This document provides an introduction to nursing research. It discusses why research is important for nursing practice and improving patient care. Nursing research aims to gain new knowledge through asking questions and applying the scientific method. The history of nursing research is explored, from Florence Nightingale to the establishment of organizations supporting nursing research. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are described. The overall research process involves selecting a problem, reviewing literature, developing a framework, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings.
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
slides will make you understand current issues of nursing research and envisioning future scope or you say journey from nursing research to nurse scientist
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
slides will make you understand current issues of nursing research and envisioning future scope or you say journey from nursing research to nurse scientist
This presentation contains ;-
1. Introduction of research
2. Meaning of research
3. Definition of research
4. Need of nursing research
5. Methods of acquiring knowledge
6. Problem solving method
7. Scientific method
8. Steps of scientific methods
9. Characteristics of good research
10. Qualities of a good researcher
11. Ethics in nursing research
12. Informed consent
13. Types of research
14. Quantitative research
15. Qualitative research
16. Mixed method of research
17. Research based on purpose
18. Purpose based research
19. Applied research
20. Research process
21. Steps of quantitative research process
22. Conceptual frame work
23. Formulating research problem
24. Determining study objectives
25. Review of literature
26. Developing conceptual framework
27. Formulating hypothesis
28. Design and planning phase
29. Research approach or research design
30. Specify population
31. sampling
32. Developing tool for data collection
33. Establishing ethical consideration
34. Conducting the pilot study
35. Pilot study
36. Empirical phase
37. Sample selection
38. Data collection
39. Preparing for data analysis
40. Analytic phase
41. Dissemination phase
42. Steps in qualitative research process
43. Role of nurse in research
This PPT covers basics of Research Methodology like;
1. Meaning of Research
2. Nature of Research
3. Objectives of Research
4. Advantages of Research
5. Limitations of Research
6. Criteria / Features of Good Research
7. Types of Research
8. Process of Research
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Introduction of research
2. Meaning of research
3. Definition of research
4. Need of nursing research
5. Methods of acquiring knowledge
6. Problem solving method
7. Scientific method
8. Steps of scientific methods
9. Characteristics of good research
10. Qualities of a good researcher
11. Ethics in nursing research
12. Informed consent
13. Types of research
14. Quantitative research
15. Qualitative research
16. Mixed method of research
17. Research based on purpose
18. Purpose based research
19. Applied research
20. Research process
21. Steps of quantitative research process
22. Conceptual frame work
23. Formulating research problem
24. Determining study objectives
25. Review of literature
26. Developing conceptual framework
27. Formulating hypothesis
28. Design and planning phase
29. Research approach or research design
30. Specify population
31. sampling
32. Developing tool for data collection
33. Establishing ethical consideration
34. Conducting the pilot study
35. Pilot study
36. Empirical phase
37. Sample selection
38. Data collection
39. Preparing for data analysis
40. Analytic phase
41. Dissemination phase
42. Steps in qualitative research process
43. Role of nurse in research
This PPT covers basics of Research Methodology like;
1. Meaning of Research
2. Nature of Research
3. Objectives of Research
4. Advantages of Research
5. Limitations of Research
6. Criteria / Features of Good Research
7. Types of Research
8. Process of Research
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Research Critique Essay example
Advantages Of Quantitative Research
Essay on Characteristics of Research
Hypothesis and Research Question Essay example
A Research Study On Research
Methodology of Research Essay examples
Ethics in Research Essay
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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2. Why get excited
about research?
“The essence of
all research
originates in
curiosity - a
desire to find
out how and
why things
happen”
How can…?
Why is…?
What is the best
way to…?
What
causes…?
What are the
effects of…?
I wonder...
3. Importance of
Nursing Research
Nurses ask questions aimed at
gaining new knowledge to
improve pt. care
Research-based (evidence
based) practice = integrating
research findings into clinical
decision making
4. Importance of
Nursing Research
Accountability for care-related
decisions; research expands
nursing practice
Reinforce identity of nursing
as a profession – knowing/
understanding pts. health
care experience
5. History of Nursing
Research
Began with Nightingale and
Crimean War- mid 1800s
Early 1900s – problems in nursing:
education, staffing issues
1960s Practice oriented research;
first nursing research journals
1983 - ANA Center for Research
for Nursing
6. History of Nursing
Research
1986 - National Center for
Nursing Research (NIH);
awards/grants to support
nursing research & training
1993 – Re-designated at NIH
as the National Institute of
Nursing Research (NINR)
9. Scientific Method
2 Unique Characteristics:
Objectivity
– distance
research from personal
beliefs, values, attitudes
Why???
Empirical
Data –
documenting objective
data through direct
observation = reality
11. Nursing Research
Application of
scientific method to
areas of interest to
nursing
Primarily involves
studying people –
People do not
behave
consistently as do
objects/chemicals
in a laboratory!
This poses special challenges!
14. Qualitative
Research
Evaluate subjective life experiences
and give meaning to them
Focuses on understanding
phenomena from an individual’s
perspective
Approaches: observation, in-depth
interviews, case studies, narrative
analyses
15. Triangulation
Using both quantitative and
qualitative methods to collect
data
May combine various research
designs/data collection
techniques in the same study –
combine psychosocial surveys,
interviews, observations
Two approaches are
complimentary and can give an
accurate reflection of reality.
17. Concept of Variable
Measurable characteristic
that varies among subjects
Research is conducted
because this variance occurs!
