Breast fibroadenoma imaging
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Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
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Breast cyst imaging
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 2
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
How to avoid contrast venous lymphatic reflux in HSG
venous-lymphatic contrast intravasation in hysterosalpingography HSG
Contrast intravasation
menometrorrhagia
secondary infertility
ectopic pregnancy
polycystic ovarian disease
endometriosis
hydatidiform mole
vaginal itching
subclinical urinary infections
Peritoneal spill
Pelvic congestion syndromes
Endometrial carcinoma
HSG done during or just after menses
Genital TB
False passage
Uterine perforation
Severe adenomyosis
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
Ultrasound renal stone differential diagnosis .
renal sinus ultrasound
stone location in calyx
(not in medulla,not in cortex)
echogenic foci
acoustic shadowing
twinkle artifact on colour Doppler
color comet tail artifact
Staghorn calculi
Ultrasound beam-stone angle
Difference between kidney gravel & stone
RENAL ECHOCONCRETION
Vascular Reflectors (Normal or calcified renal vessels are the most
notable and common causes of intrarenal
bright echo reflectors)
Segmental Arteries
Arcuate Arteries
Sinus Vessels
renal vein thrombosis calcification
Calcifications of the branches of the renal artery
Nonvascular Reflectors: Prominent Papillae
Reflectors Within the Renal Parenchyma
Milk of Calcium Cysts
Renal Cortical Calcification
Junctional Parenchymal Line
Angiomyolipomas
Foreign Bodies
Bright echoes within the Renal Parenchyma
medullary nephrocalcinosis
focal pyelonephritis.
Echogenic tips of the renal pyramids apex
Transient pyramidal echogenicity
echogenic neonate renal pyramids (Tamm-Horsfall protein)
fungal balls
blood clots
Renal calcification in infants with Furosemid therapy
Breast duct ectasia us mammogram mri
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
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Breast cyst imaging
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 2
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
How to avoid contrast venous lymphatic reflux in HSG
venous-lymphatic contrast intravasation in hysterosalpingography HSG
Contrast intravasation
menometrorrhagia
secondary infertility
ectopic pregnancy
polycystic ovarian disease
endometriosis
hydatidiform mole
vaginal itching
subclinical urinary infections
Peritoneal spill
Pelvic congestion syndromes
Endometrial carcinoma
HSG done during or just after menses
Genital TB
False passage
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Severe adenomyosis
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
Ultrasound renal stone differential diagnosis .
renal sinus ultrasound
stone location in calyx
(not in medulla,not in cortex)
echogenic foci
acoustic shadowing
twinkle artifact on colour Doppler
color comet tail artifact
Staghorn calculi
Ultrasound beam-stone angle
Difference between kidney gravel & stone
RENAL ECHOCONCRETION
Vascular Reflectors (Normal or calcified renal vessels are the most
notable and common causes of intrarenal
bright echo reflectors)
Segmental Arteries
Arcuate Arteries
Sinus Vessels
renal vein thrombosis calcification
Calcifications of the branches of the renal artery
Nonvascular Reflectors: Prominent Papillae
Reflectors Within the Renal Parenchyma
Milk of Calcium Cysts
Renal Cortical Calcification
Junctional Parenchymal Line
Angiomyolipomas
Foreign Bodies
Bright echoes within the Renal Parenchyma
medullary nephrocalcinosis
focal pyelonephritis.
Echogenic tips of the renal pyramids apex
Transient pyramidal echogenicity
echogenic neonate renal pyramids (Tamm-Horsfall protein)
fungal balls
blood clots
Renal calcification in infants with Furosemid therapy
Breast duct ectasia us mammogram mri
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
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Fetal echo three vessel trachea view 3 vt dr ahmed esawy
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pulmonary artery
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pulmonary atresia
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ebstein anomally
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mitral valve atresia
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abnormal vessel number
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abnormal location of the transverse aortic arch in relation to the trachea
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abnormal location of the transverse aortic arch in relation to the trachea
tetralogy of fallot and right aortic arch
tortuous ductus arteriosus
aberrant right subclavian artery
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truncus arteriosus
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interruption of aortic arch
ebstein anomally
interrupted aortic arch
coarctation of aorta
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Difference between simple hemorrhage and hemorrhagic neoplasm
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Duplex Ultrasound waveform changes
Duplex Ultrasound Doppler waveform changes.peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound Aorta innominate subclavian vein axillary artery brachial artery radial/ulnar veins palmar arch Common iliac artery External iliac artery Common femoral artery Profunda femoris artery Superficial femoral artery Popliteal artery Tibio-peroneal trunk Posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Peroneal artery Dorsalis pedis artery Angle Color Gain Doppler gain PRF BOX(size,direction) steering Sample volume Gate size,Site of sample Base line Velocity scale Depth Wall filter Settings appropriate for specific examinations assigned by set-up/application keys Focus triphasic waveform Systolic Acceleration time spectral window laminar flow Color Doppler peripheral arterial disease Causes of leg pain ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE CAUSES Classification of vasculitis Biphasic waveform flow monophasic waveform flow bidirectional flow Loss of third and then second phase of the wave¬form Increased acceleration time (rapid rise of systolic deflection) Widening of the ystolic complex (5-Spectral broadening) Damping of the waveform Spectral broadening fill in spectral windowe Loss of sharpness of spectrum(irregular) Turbulance aliasing Rounding of PSV tip Absent flow in occlusion rising of PSV reverse flow opposite systole rapid fall of systolic deflection rising of end diastolic velocity Active Hyperemia postoperative vasospasm limb ischemia peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound waveform change peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound arterial stenosis ,occlusion peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound vasculitis inflamed arteries (arteritis) macaroni sign Takayasu’s arteritis Giant cell arteritis Temporal artery Giant cell arteritis polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki progressive systemic sclerosis Buerger disease Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) Ormond's Disease peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound hand,foot Triplex Raynaud Phenomenon secondary raynaud's phenomenon BAKER CYST Blind ended channels bypass graft surveillance lerich arterial steal syndrome Complex Regional Pain Syndrome dialysis arteriovenous fistula Cystic Adventitial Disease
