Intracranial cystic lesion DD introduction Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 1
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Intracranial cystic lesion introduction dr ahmed esawy ct mri part 1 • 1-arachnoid cysts • 2-porencephalic cyst, • 4-multicystic encephalomalacia • 3-hydranencephaly • 5-holoprosencephaly • 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis) • 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), • 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI • 9-dandy walker malformation • 10-dandy walker varaint • 11-mega cisterna magna • 12-schizencephaly • 13-conatal cysts • 14-subependymal cysts • 15-encephalomalacia, • 16-subarachnoid cyst • 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery and radiation injury to the brain. • 18-Leptomeningeal cyst • 19-Post traumatic porenencephally • 20-brain abscess • 21-cysticercosis • 22-hydatid cyst. • 23-amoebic abscess • 24-Aneurysm • 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain • 26-Vein of Galen malformation • 27-epidermoid cysts • 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma) • 29-craniopharyngioma • 30-cystic astrocytoma • 31-cystic meningioma • 32-cystic shwannoma • 33-hemangioblastoma • 34-cystic metastasis • 35-cystic pituitary adenoma • 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm • 37-colloid cysts • 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts, • 39-neuroepithelial cysts • 40-neuroenteric cysts • 41-pineal cysts. • 42-Choriod plexus cyst • 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain • 44-Trigonal cyst • 45-Interhemispheric cyst • 46-Dorsal cyst • 47-Ependymal cysts • 48-Enlarged VRS • 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle • 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
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• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
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part 4
• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
• 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle
• 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
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This document discusses central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), a blockage of the main vein draining the retina. It outlines the etiology (causes like hypertension, diabetes, hyperviscosity), clinical features (sudden vision loss, hemorrhages, edema), investigations (blood tests, imaging), complications (cystoid macular edema, neovascular glaucoma), prognosis, and treatments (anti-VEGF drugs, steroids, laser photocoagulation). It also briefly discusses branch retinal vein occlusion which involves blockage of a retinal branch vein.
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This document discusses the clinical approach, differential diagnosis, causes, general workup, and specific findings and workup for cavernous sinus syndrome and orbital apex syndrome presenting with ophthalmoplegia. It outlines the typical cranial nerve involvement seen in each condition and describes key features that help localize the lesion and identify potential etiologies. Common causes of each syndrome are listed along with suggestive clinical findings and recommended imaging and laboratory evaluations to further evaluate each case.
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This document discusses three vascular disorders of the retina: retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. Retinal vein occlusion is characterized by edema and hemorrhages due to occlusion of retinal veins. It can be central or branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal artery occlusion results in sudden vision loss due to thrombosis or embolism of retinal arteries. Retinopathy of prematurity is a vasoproliferative retinopathy in premature infants that interferes with normal vascularization and can lead to retinal detachment in its most severe stages.
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- Anatomy of the retinal blood supply from the ophthalmic artery.
- Risk factors including age, gender, cardiovascular/vascular conditions.
- Examination findings like RAPD and retinal signs of ischemia.
- Differential diagnosis, investigations like fluorescein angiography and treatment involving corticosteroids for CRAO related to temporal arteritis.
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Retinal artery occlusion is an ophthalmic emergency which requires urgent management. Its a vision threatening condition which requires prompt diagnosis.
Retina 2 hypertensive changes crvo crao dr.k.n.jha -01.06.16
This document discusses hypertension and its effects on the eye, as well as retinal vascular occlusions. It begins by outlining the retinal changes seen in hypertensive retinopathy such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates. It then discusses the clinical features, complications, and treatments for both arterial and venous occlusions. Key points are that arterial occlusions typically result in irreversible vision loss while management of venous occlusions depends on the degree of ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization. Laser photocoagulation, intravitreal steroids and anti-VEGF agents can help treat macular edema and neovascularization in an attempt to preserve vision.
Retinal vein occlusion
This document provides an overview of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), including the classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, signs, symptoms, investigations, and management of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO), impending retinal vein occlusion, and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). It discusses the differences between ischemic and non-ischemic forms of CRVO and highlights their acute and chronic clinical features, progression, complications, and treatment approaches. Funduscopic examination findings, fluorescein angiography patterns, and optical coherence tomography are described for evaluating patients with RVO.