Types:
Independent – presumed
cause
Dependent
effect
– presumed
18. Data
Pieces of information obtained in
a study
Are the actual “values” of the
study variables
Quantitative
Qualitative
- numeric values
- narrative
descriptions
19. Concept of RIGOR
Striving for excellence in
research. Involves:
Discipline
Adherence
to detail
Strict
accuracy!
Uses
precise measurement
tools
20. Concept of
CONTROL
Using “rules” to decrease error
and increase probability that
study findings are an accurate
reflection of reality
Ensure results that reflect true
relationship among variables
Reduction of the influence of
unwanted “extraneous” variables
21. Concept of
SAMPLING
Who/what do you want to
study?
Choosing subjects who are
“representative” of the study
population
Random & Non-Random
Sampling
22. Concept of SETTING
Location of the study - can affect
results
Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real
life situation
Partially Controlled: Manipulated or
modified in some way
Highly Controlled: Artificial
environment for sole purpose of
doing research. Decreases effects
of outside influences.
23. Some Myths About
Research
The purpose of research is to
“prove” or “confirm” a theory.
Research findings are presented as
complete and conclusive answers.
There is a hierarchy of research
methodology that places true
“experimental” research at the top.
24. Intro to the
Research Process
Involves decision making - what
methods will help to answer a
research question/test a
hypothesis?
Is flexible - multiple possibilities,
each with its own
strengths/weaknesses
Is a circular process
25. The Research
Process
What do I want to know?
Does anyone else know anything
about this?
I’ll make an educated guess about
what I think the answer to my
question will be.
Here’s what I’m going to do to try to
answer my question.
26. The Research
Process
I’ll try to make sense out of all
this info I’ve collected.
What did I find? Was my
hunch supported?
What do I want to know
now???
27. Major Phases in the
Research Process
1. Selecting and defining the
problem in need of
investigation
2. Selecting a research design
3. Collecting data
4. Analyzing data
5. Utilizing the Findings
28. Phase 1
Selecting and defining the problem
(area of research)
Identify a question or area where
knowledge can be advanced
Review related literature for
rationale to do study
Identify a theoretical framework for
interpreting results.
Propose research question and/or
hypothesis
29. Phase 2
Choose study or research design
ID Study Population (chap 8)
Design Sampling Plan (chap 11)
Define how will variables be
measured
Setting
How data will be collected - tools
Pilot Study - Revisions
30. Phase 3
Data Collection - according to preestablished plan (implements the plans
designed in Phase I & II) (chap 9)
recruiting
obtaining consent
training staff
collecting data
Organization of the data
How do you analyze the data?
(must be appropriate form)
May be the longest phase of the
research process
31. Phase 4
Data Analysis
Interpret findings
Draw
conclusions
Hypothesis
is supported or
rejected (chap 10)
How
New
best to utilize findings?
question formulated? (can
lead to new questions that can
stimulate further study)
32. Phase 5
Disseminate findings - Share
findings with colleagues
May
report findings in journal
articles, oral presentations,
poster presentations
Utilize findings - use in nursing
practice
33. Major steps in the
research process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.Formulating and delimiting
the problem
2.Reviewing the related
literature
3.Developing a theoretical
framework
4.Formulating the hypothesis
5.Selecting a research design
6.Identifying the population to
be studied
7.Specifying methods to
collect data
34. • 8.Designing the sampling plan
• 9.Finalizing and reviewing the
research plan
• 10.Conducting the pilot study
and making revisions.
• 11.Collecting the data
• 12.Preparing the data for
analysis
• 13.Analyzing the data
• 14.Interpreting the results
37. Research
Characteristics
Originates with a question or problem.
Requires clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan or procedure.
Often divides main problem into subproblems.
Guided by specific problem, question, or
hypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires collection and interpretation of data.
Cyclical (helical) in nature.
39. Types of Research:
Basic Vs. Applied
Basic or “Pure” Research:
Pursuit
truth
of knowledge or finding
Generates,
theory
Often
refines or tests
uses laboratory setting
Findings
may not be directly
useful in practice
May
be used later in
development of
treatment/drug/theory
40. Basic Vs. Applied
Applied or “Practical” Research
Knowledge
intended to directly
influence clinical practice
Conducted
conditions
in actual practice
Solve
problems, make decisions,
predict/control outcomes
Evaluate
interventions
Test/validate
Evaluate
theories
“Basic” research
knowledge for usefulness
41. The research findings contribute
to some modifications of present
practices.
Ie: patient care, education,
administration
42. Experimental vs.
nonexperimental
Experimental:
Researcher
manipulates or
controls variable(s)
and observes effect
in other variable(s)
Evaluates cause
and effect
relationship
Ex: Does a pre-op
intervention program
to ↑ self efficacy
affect self care
measures post-op?
Nonexperimental:
Describes or looks
at relationships(s) or
correlation between
variables.
Variables are not
manipulated by the
researcher
Ex: Correlation
between HRT use
and breast CA
44. Correlation
Research
Relationships between and
among variables
Collection of data on at least 2
variables for the same group of
individuals
Calculator-the correlation
between the measurer
Highest number of research
studies in nursing are classified
as description correlation design
45. Time dimension:
Retrospective vs.
Prospective
Retrospective:
Examines data
already collected
in the past
Prospective:
examines data
being collected in
the present
Ex: Review of
medical records
to examine
previous history in
of cholesterol
levels in s/p MI
patients
Ex: Study
describing social
support and
coping
mechanisms of
women with
ovarian CA