdala that are important for memory and emotional associations. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause problems like epilepsy, memory deficits, language issues like aphasia, and behavioral changes. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common type of seizure originating in structures of the anteromedial temporal lobe. Bilateral damage to the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex can cause Klüver-Bucy syndrome characterized by changes in behavior and cognition. The temporal lobe also plays a key role in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and traumatic brain injury.
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The limbic system can be divided into a rostral and caudal region. The rostral region including the amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate is important for emotion. The caudal region including the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate is important for memory and visual-spatial functions. The limbic system is involved in various functions including emotional responses, reward and punishment, memory, social cognition, and more. Key structures in the limbic system that support these functions are the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
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The limbic system is a set of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, and parts of the hypothalamus. The limbic system is important for emotional responses, social cognition, memory formation, appetite regulation, and sexual behavior through connections between cortical and subcortical structures. Damage to limbic system structures can impact conditions like temporal lobe epilepsy, limbic encephalitis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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The document provides an overview of the neurobiological understanding of anxiety disorders. It discusses the key brain regions involved like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. The amygdala is involved in processing fear and aversive memories, while the prefrontal cortex helps regulate amygdala responses. Anxiety disorders are thought to involve hyperactivity in the amygdala and weaker regulation from the prefrontal cortex. The document also discusses the roles of early life stress, genetics, and developmental factors in anxiety disorders.
The Amygdala: Julie & Eva D
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe that is involved in processing emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. It also determines what memories are stored and where. Three studies were summarized. The first found that people with larger amygdalae had more complex social networks. The second conditioned mice to fear sounds by pairing them with unpleasant events and found different amygdala activation for learning versus expressing fear. The third study of a woman with amygdala damage found she lacked all fear responses. Damage to the amygdala can result in inability to read emotions and social blindness.
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This document provides an overview of the neurobiology of emotions. It discusses the history of theories of emotion, key brain structures involved in emotion regulation like the limbic system and its components, and functional circuits in the brain that mediate emotional responses. Specific neurotransmitter systems and how hormones like cortisol are involved in emotions like depression are also summarized. The limbic system, including structures like the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus play important roles in emotional processing and expression. Circuits like the Papez circuit are involved in emotional memory and learning.
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2. It describes the anatomy of the frontal lobe including lobes, gyri, sulci and blood supply on different surfaces.
3. It outlines some of the major functional areas of the frontal lobe including motor control, language, decision making, memory, and social behavior.
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The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, and memory. It includes cortical areas like the cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is associated with emotional responses. Connecting pathways in the limbic system include the fornix, stria terminalis, and mammillothalamic tract. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus can cause memory impairment.
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The prefrontal cortex
The prefrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobes of the brain in front of the motor and pre-motor areas. It is involved in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior by orchestrating thoughts and actions to internal goals. Executive functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex include differentiating between conflicting thoughts, determining good versus bad options, working towards goals, predicting outcomes, and suppressing urges leading to socially unacceptable behavior. Broca's area, located in the inferior frontal gyrus, is involved in speech and language production.
The Insular Cortex
The insular cortex is located between the temporal and parietal lobes. It is involved in processing emotions, tastes, motor skills, and social behavior. It comprises anterior and posterior regions. Studies have shown the insular cortex is activated during risky decision making, anxiety, interoception, motor control, homeostasis, and social emotions. One study found damage to the insular cortex resulted in a person's inability to distinguish tastes but still have preferences. Another study found insular cortex activity when viewing others in pain. A third study found romantic rejection activated reward and motivation areas, including the insular cortex, similarly to addiction. Dysfunctions of the insular cortex are associated with various mood and mental disorders.
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Amygdala
The amygdala is located deep within the frontal lobe adjacent to the hippocampus and hypothalamus. It is part of the limbic system and is responsible for emotions, autonomic responses to fear, and memory formation. Damage to the amygdala can cause aggression, fearlessness, memory issues, and problems with depth and distance perception. Two studies examined the amygdala in relation to schizophrenia and social phobia. The first study found no significant reduction in amygdala volume in schizophrenia patients. The second study found that amygdala activation during a public speaking task could predict which social phobia patients' symptoms would improve after cognitive-behavioral or drug therapy.