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
This document discusses central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), an ophthalmic emergency caused by obstruction of the central retinal artery. It affects around 1 in 100,000 people and often leads to severe vision loss. CRAO can be caused by emboli or thrombi and is associated with atherosclerosis and other vascular risk factors. The diagnosis involves examining the eye for signs like a cherry red spot at the macula. Acute management focuses on restoring retinal blood flow through measures like ocular massage or vasodilators. Long term management aims to prevent further vascular events through treating underlying risk factors.
Saving The Sinking Boat….!!! (Nd:Yag Laser Hyaloidotomy For The Treatment Of ...
Saving The Sinking Boat….!!! (Nd:Yag Laser Hyaloidotomy For The Treatment Of ...Dr. Jagannath Boramani
Presenting Author: Dr. Anand A. Tibdewal, Co-Authors: Dr. Mehul Shah, Dr. Shreya Shah, Dr. Ankita Mulchandani.
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Retina 2 hypertensive changes crvo crao dr.k.n.jha -01.06.16
Retina 2 hypertensive changes crvo crao dr.k.n.jha -01.06.16
Saving The Sinking Boat….!!! (Nd:Yag Laser Hyaloidotomy For The Treatment Of ...
Saving The Sinking Boat….!!! (Nd:Yag Laser Hyaloidotomy For The Treatment Of ...
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Intracranial inflammatory cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 3
Intracranial inflammatory cystic lesion dr ahmed esawy ct mri part 3
• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
• 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle
• 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
Intracranial vascular cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 4
Intracranial vascular cystic lesion dr ahmed esawy ct mri
part 4
• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
• 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle
• 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
Intracranial congenital cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 2
Intracranial congenital cystic lesion dr ahmed esawy ct mri part 2
• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
• 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle
• 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
Intracranial tumour&tumour like cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI 6
1. The document discusses different types of intracranial cystic lesions including epidermoid cysts, dermoid cysts, craniopharyngiomas, and cystic metastases.
2. MRI is generally the preferred imaging modality and can help characterize lesions based on signal intensity on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and post-contrast sequences. Diffusion imaging and MR spectroscopy can also provide additional information.
3. Biopsy or aspiration of cystic lesions is sometimes needed for diagnosis and is usually guided by imaging such as CT or MRI.
Intracranial non neoplastic cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 5
This document summarizes various types of nonneoplastic and noninflammatory intracranial cysts. It describes the imaging appearance and characteristics of colloid cysts, Rathke's cleft cysts, neuroepithelial cysts, neuroenteric cysts, pineal cysts, choroid plexus cysts, CSF-like choroidal fissure and parenchymal cysts, enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces, and interhemispheric cysts. For each type of cyst, the document provides examples of MRI or CT images and discusses the differential diagnosis.
Fifteen (50) intracranial cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI main
Fifteen (50) intracranial cystic lesion dr ahmed esawy ct mri main .
• 1-arachnoid cysts
• 2-porencephalic cyst,
• 4-multicystic encephalomalacia
• 3-hydranencephaly
• 5-holoprosencephaly
• 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis)
• 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL),
• 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI
• 9-dandy walker malformation
• 10-dandy walker varaint
• 11-mega cisterna magna
• 12-schizencephaly
• 13-conatal cysts
• 14-subependymal cysts
• 15-encephalomalacia,
• 16-subarachnoid cyst
• 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery
and radiation injury to the brain.
• 18-Leptomeningeal cyst
• 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
• 20-brain abscess
• 21-cysticercosis
• 22-hydatid cyst.
• 23-amoebic abscess
• 24-Aneurysm
• 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain
• 26-Vein of Galen malformation
• 27-epidermoid cysts
• 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma)
• 29-craniopharyngioma
• 30-cystic astrocytoma
• 31-cystic meningioma
• 32-cystic shwannoma
• 33-hemangioblastoma
• 34-cystic metastasis
• 35-cystic pituitary adenoma
• 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
• 37-colloid cysts
• 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts,
• 39-neuroepithelial cysts
• 40-neuroenteric cysts
• 41-pineal cysts.
