This document provides an overview of several social science disciplines: - Linguistics is the study of language through examining grammar, language acquisition, and the formal properties of natural language. Its branches include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. - Political science is the systematic study of politics, power, and government. Its branches are public administration, political economy, and comparative politics. - Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Its branches are clinical psychology, developmental psychology, and experimental psychology. - Sociology is the systematic study of human social life, groups, and society. It studies how people relate to each other and work as a

1. DISCIPLINES
WITHIN THE
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Prepared by: Ms. Mary Joy Adelfa P. Dailo, LPT

2. LINGUISTICS

3. LINGUISTICS
• Linguistics studies the nature of
language through an examination of
the formal properties of natural
language, grammar, and the process
of language acquisition.
• came from Latin word lingua
(language)

4. BRANCHES:
•Phonetics
•Phonology
•Morphology
•Syntax
•Semantics
•Pragmatics

5. Phonetics
• The study of speech sounds
• It includes understanding how sounds
are made using the mouth, nose, teeth
and tongue, and also understanding how
the ear hears those sounds and can tell
them apart.

6. Example

7. Phonology
• makes use of the phonetics in order to see how
sounds or signs are arranged in a system for each
language
• In phonology, it matters whether sounds are
contrastive or not, that is, whether substituting one
sound for another gives a different, or
"contrastive," meaning.
• Phonemes – smallest unit of sound in a word

8. Example
• In English, [r] and [l] are two different
sounds - and the words "road" and "load"
differ according to which of these sounds is
used. But in some languages, [r] and [l] are
variations of the same sound. They could
never make a meaning difference in words
that differ by only that sound.

9. Example
Helps
Crabs
Sits
Looks
Words
Gloves

10. Morphology
• It looks at how individual words are formed
from smaller chunks of meaningful units called
morphemes.
• Morphology interacts in important ways with
both phonology (bringing sounds together
can cause them to change) and syntax, which
needs to pay attention to the form of a word
when it combines it with other words.
• Morpheme – the smallest unit of a word
with meaning

11. Example
Untied
Bathroom
Yes

12. Syntax
• Syntax is the study of how phrases,
clauses and sentences are constructed and
combined in particular languages.
• The rules that govern the structure of the
sentences of the language involve both
the order of words, and the form of words
in their various possible positions.

13. Example
• Languages where the direct object generally
follows the verb have a lot of things in
common, in contrast to the things in common
held by languages in which the direct object
generally precedes the verb.
subject + verb + direct object
• Ex. I enjoy school.
The dog loves her owner.

14. Semantics
• The study of meaning
• It focuses on the relation between
words, phrases and other bits of
language and on how these words and
phrases connect to the world.
• It may be a denotation or the
connotation of the word.

15. Example
Child
Iron fist
Friend
House
Home

16. Pragmatics
• The study of language context.
• Involves the study of how speakers of a
language use the language to
communicate and accomplish what they
want.
• Pragmatics looks more at the
relationship between speaker and
listener which allows assumptions to be
made about the intended message.

17. Example
When someone is asked;
"Do you want some coffee?" Does the
reply "Coffee will keep me awake"
mean yes or no?

18. Example
“Oh, please.”

19. • Throughout most of history, linguistics has
been considered a province of philosophy and
rhetoric. It is led by the sophists of classical
Greece who have given young, wealthy Greek
men an education in the art of public
speaking, which in turn they can use to vie for
public positions.
• The conventional date of linguistics proper is
1786 when the regular sound correspondences
were found across the many languages of
Europe, India’s Sanskrit, and Persia.

20. • Led to the discovery of a parent
language called Proto Indo-European
contributed by Friedrich von Schlegel,
Franz Bopp, and Rasmus Christian
Rask
• Scholarly works includes Researches
into the early inhabitants of Spain by
the help of the Basque language
(1821) by Wilhelm von Humboldt and
Cours de linguistique generale (1916)
by Ferdinand de Saussure.

21. How are you going to
apply the concepts of
linguistics in
identifying the causes
of miscommunication?

22. ---

23. POLITICAL SCIENCE

24. PoliticalScience
• The systematic study of politics, power, and
government.
• Greek: politea – “a person who participates in
polis (taking part in decision-making which
normally takes place in the agora, or market
place, where new laws are passed or
disseminated under the scrutiny of the entire
community)

25. • Politics – the process of using power
in the government.
• Power – the means for the
government to rule the people.
• Government – the authority or the
bureaucracy that provides the
system of rule over its territory and
for its people.