Anatomy of the amygdala
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located deep within the temporal lobes that plays a key role in processing emotions such as fear. It contains multiple nuclei that are connected to sensory processing and autonomic nervous system regions. Abnormalities in the amygdala have been linked to anxiety disorders and an inability to experience fear. While imaging techniques have provided insights, the exact boundaries and functions of the amygdala remain unclear due to inconsistencies in terminology and its complex, heterogeneous structure.
Avoiding mental fight or flight
Have you ever made a dumb management decision? One that seemed like a good idea at the time, but after it fell flat you looked back and wondered, “What was I thinking?”
We all do this from time to time. But you may be surprised to learn that one cause of this particular human trait is rooted deep in our evolutionary past and in our brains. In fact, it has a lot to do with an evolutionary process we’re all familiar with – fight-or-flight.
Modern research has discovered that humans apply our fight-or-flight reflexes not only to predators, but to data itself – a finding that has serious consequences for today’s business leaders.
Any time you find yourself having a strong, instantaneous emotional reaction to an idea or a statement, pause and ask yourself:
• Why am I reacting so strongly to this issue?
• What is my underlying assumption or belief that is being challenged?
• Is this assumption or belief still true?
• What do I stand to lose by having my point of view challenged?
• Is it time for me to update my thinking?
We’re not going to change a million years of brain evolution overnight. But we can minimize the damage by becoming aware of when we’re in mental fight-or-flight, and then logically assessing our reaction. The more we practice pausing and evaluating our mental fight-or-flight responses, the more distance we can put between now and our most recent “What was I thinking?” decision.
Amygdala & The Anterior Cingulate System
The amygdala and anterior cingulate system are key parts of the brain involved in emotion processing. The amygdala is almond-shaped and located in the temporal lobes, responsible for processing emotions like fear and controlling aggression. It sends signals throughout the brain. The anterior cingulate cortex resembles a collar around the corpus callosum and regulates autonomic functions and modulates emotional responses. Psychological studies have shown that damage to these areas can impair the interpretation of facial expressions and detection of errors or inconsistencies.
101614 fight or_flight_kepner_tregoe
An “amygdala hijack” is a chemical response in humans to the unexpected and unknown which can translate into havoc when it plays out in organizations. This human response to fear is often what causes paralysis in organizations, translating into missed opportunities in mild cases, missed deadlines in some serious cases, and total collapse in the worst case scenarios.
This webcast explores the conundrum of plans gone wrong, and addresses a new way to approach, face and even attack risks to your organization.
To view the webcast: http://kepner-tregoe.com/knowledge-center/webcasts/fight-or-flight-face-the-fears-of-organizational-risk/
What is the fight or flight response final
A quick powerpoint explaining what the fight or flight response is. There is also a simple diagram showing the after-effects of the fight or flight response.
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The limbic system
The limbic system includes structures that lie between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and controls behavior, emotion, and drive. It contains the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary bodies, and anterior thalamic nucleus. The hippocampus receives afferent connections from these structures and sends efferent connections to the mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus, midbrain, septal nuclei, and habenula. The limbic system integrates environmental stimuli and converts memory to influence the endocrine system and control emotional behaviors. Damage can cause schizophrenia, decreased aggression with increased eating and sex drive, or temporal lobe dysfunction with auras and memory loss.
Emotions (1)
1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
Original article Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior,disfunctions to be ...
Original article Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior,disfunctions to be ...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
The document discusses the relationship between amygdala dysfunction and criminal or aggressive behavior. It reviews studies showing amygdala activation is involved in behaviors like anger, anxiety, fear and aggression. The amygdala is connected to other brain regions implicated in emotional processing and moral behavior. Neuroimaging studies of violent offenders and those with psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder show amygdala abnormalities. The paper argues we need objective ways to diagnose pathological amygdala activation levels and determine if drug therapies could treat amygdala dysfunctions, potentially helping to prevent some criminal behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand the links between amygdala function, aggression and crime.Expo amigdala
La amígdala cerebral se ubica en el sistema límbico y está involucrada en procesos psicológicos básicos como las emociones. Consta de varios núcleos que se conectan con otras áreas del cerebro relacionadas con el olfato, la vista, el oído y el sistema nervioso autónomo. La amígdala procesa estímulos sensoriales y les da significado emocional, jugando un papel clave en la coordinación de las representaciones corporales de las emociones.