• 42-Choriod plexus cyst
• 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain
• 44-Trigonal cyst
• 45-Interhemispheric cyst
• 46-Dorsal cyst
• 47-Ependymal cysts
• 48-Enlarged VRS
• 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle
• 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle
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Intracranial inflammatory cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 3
Intracranial inflammatory cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 3
Intracranial vascular cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 4
Intracranial vascular cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 4
Intracranial congenital cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 2
Intracranial congenital cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 2
Intracranial tumour&tumour like cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI 6
Intracranial tumour&tumour like cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI 6
Intracranial non neoplastic cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 5
Intracranial non neoplastic cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 5
Fifteen (50) intracranial cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI main
Fifteen (50) intracranial cystic lesion Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI main
Similar to Intracranial cystic lesion DD introduction Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 1
207&356 moya moya &adult moyamoya disease
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare, chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease where the arteries at the base of the brain become narrowed and obstructed. In adults, MMD commonly presents with cerebral hemorrhage, while in children it typically causes cerebral ischemia. The pathology of MMD involves fibrocellular thickening of the intimal layer and disruption of the internal elastic lamina of vessels. Surgical treatment aims to augment blood flow by direct or indirect revascularization techniques such as superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass or encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis. Preoperative management focuses on stabilizing clinical symptoms and optimizing patient hemodynamics prior to surgery.
DECOMPRESSIVE CRANIECTOMY - DR SHAMEEJ
This document provides a summary of the history, indications, types, efficacy, complications and conclusions regarding decompressive craniectomy. Some key points:
- Decompressive craniectomy relieves increased intracranial pressure by removing a portion of skull bone and opening the dura, allowing swollen brain tissue to herniate out rather than compress the brainstem.
- Indications for decompressive craniectomy include severe traumatic brain injury, malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and other conditions causing refractory elevated intracranial pressure.
- Complications occur in 50-55% of cases and include CSF absorption disorders, expanding hematomas, syndrome
Hydrocephalus for Undergraduate Medical Students
Hydrocephalus; definition, types, etiologies, investigations, management. Detailed review for medical students.
Ultrasonography of brain
This document discusses ultrasonography of the canine brain. It begins by describing ultrasonography as a low-cost, non-invasive alternative to other imaging techniques. It then covers the technique, including use of linear and microconvex probes on various acoustic windows to obtain sagittal, transverse, and dorsal plane images. The document details normal brain anatomy visible on ultrasound and vascular anatomy. It also discusses several congenital and acquired diseases that can be evaluated with transcranial ultrasonography, including hydrocephalus, lissencephaly, cysts, Chiari-like malformations, neoplasms, encephalitis, trauma, neurodegeneration, and strokes. Throughout, it provides examples of ultrasound images depicting various anatomical structures and
Cerebrovascular Vasospasm - Etiopathogenesis and Management
Cerebrovascular vasospasm is a consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysmal rupture. its types, causes, etiology, incidence, diagnois and treatment protocols should be understood for better identification and management of this condition.
OTHER RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASES by Iddi.pptx
This document provides an overview of various retinal vascular diseases including sickle cell retinopathy, vasculitis, cystoid macular edema, and other conditions. It discusses the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of sickle cell retinopathy in detail. It also describes other conditions like vasculitis, distinguishing between primary and secondary retinal vasculitis. Specific diseases covered include Eales disease, Susac syndrome, idiopathic retinal vasculitis with aneurysms and neuroretinitis. The document provides a comprehensive review of other retinal vascular diseases.
Central nervous Pathology by dr sadaf hussain
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord and is the most complex organ system in the human body. The CNS differs from other organ systems in the variety of functions that it provides and in the localization of these functions to specialized areas of the CNS. The localization of specialized functions means that a relatively small, focal lesion in the CNS can produce a profound deficit, for example, loss of speech. This localization also results in the various populations of neurons within the CNS having unique capabilities and also unique vulnerabilities to disease. For example, Parkinson disease (PD) preferentially affects the neurons of the substantia nigra in the brain stem, while Alzheimer disease (AD) preferentially affects the neurons of the cerebral cortex.