27. BRANCHES:
•Public Administration
•Political Economy
•Comparative Politics

28. Public Administration
•Examines how the government
functions and how decisions
and policies are made.

29. PoliticalEconomy
•Evaluates the interplay between
economics, and law and its
implications to the various
institutions within society.

31. Comparative Government
• Compares domestic
politics and governance
systems across different
sovereign states.

32. • Politics by Aristotle
– pioneer in the field of political inquiry.
-delves on the topic of government and the
leaders behind it, i.e., kings and statesmen.
-talks about the concept of justice and slavery
-The book makes the connection between the
happiness and virtue of the political
community to the people’s participation in
politics.
-his analysis on the causes of revolution and
what prevents it have been a source of
inspiration to other political thinkers like John
Locke and John Stuart Mill.
Books

33. Books
• Two Treatises of Government (1689) by John
Locke
- discusses the concept of representative
government and the people’s right to revolution
• Considerations on Representative Government
(1861) by
John Stuart Mill

35. PSYCHOLOGY

36. PSYCHOLOGY
• The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
• It includes the physical state and mental state and how
this all relates to the environment of the individual.
• Psychology finds application in addressing issues like
suicide and criminal behavior.
• Greek words:
psyche
logos
- “soul or spirit”
- “study”

37. BRANCHES:
•Clinical Psychology
•Developmental Psychology
•Experimental Psychology

38. Clinical Psychology
•Assesses and finds treatment
for people with psychological
disorder.

39. DevelopmentalPsychology
• Studies the intellectual, social, emotional,
and moral development across a lifespan.
The focus maybe narrowed down to a
specific period in life like early childhood
or pre-adolescent.

40. ExperimentalPsychology
•Studies the most basic
concepts of psychology like
cognition, perception,
memory and learning but
mostly conducted on animals
instead of humans.

41. • The Father of Modern Psychology
• Credited for being the first in the
movement to make psychology a
science.
• Conducted the first true
experimental laboratory in
psychology
• Grundzuge der physiologischen
Psychologie (The Principles of
Physiological Psychology, 1873)
Wilhelm Wundt

42. Contributions
William
James
• Studied the concept of Functionalism,
which analyses the function or
purpose of behavior and not simply a
description.
• Functionalism studies how specific
behavior help adapt to environment.
• Principles of Psychology (1890)
Sigmund
Freud
• Known for his Psycholoanalytic
Personality Theory, which divides the
personality into id, ego, and superego.
• Wrote the theory on the Psychosexual
Stages of Develpoment.

43. What does a “good
mental health” mean?

44. ---

45. SOCIOLOGY

46. Sociology
• The systematic study of human
social life, groups, and society.
• Studies how people relate to each other
and how they work as a whole in the
larger society.
• Latin: socius – “friend” or
“companion” Greek: logos –
“study”

47. • “We begin to think sociologically when
we realize how the general
categories into which we fall shape
our particular life
experiences” (Macionis 2006, p.2)
• Social rules of behavior, societal
expectations, and norms guide an
individual’s actions, thoughts, and
feelings.

48. • Sociology was born as a result of
powerful and complex economic and
social forces.
• The industrial revolution created
massive changes not just in the
field of technology and in the
way goods are manufactured, but
also in the work and living pattern of
the people.

49. AugusteComte
• Father of Modern Sociology
• Coined the term Sociology in 1838 to encapsulate
the ideal of improving society by
understanding how it operates.
• The Courses on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842, six
volumes, translated and condensed by Harriet
Martineau as the Positive Philosophy of Auguste
Comte)
• Sytem of Positive Polity, or Treatise on Sociology,
Instituting the Religion of Humanity, (1851-1854, four
volumes)

51. QUIZ
1. History comes from the Greek word historia which means .
2. What branch of history is concerned with the making of policies?
3. What branch of history studies about historians and how they develop
history?
4. What do you call the historical sources that are narrated based on the
experience of others?
5. What social science discipline studies the chronological record of
events?
6. What branch of history looks at the lived experience of the past?
7. What do you call the historical sources that are narrated by someone
who has a firsthand information of the event?
8. What is regarded as the writing system of the people in
Mesopotamia?
9. What branch of history studies the patterns of production and the
industry?
10. Who is the Father of history?

52. 1. Inquiry
2. Political History
3. Intellectual History
4. Secondary Sources
5. History
6. Social History
7. Primary Sources
8. Cuneiform
9. Economic History
10. Herodotus
Answer key