Neuropharmacology: Catecholamines
The document discusses the neurochemistry of catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, outlining their biosynthesis from tyrosine, receptors, neuroanatomy in different brain regions, related diseases like Parkinson's, and example drugs that impact their function like L-Dopa and methylphenidate. The catecholamine neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine, packaged and released from neurons, and broken down through reuptake and enzymatic degradation, playing important roles in conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Limbic system by dr ali
The limbic system is a group of brain structures located on the edge of the brain involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and others. The limbic system is interconnected and influences functions like emotional responses, memory formation, instinctual behaviors, and the autonomic nervous system. It is also involved in regulating behaviors important for survival like fear, sex, and memory through connections with the hypothalamus and brainstem.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a neurological illness characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormalities in REM sleep. There are two subtypes based on the presence or absence of cataplexy. The cause is uncertain but involves both genetic and environmental factors. A key feature is deficiency of the brain peptide hypocretin in many cases. Careful diagnosis using polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing is needed due to overlapping symptoms with other illnesses. Treatment focuses on stimulant medications, modafinil, and sodium oxybate to target sleepiness and cataplexy. Research is exploring new treatment approaches.
Limbic system
The document discusses the limbic system, a set of brain structures located on the inner edge of the cortex that regulates emotion and memory. It outlines the key structures of the limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, and mammillary bodies. It describes the functions of these structures in memory, emotional processing, learning, and homeostasis. Damage or dysfunction in limbic system structures can impact conditions like anxiety, addiction, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
Neurological disorder
Geriatric neurology focuses on neurological disorders common in older adults aged 60 and over. Diagnosis can be difficult as signs may mimic normal aging. Common disorders include dementia, epilepsy, headaches, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by plaques and tangles that damage the brain over time. Parkinson's disease results from the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain and causes movement-related symptoms. Epilepsy is also more common in the elderly, with stroke being a leading cause of new-onset epilepsy in older people.
IQ Work Hacks - Fight or Flight
The document discusses the fight or flight response and how it relates to stress. It explains that the fight or flight response was an evolutionary mechanism for responding to physical threats but now often gets triggered by psychological stress. Some tips provided for dealing with the response include deep breathing, removing yourself from the stressful situation, exercise like running or star jumps, relaxation techniques, massage, and regular exercise.
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are stress hormones involved in the fight or flight response. Norepinephrine is released by neurons and the adrenal gland, while epinephrine is produced solely in the adrenal gland. Both play essential roles in stress responses, blood pressure, and metabolism. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and cognitive functions. Imbalances in serotonin have been linked to depression, suicide, impulsivity, and aggressiveness.
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Original article Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior,disfunctions to be ...
Original article Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior,disfunctions to be ...
Similar to Psych Amygdala Presentation
our psych
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is involved in processing emotions and emotional reactions. Three studies examined the amygdala: 1) A post-mortem study found no significant difference in amygdala volume between schizophrenia patients and controls. 2) An fMRI study found increased left amygdala activation in manic patients compared to controls when viewing faces. 3) A PET study found that amygdala activation during a public speaking task could predict which social phobia patients' symptoms would improve after cognitive behavioral therapy or medication.
Imaging of the Brain - A Window into the Depressed, Anxious, and Addicted Mind
This document discusses how various brain imaging techniques like MRI, fMRI, and PET scans have provided insights into mental illnesses like depression, anxiety, and addiction. Imaging has shown that these conditions are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in specific brain regions. For example, depression correlates with reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, while anxiety involves increased amygdala activity. Addiction causes dopamine system dysfunction and decreased prefrontal cortex gray matter. Imaging is advancing understanding of the neurobiological factors underlying these common illnesses.
IB Psychology Paper 1 Biological Level of Analysis
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
Hello, In this presentation you will find the Biological Level of Analysis (BLA) broken down into its different sections: principles, studies supporting principles, research methods used in BLA, ethical considerations, localisation of function, neurotransmitters, hormones, effects of the enviornment on physiological processes, interaction between cognition and physiology, brain imaging technologies, genetic inheritance, evolutionary explanations of behaviour and ethical considerations of genetic research.