Pathology of cns
This document summarizes pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). It describes the structure of the brain and cells of the CNS. It then discusses various CNS diseases including congenital anomalies, perinatal brain injury, trauma, cerebrovascular disease, infections, demyelinating diseases, degenerative diseases, and tumors. For each disease, it provides details on gross and microscopic pathology.
Neonatal Cranial & Spinal Ultrasound
Review of ultrasound images of the cranium and spine in neonatal patients with a variety of specific conditions.
Carotid Cavernous Fistulas
This document provides information on carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). It discusses the anatomy of the cavernous sinus and pathophysiology of CCFs. It notes that CCFs represent 12% of dural arteriovenous fistulas. The majority are caused by trauma, especially in young males, while spontaneous CCFs occur more in older females. Clinical presentation depends on flow rate, with high flow direct CCFs causing eye symptoms and low flow indirect CCFs having insidious onset. Treatment options include conservative management, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery, with the approach depending on fistula type and symptoms.
ocular manifestation due systemic disease Hyper tension diabetic mellitus th...
related to the ocular manifestation due to the systemic disease,
hope this will be useful for the learner.
Ncct and cect brain and orbit
This document provides information about NCCT and CECT of the brain and orbit. It discusses anatomy, indications, protocols, and findings. Key points include:
1. It describes the anatomy of the skull, brain, meninges, ventricles, and orbit.
2. Indications for NCCT include suspected hemorrhage, masses, trauma, etc. CECT is used for evaluating tumors, aneurysms, and strokes.
3. Protocols are provided for brain and orbit NCCT and CECT, including patient preparation, positioning, scan parameters, and radiation doses.
4. Types of hemorrhages are discussed along with their appearances on CT. Common pathologies of the orbit are
009 youmans cerebral edema
There are four main categories of cerebral edema: cytotoxic edema, vasogenic edema, interstitial edema, and osmotic edema. Cytotoxic edema is caused by cellular swelling from metabolic failure of ion pumps due to conditions like ischemia or trauma. Vasogenic edema results from plasma leakage into brain tissue from damaged blood vessels, often due to tumors. Interstitial edema occurs when fluid moves from ventricles into surrounding brain tissue in hydrocephalus. Osmotic edema is caused by hyperosmolarity differences between the brain and circulation in situations like water intoxication or hemodialysis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, while diuretics and osmotic agents can temporarily reduce swelling.
essentials of intracranial pressure (ICP)
This document outlines the essentials of intracranial pressure (ICP), including the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and flow, normal ICP physiology and the pathophysiology of increased ICP. It discusses ICP waveform interpretation, monitoring technologies and treatment of elevated ICP. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and absorbed through arachnoid villi. ICP is regulated by the Monroe-Kellie doctrine. Increased ICP can result from mass lesions, edema, venous outflow obstruction or CSF abnormalities. ICP monitoring is most accurate via external ventricular drain. Treatment focuses on reducing CSF volume and space-occupying lesions while maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure.
Head injury
This document provides information on head injuries. It begins by defining different types of head injuries from minor scalp lacerations to major trauma involving brain contusions and lacerations. It then discusses causes, presentations, investigations, management strategies and complications for various head injury types including skull fractures, epidural and subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Nursing management focuses on airway protection, maintaining cerebral perfusion, preventing secondary injuries, and supporting recovery.
intracerebral hemorrhage& subaracnoid.pptx
The document discusses intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH can be caused by hypertension, trauma, vascular malformations, or coagulopathies. Common symptoms include focal neurological deficits, severe headache, and decreased consciousness. Diagnosis involves CT scan or MRI to detect bleeding, and management focuses on controlling blood pressure, reducing ICP, and preventing vasospasm in SAH. SAH is often caused by aneurysm rupture and presents with sudden, explosive headache. Diagnosis involves CT, lumbar puncture, or angiography. Treatment focuses on monitoring for rebleeding, vasospasm, and surgically clipping aneurysms. Prognosis depends
O pr
This document provides information on various pediatric medical procedures including:
1. Liver biopsy which involves using a needle to obtain liver tissue samples and lists indications, contraindications, and complications.