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plain x-ray abdomen gas normal air fluid level in-the-abdomen gasless abdomen small bowel obstruction large intestinal obstruction ileus gastric dilatation extraluminal abdomen gas (pneumonpperitoneum) extraluminal abdomen gas(retropneumonpperitoneum gas in specific organs (hepatobiliary ,genitourinary) gasless abdomen ‘step-ladder apperance stretch/slit sign string of pearls sign coiled spring sign small-bowel feces sign disproportionate dilatation of sb gallstone ileus intussusception caecal volvulus sigmoid volvulus colonic pseudo obstruction ogilvie syndrome acute colitis toxic megacolon ischemic colitis sentinel loops intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes gastric volvulus organoaxial gastric volvulus mesenterico-axial right upper quadrant gas crescent sign: air beneath the diaphragm peri hepatic sub hepatic morrison’s pouch fissure for ligament teres doges cap sign rigler’s (double wall sign) ( both the serosal and the related mucosal walls of the bowel are delineated it means free air is at that serosal surface ) ligament visualization falciform ligament sign: air delineating the falciform ligament umbilical inverted ‘v’ sign triangular air cupola sign football sign or air dome (a large air collection beneath that does not confirm to any bowel loop) continous diaphragm sign scrotal air in children decubitus abdomen sign double bubble sign lesser sac sign peritonitis postoperative pelvic and spinal fractures
Ultasound in dyspnea & intensive care unit
Chest ultrasound Anterior lung : sliding sign B-line pneumothorax Lung bases effusion consolidation pulmonary edema Diaphraamatic paralysis Pneumothorax Effusion Pneumonia ARDS Fibrosis COPD asthma Pneumothorax Absent sliding sign (unilateral) + Lung point barcode or stratosphere sign sign on M-mode =pneumothorax Cardiac ultrasound : normal (not in tension pneumo) B-line B3 interstitial edema B7 alveolar edema Pleural effusion Anechioc fluid in pleura quad sign sinusoid sign spine sign consolidation (Pneumonia) Tissue pattern /hepatization shred sign Air bronchograms Fluid bronchograms Dynamic air and fluid bronchogram .Diaphragmatic paralysis Diaphragmatic movement (excursion) reduced movement Paradoxical movement Thickness of diaphragm M-mode study IVC normal (dilated in tension pneumo) cardiac Acute coronary syndrome Global function(CHF) Valvular heart disease Right ventricle Strain Tamponade pulmonary embolism aneurysm ascending aorta Global cardaic dysfunction sliding B-lines (anterior &bilateral) pleural effusion poor cardaic function systolic dysfunction diastolic dysfunction Tamponed Severe pericardial effusion diastolic collapse of right ventricle water bed sign Tampoline sign Pulmonary embolism (PE) RV mid free wall hypokinesis with apical sparing (a.k.a. McConnell’s sign) free-floating right-heart thrombus ,PA Dilated right ventricle D shape RV .Abnormal interventricular septal motion (Septal bowing) TR ,raised PASP PA dilatation Lack of inspiratory collapse of IVC , Dilated uncollapsed IVC Underfilled left ventricle with normal function lung sliding : Normal bilaterally Right ventricle Strain Right ventricle dysfunction PE ,PH Focal wall injury (infraction) Dilatation (RV dilation IVC dilatation and loss of respiratory variations respiratory increase of inter-ventricular dependence Inferior vena cava IVC : respiratory Collapse dilatation Deep venous thrombosis No Compression By ultrasound Absent or abnormal flow on spectral or color Doppler venous distention Intraluminal material free floating thrombus Abdominal liver cirrhosis renal failure
Case review ct mri brain part 7 dr ahmed esawy
Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases .Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications .Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma .Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum .malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma .Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications .karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS .adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Ke
Case review ct mri brain part 6 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ..zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Kearn-sayre syndrome CANAVAN DISEASE UNKNOWN CAUSES Pelizaeus-
Case review ct mri brain part 5 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases
Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications
Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma
Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum
malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma
Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Case review ct mri brain part 4 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases
Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications
Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma
Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum
malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma
Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Case review ct mri brain part 3 dr ahmed esawy
Case review ct mri brain part 3 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases
Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications
Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma
Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum
malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma
Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Case review ct mri brain part 2 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases
Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications
Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma
Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum
malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma
Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Case review ct mri brain part 1 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases
Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications
Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma
Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum
malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma
Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum Program
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM.pptx
Valuable Content of Human Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary system as per PCI Syllabus for Pharmacy and PharmD Students.
Alcohol_Dr. Jeenal Mistry MD Pharmacology.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdf
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
This ppt are composed by upendra pal to provide help future optometrist of india
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Normal Electrocardiogram - Part I of II
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
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