I hope you find it useful! Good luck to everyone
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...Multidisciplinar free Project - International Archives of Neuroscience Research IANR
1. The document discusses research on the relationship between amygdala dysfunction and criminal or aggressive behavior. Various studies using neuroimaging and other techniques have found links between abnormal amygdala activation and conditions like antisocial personality disorder and intermittent explosive disorder.
2. Pharmacological research indicates the amygdala releases serotonin and its activation level can be reduced by drugs like benzodiazepines and morphine. This suggests the potential for neuropharmacological interventions to prevent amygdala-related aggressive behaviors.
3. Therapies like dialectical behavior therapy that target amygdala functions may help address criminal behavior by treating any underlying amygdala pathology. Understanding the neurobiological bases of conditions like psychopathy couldAmygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...on line resource to link researchers works to investors
1. The document discusses the role of the amygdala in criminal and aggressive behavior and whether amygdala dysfunctions should be considered a disease.
2. It reviews research showing the amygdala is activated during anger, anxiety, fear and aggression and is involved in emotional processing and behavioral responses.
3. Neuroimaging studies have found reduced amygdala volume and activation in individuals with psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder compared to controls. This suggests amygdala dysfunction may be a core pathology in these conditions.Au psy492 m7_a2_mead_l
1) Several studies examined the use of various psychological tests to detect malingering of mental disorders. Tests that were studied include the MMPI-2, PAI, SIRS, SIMS, ASTM, CIH, AMI, RIT, and MCT.
2) Brain imaging studies using fMRI found distinct brain activation patterns when participants were asked to malinger memory impairment compared to actual memory tasks. Specific brain regions like the inferior parietal and superior temporal cortex were associated with feigned responses.
3) Further research is needed to determine the best combination of tests for detecting malingering and whether adding neuroimaging could improve diagnosis. Larger sample sizes and comparisons of tests are still required.
Au psy492 m7_a2_mead_l
1) Several studies examined the use of various psychological tests to detect malingering of mental disorders. Tests that were evaluated include the MMPI-2, PAI, SIRS, SIMS, ASTM, CIH, AMI, RIT, and MCT.
2) Neuroimaging studies using fMRI found distinct brain activation patterns when participants were asked to malinger memory impairment compared to actual memory tasks. Prefrontal and parietal regions showed differences between real and feigned responses.
3) Using multiple valid malingering tests together was found to more accurately detect malingering than single tests alone. Further research is still needed to identify the most effective combination of malingering tests.
Brain neuroscience and the dynamics of addiction2012
This document discusses neuroscience research on addiction and the brain. It contains 3 key points:
1) Substance dependence causes neuroplasticity in the brain that underlies tolerance, withdrawal, and contributes to the development and maintenance of addiction. Recent research has also focused on neural systems regulating stress, anxiety, and executive function.
2) Networks in the basal ganglia that are involved in action selection and habit formation are impacted by addiction. Drugs can influence the neural plasticity mechanisms underlying these networks.
3) Imaging studies show reductions in brain structures like the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in alcoholics. Deficits in these areas may impair motivational circuits and contribute to pathological drug-seeking
Drugan Notes- Biological Perspective
The biological perspective studies the relationship between brain activity and consciousness. Methods include correlational studies comparing behavior to brain damage from strokes or injuries, as well as stimulation studies where parts of the brain are deliberately stimulated. Famous cases like Phineas Gage and Clive Wearing provided insights after they suffered brain injuries, with Gage's personality changing after frontal lobe damage and Wearing developing severe anterograde amnesia.
MOOC FINAL.pdf
1. The study of neurobiology investigates how the nervous system, brain, and structures like the spinal cord work.
2. Child abuse is considered a public health issue, and researchers have been studying how exposure to traumatic life events affects children's mental health for decades. However, this raises questions about how trauma affects brain development.
3. Exposure to frequent or chronic traumatic experiences can negatively impact neurobiological development, especially factors like the child's age during initial trauma and the frequency and nature of traumatic events.