2. Lumbar puncture where a needle is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal and outlines the procedure, prerequisites, problems and complications.
3. Thoracentesis for draining fluid from the pleural space including positioning, site selection, and potential issues.
It also briefly outlines abdominal paracentesis, pericardial effusion drainage and bone marrow aspiration, noting indications, procedures and risks.
Hydrocephalus
seminar on hydrocephalus
reference : Bailey & love's short practice of surgery and Sabiston textbook of surgery
Seminar on Hydrocephalus
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hydrocephalus. It defines hydrocephalus as an increase in CSF volume with ventricular enlargement. It describes the physiology of CSF circulation and different types of hydrocephalus including obstructive, communicating, congenital and acquired. Clinical presentations and investigations are discussed. Treatment options include temporary external ventricular drainage, VP shunt placement, and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Complications of shunt surgery and new treatment modalities are also summarized.
Similar to Intracranial cystic lesion DD introduction Dr Ahmed Esawy CT MRI part 1 (20)
Cerebrovascular Vasospasm - Etiopathogenesis and Management
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ocular manifestation due systemic disease Hyper tension diabetic mellitus th...
ocular manifestation due systemic disease Hyper tension diabetic mellitus th...
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Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce ...
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Ultrasound Liver cirrhosis Ultrasound liver cirrhotic nodules Ultrasound Viral hepatitis
ultrasound scoring criteria for liver fibrosis /cirrhosis Ultrasound duplex Portal hypertension
contrast enhanced CEU-LIRDS Liver elastography Fibroscan Ultrasound radiologic Mimics of
Cirrhosis Ultrasound Congestive hepatopathy Ultrasound Primary biliary cirrhosis
Ultrasound Primary Sclerosing cholangitis Ultrasound Wilson disease ultrasound
Ultrasound autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver
cystic fibrosis Ultrasound liver haemochromatosis Ultrasound Fulminant hepatic failure
Ultrasound Gilbert’s syndrome ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver differential
diagnosis . Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce lrad,fibroscan,hepatitis,psc,aih,pbc
Update secrets in plain x ray abdomen gases ,air fluid level .
plain x-ray abdomen gas normal air fluid level in-the-abdomen gasless abdomen small bowel obstruction large intestinal obstruction ileus gastric dilatation extraluminal abdomen gas (pneumonpperitoneum) extraluminal abdomen gas(retropneumonpperitoneum gas in specific organs (hepatobiliary ,genitourinary) gasless abdomen ‘step-ladder apperance stretch/slit sign string of pearls sign coiled spring sign small-bowel feces sign disproportionate dilatation of sb gallstone ileus intussusception caecal volvulus sigmoid volvulus colonic pseudo obstruction ogilvie syndrome acute colitis toxic megacolon ischemic colitis sentinel loops intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes gastric volvulus organoaxial gastric volvulus mesenterico-axial right upper quadrant gas crescent sign: air beneath the diaphragm peri hepatic sub hepatic morrison’s pouch fissure for ligament teres doges cap sign rigler’s (double wall sign) ( both the serosal and the related mucosal walls of the bowel are delineated it means free air is at that serosal surface ) ligament visualization falciform ligament sign: air delineating the falciform ligament umbilical inverted ‘v’ sign triangular air cupola sign football sign or air dome (a large air collection beneath that does not confirm to any bowel loop) continous diaphragm sign scrotal air in children decubitus abdomen sign double bubble sign lesser sac sign peritonitis postoperative pelvic and spinal fractures
Ultasound in dyspnea & intensive care unit
