2. CoreSubject Description:
This subject is an introduction to the activity and
process of philosophical reflection as a search of
synoptic vision of life. The topics to be discussed
include the human experiences of embodiment,
being the world with others and the environment,
freedom, intersubjectivity, sociality and being
upon death
5. Philosophy
• Philos – “Love”; Sophia – “Wisdom”
• Philosopher – “lover of wisdom”
• “Philosophy is the knowledge of all things
through their ultimate causes, acquired
through the use of reason”
6. Philosophy
• Material Object of Philosophy: “philosophy
studies all things”; thus all aspects of reality
can be the object of a philosophical study
• Formal Object of Philosophy: “through their
ultimate causes”; seeking the deepest
explanations regarding the existence and
nature of beings.
7. Philosophy
• Natural Scope of Philosophy: “acquired
through the use of reason; seeking the
ultimate explanations that can be arrived at by
applying reasoning to facts supplied by
experience.
8. Branches ofPhilosophy
• Epistemology – studies the nature of
knowledge and the rationality of belief; the
means of production of knowledge
• Metaphysics – studies and asks questions
about the essence and existence of a
being
• Logic – concerned with “reasoning” or truth
• Ethics/Axiology – concerns the matter of
“value/morality”
10. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Pythagoras
• Ionian Greek
Philosopher
• First person to name
himself a philosopher or
lover of wisdom
• Known for his
Pythagorean
Theorem in geometry
11. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Thales of Miletus
• First person to explain the
world and universe
outside mythological
concepts
• He explained that the
world was
made up of “water”
• Teacher of Pythagoras
13. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Socrates
• First moral philosopher
• Known for his Socratic
Method (elenchus)
• Teacher of Plato
• “Stresses that man must
take good care of its soul”
• “All human beings desire the
good”
14. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Plato
• Student of Socrates and
Teacher of Aristotle
• Founder of the
Academy of Athens
• “the soul is immortal,
even the physical
ceased to exist”
16. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Aristotle
• Student of Plato and
Teacher of Alexander the
Great
• On his treatise, Peri
Psyche, the soul is
divided into three types
and each according to
each living being
17. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Saint Augustine of Hippo
• Bishop of Hippus region of
North Africa
• Combined Christian
doctrine with Platonic
ideology
• Believed that
everything is
connected with God
18. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Saint Thomas Aquinas
• “Believed that truth is to
be accepted no matter
where it is found”
• Followed Aristotelian
philosophy
• Reaffirmed the three
types of soul (first
written by Aristotle)
19. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Ibn al-Nafis
• First to describe the
pulmonary circulation of
the circulatory system
• Believed that the soul is
found throughout the
entirety of the body, not
just one of its organs
20. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Rene Descartes
• Father of Modern
Western Philosophy
• Father of Analytical
Geometry
• Cogito ergo sum (“I
think therefore I
am”)
• Believed that the mind
21. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Baruch Spinoza
• One of the pioneers of the
Dutch Golden Age
• Opposed Descartes’
mind-body dualism
• Substance vs. Accidence
• No one is intrinsically
good or evil
23. Natureof Philosophy
• Human being possesses a keen desire to
know, and that leads him to seek the causes
of events or happenings
• His search for knowledge is induced by
theoretical considerations, as well as
practical reasons
• He needs to find the answers to many
questions about things existing around him