Intro to the brain pp
This document provides an introduction to the human brain, including objectives, key terms, and examples of research studies. It discusses the principles of localization of function and brain plasticity. Examples are given of different methods neurologists use to study the brain, including post-mortem examination, analysis of brain damage cases, and modern brain imaging technologies like MRI and fMRI. Specific studies summarized include Rosenzweig on brain plasticity in rats, Dimasio on Phineas Gage's frontal lobe damage, and Corkin on patient H.M.'s hippocampal removal.
Neuroanatomical Hypothesis Of Panic Disorder, Revised
This article revises a previous neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder proposed by the authors in 1989. The revised hypothesis draws on recent developments in understanding the neurobiology of fear in animals, which implicates a "fear network" centered in the amygdala. The hypothesis speculates that panic disorder may involve hyperactivation of this same fear network. Specifically, panic attacks may result from heightened amygdala activity driven by a convergence of heritable and environmental factors that influence the misinterpretation of bodily cues. Medications are hypothesized to work by desensitizing the fear network, while psychotherapy reduces contextual fear and cognitive distortions.
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
1. New tools like two-photon microscopy, optogenetics, and white matter tractography are allowing researchers to visualize brain structures and activity in vivo with greater precision, providing insights into cognitive disorders like schizophrenia.
2. Studies using these tools suggest abnormalities in dendritic spines, disrupted connectivity between brain regions, and altered glial cell activity may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
3. Emerging areas of research like the human microbiome, epigenetics, and de novo mutations may also provide clues about schizophrenia etiology and potential new treatment targets.
APA PsycNET
The document summarizes research on lateralization of brain functions in patients with depressive illness. It discusses how studies of left and right hemisphere differences in cognitive and emotional processing can provide insights into psychiatric conditions like depression. The review examines evidence from various methods including brain damage studies, behavioral tasks, electrophysiology, and functional neuroimaging. It evaluates the existing literature on lateralization in depression and provides suggestions to improve research methods and resolve neuropsychiatric issues.
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#36420 Topic: Discussion 6
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
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Type of document: Essay
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Category: Psychology
Language Style: English (U.S.)
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Module Chapter 5 wk6 p630
chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
Outline
· ■ Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
Stereotaxic Surgery
Histological Methods
Tracing Neural Connections
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording Neural Activity
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
Stimulating Neural Activity
Section Summary
· ■ Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
Localizing Particular Receptors
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genomic Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Section Summary
In July 1982, several young people began showing up at neurology clinics in northern California displaying dramatic, severe symptoms (Langston et al., 1983). The most severely affected patients were almost totally paralyzed. They were unable to speak intelligibly, they drooled constantly, and their eyes were open with a fixed stare. Others, less severely affected, walked with a slow, shuffling gait and moved slowly and with great difficulty. The symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, but that disorder has a very gradual onset. In addition, it rarely strikes people before late middle age, and the patients were all in their twenties or early thirties.
The common factor linking these patients was intravenous drug use; all of them had been taking a “new heroin,” a synthetic opiate related to meperidine (Demerol). Some detective work revealed that the illicit drug was contaminated with MPTP, a toxic chemical that damaged dopaminergic neurons and caused the neurological symptoms. Because the symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, the patients were given L-DOPA, the drug that is used to treat this disease, and they all showed significant improvement in their symptoms. Unfortunately, the improvement was temporary; the drug lost its effectiveness.
Fetal transplantation, an experimental neurosurgical method of treating parkinsonism, has shown some promise. The rationale for the procedure is this: The symptoms of parkinsonism, whether from Parkinson’s disease or the toxic effects of MPTP, are caused by the lack of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen. There is at present no way to induce the brain to grow new dopaminergic neurons. However, if dopamine-secreting neurons can be introduced into the caudate nucleus and putamen and if they survive and secrete dopamine, then perhaps the parkinsonian symptoms will diminish. Because the implanted neurons must be healthy and vigorous and not trigger the .