Chest ultrasound Anterior lung : sliding sign B-line pneumothorax Lung bases effusion consolidation pulmonary edema Diaphraamatic paralysis Pneumothorax Effusion Pneumonia ARDS Fibrosis COPD asthma Pneumothorax Absent sliding sign (unilateral) + Lung point barcode or stratosphere sign sign on M-mode =pneumothorax Cardiac ultrasound : normal (not in tension pneumo) B-line B3 interstitial edema B7 alveolar edema Pleural effusion Anechioc fluid in pleura quad sign sinusoid sign spine sign consolidation (Pneumonia) Tissue pattern /hepatization shred sign Air bronchograms Fluid bronchograms Dynamic air and fluid bronchogram .Diaphragmatic paralysis Diaphragmatic movement (excursion) reduced movement Paradoxical movement Thickness of diaphragm M-mode study IVC normal (dilated in tension pneumo) cardiac Acute coronary syndrome Global function(CHF) Valvular heart disease Right ventricle Strain Tamponade pulmonary embolism aneurysm ascending aorta Global cardaic dysfunction sliding B-lines (anterior &bilateral) pleural effusion poor cardaic function systolic dysfunction diastolic dysfunction Tamponed Severe pericardial effusion diastolic collapse of right ventricle water bed sign Tampoline sign Pulmonary embolism (PE) RV mid free wall hypokinesis with apical sparing (a.k.a. McConnell’s sign) free-floating right-heart thrombus ,PA Dilated right ventricle D shape RV .Abnormal interventricular septal motion (Septal bowing) TR ,raised PASP PA dilatation Lack of inspiratory collapse of IVC , Dilated uncollapsed IVC Underfilled left ventricle with normal function lung sliding : Normal bilaterally Right ventricle Strain Right ventricle dysfunction PE ,PH Focal wall injury (infraction) Dilatation (RV dilation IVC dilatation and loss of respiratory variations respiratory increase of inter-ventricular dependence Inferior vena cava IVC : respiratory Collapse dilatation Deep venous thrombosis No Compression By ultrasound Absent or abnormal flow on spectral or color Doppler venous distention Intraluminal material free floating thrombus Abdominal liver cirrhosis renal failure
Case review ct mri brain part 7 dr ahmed esawy
Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases .Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications .Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma .Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum .malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma .Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications .karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS .adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Ke
Case review ct mri brain part 6 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ..zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Kearn-sayre syndrome CANAVAN DISEASE UNKNOWN CAUSES Pelizaeus-
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
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- 2. An Article By Dr. Ahmed Esawy MBBS M.Sc MD
- 4. Congenital cystic lesions • 1-arachnoid cysts • 2-porencephalic cyst, • 4-multicystic encephalomalacia • 3-hydranencephaly • 5-holoprosencephaly • 6-hydrocephalus (aqueduct stenosis) • 7-periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), • 8-septum pellucidum changes CSP CV CI • 9-dandy walker malformation • 10-dandy walker varaint • 11-mega cisterna magna • 12-schizencephaly • 13-conatal cysts • 14-subependymal cysts
- 5. Post traumatic cystic lesion )sequelae(late • 15-encephalomalacia, • 16-subarachnoid cyst • 17-cystic lesions after brain surgery and radiation injury to the brain. • 18-Leptomeningeal cyst • 19-Post traumatic porenencephally
- 6. Inflammatory and infectious cysts: • 20-brain abscess • 21-cysticercosis • 22-hydatid cyst. • 23-amoebic abscess
- 7. VASCULAR • 24-Aneurysm • 25-Parenchymal Perianeurysmal Cystic Changes in the Brain • 26-Vein of Galen malformation
- 8. Tumors and tumors like cysts 27-epidermoid cysts 28-dermoid cyst (cystic teratoma) 29-craniopharyngioma 30-cystic astrocytoma 31-cystic meningioma 32-cystic shwannoma 33-hemangioblastoma 34-cystic metastasis 35-cystic pituitary adenoma 36-Cystic degeneration / necrotic neoplasm
- 9. andNonneoplastic cystsinflammatory-non • 37-colloid cysts • 38-Rathke’s cleft cysts, • 39-neuroepithelial cysts • 40-neuroenteric cysts • 41-pineal cysts. • 42-Choriod plexus cyst • 43-CSF-Iike Choroidal Fissure and Parenchymal Cysts of the Brain • 44-Trigonal cyst • 45-Interhemispheric cyst • 46-Dorsal cyst • 47-Ependymal cysts • 48-Enlarged VRS • 49-Cystic trapped 4th ventricle • 50-Diverticulation of 3rd , lateral ventricle