#36417 Topic Discussion 3Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
#36417 Topic: Discussion 3
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 1
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Master
Category: Psychology
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions:
I will upload the instruction
Module Chapter 5 wk6 p630
chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
Outline
· ■ Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
Stereotaxic Surgery
Histological Methods
Tracing Neural Connections
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording Neural Activity
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
Stimulating Neural Activity
Section Summary
· ■ Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
Localizing Particular Receptors
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
Section Summary
· ■ Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genomic Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Section Summary
In July 1982, several young people began showing up at neurology clinics in northern California displaying dramatic, severe symptoms (Langston et al., 1983). The most severely affected patients were almost totally paralyzed. They were unable to speak intelligibly, they drooled constantly, and their eyes were open with a fixed stare. Others, less severely affected, walked with a slow, shuffling gait and moved slowly and with great difficulty. The symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, but that disorder has a very gradual onset. In addition, it rarely strikes people before late middle age, and the patients were all in their twenties or early thirties.
The common factor linking these patients was intravenous drug use; all of them had been taking a “new heroin,” a synthetic opiate related to meperidine (Demerol). Some detective work revealed that the illicit drug was contaminated with MPTP, a toxic chemical that damaged dopaminergic neurons and caused the neurological symptoms. Because the symptoms looked like those of Parkinson’s disease, the patients were given L-DOPA, the drug that is used to treat this disease, and they all showed significant improvement in their symptoms. Unfortunately, the improvement was temporary; the drug lost its effectiveness.
Fetal transplantation, an experimental neurosurgical method of treating parkinsonism, has shown some promise. The rationale for the procedure is this: The symptoms of parkinsonism, whether from Parkinson’s disease or the toxic effects of MPTP, are caused by the lack of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen. There is at present no way to induce the brain to grow new dopaminergic neurons. However, if dopamine-secreting neurons can be introduced into the caudate nucleus and putamen and if they survive and secrete dopamine, then perhaps the parkinsonian symptoms will diminish. Because the implanted neurons must be healthy and vigorous and not trigger the.
New type of depression identified
A new study identified a protein called RGS8 that may play a role in depression. Researchers found that mice with higher levels of RGS8 exhibited less depressive behaviors in swim tests compared to mice with normal RGS8 levels. While antidepressants targeting monoamines like serotonin and norepinephrine reduced depressive behaviors in both groups of mice, a drug blocking the MCHR1 receptor only reduced behaviors in mice with high RGS8. This suggests RGS8 may be involved in a new type of depression not related to monoamines. Examining brain cells under a microscope, the researchers saw mice with high RGS8 or blocked MCHR1 had longer cilia, structures involved in cell communication, in the hippocampus.
Targets of Antidepressant Therapy
This document summarizes research on how antidepressants reverse the effects of depression in the hippocampus. It finds that depression causes changes in specific regions of the hippocampus like the dentate gyrus and CA1/CA3 regions. These changes include decreased volume, lower concentrations of proteins like BDNF, decreased dendritic spine density, and altered synaptic impulse speeds. Antidepressants target these deficiencies by increasing hippocampal volume, protein concentrations, dendritic spine density, and synaptic impulse speeds through neuroplasticity. However, one antidepressant may not be enough, so a new technique called polypharmacy uses two antidepressants to more precisely target the various causes of depression.
Autism Genetics
1. Neuroimaging studies have identified a "social brain network" involved in tasks like facial perception and assigning mental states to others that does not function normally in people with autism.
2. Studies have shown abnormal activation in regions like the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli like fearful faces in autism.
3. Neuroimaging may help explain superior skills in local processing domains as well as compensation for social deficits in autism. Larger genetic and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand causes and development of autism.
Psychotherapy the biological dimension
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
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Imaging of the Brain - A Window into the Depressed, Anxious, and Addicted Mind
Imaging of the Brain - A Window into the Depressed, Anxious, and Addicted Mind
IB Psychology Paper 1 Biological Level of Analysis
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Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Amygdala pharmacology and crime behavior disfunctions working paper 1 luise...
Brain neuroscience and the dynamics of addiction2012
Brain neuroscience and the dynamics of addiction2012
Neuroanatomical Hypothesis Of Panic Disorder, Revised
Neuroanatomical Hypothesis Of Panic Disorder, Revised
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
#36420 Topic Discussion 6Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
#36420 Topic Discussion 6Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced).docx
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Psych Amygdala Presentation
- 1. The Amygdala By: Alinka, Harel, Vjosa