Interventional radiology provides minimally invasive image-guided diagnosis and treatment of diseases using catheters and medical imaging. Procedures include angioplasty to unblock arteries, biopsies, draining fluid collections, treating tumors and more. Interventional radiology was pioneered by Charles Dotter in the 1960s and uses imaging techniques like fluoroscopy and angiography to guide procedures. Common procedures include angiography, angioplasty, embolization, stent placement, drainage and biopsy to diagnose and treat conditions.

1. INTERVENTIONAL AND
DIGITAL RADIOLOGY
SAJID EJAZ

2. INTRODUCTION
• This type of radiology provides minimally
invasive image-guided diagnosis and
treatment of diseases in every organ or
system, using the least invasive techniques
available. Compared to open surgery, these
procedures produce less pain, reduce the
risk of infection and have a shorter recovery
and hospital stay time.

3. • Interventional radiology requires the
introduction of a catheter – a long, thin,
flexible tube – into the body, typically into
an artery. The catheter combines the use of
medical imaging with diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures. These procedures
are primarily used to unblock blood vessels
– either coronary arteries to prevent heart
attacks; carotid arteries to prevent
cerebrovascular accidents; or renal arteries
to cure secondary hypertension.

4. HISTORY OF INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY
 Interventional radiology (IR) was only possible
following the detection of x-rays by W.C.
Röntgen. Also the development of equipments,
contrast media, instruments and catheters was
necessary. The historical steps since 1964 and
some ideas that existed before are discussed,
including special highlights in vascular
interventional radiology.

5. All the interventional radiological
methods used in biliary diseases,
urogenital problems and tumour therapy
are shortly discussed. The paper gives a
personal view of the history of IR, from
its beginnings up to day, by a man
actively working in this field.

6. WHO INVENTED INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY
Charles Theodore Dotter (14 June 1920 –
15 February 1985) was a pioneering US
vascular radiologist who is credited with
developing interventional radiology. Dotter,
together with his trainee Dr Melvin P.
Judkins, described angioplasty in 1964.

7. WHEN WAS INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY INVENTED
In 1973, Chinese radiologist first conducted
the angiography test. Interventional radiology
was introduced into China in the 1980s, it
was readily developed through the
sponsoring of training class (1981) and
academic conferences (1986).

8. INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY IMAGING
PROCEDURE
•Fluoroscopy, which uses differential X-rays
absorption from different tissues to produce
cine-like images;
•Digital subtraction angiography, which uses
computer subtraction of background images to
enhance arterial blood-flow;

9. • ultrasound, based on the same principle as
fluoroscopy but taking advanced of using
differential reflection of sound waves
inside the body instead of X-rays;
• computed tomography , which uses X-rays
to create cross-sectional images of the
body; and
• magnetic resonance imaging,which provide
the same results using magnetic field
instead of radiation

10. KIND OF DIAGNOSE CAN BE
DONE
•Treatment of vascular problems
angiogram; angioplasty +/- stenting
Embolization (blockage) of arteries to stop
bleeding or treat tumours,etc;
•Biopsies
•Drainage of fluid collections

11. • Abscesses, kidneys or bile ducts/gallbladder
• Insertion of feeding tubes
• Treatment of liver tumors, bone
tumors,varicose veins, portal hypertension
etc.

12. PROCEDURE DONE IN
INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY
• Angiography.
•Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM).
• Balloon Angioplasty.
• Biliary Drainage and Stenting.

13. • Bleeding internally.
• Central Venous Access.
• Chemoembolization.
• Embolization etc.

14. BALLOON DILATION OF THE
STENOSED INTERNAL JUGULAR
VEIN
(Photo from x-ray angiograph monitor)
• While the pressure in the balloon is
relatively low. stenosis prevents the
balloon from inflating in the middle.
Further increase in pressure will dilate
the narrowing the and restore the full
blood flow.

15. DIAGNOSTIC
• Angiography: Imaging
the blood vessels to look
for abnormalities with
the use of various
contrast media, including
iodinated contrast,
gadolinium based agents,
and CO2 gas.[8] Angiogram showing
a transverse projection of
the vertebrobasilar and poster
ior cerebral circulation.

16. Percutaneous
transhepatic
cholangiography
• Cholangiography :
Imaging the bile ducts
within the liver to look
for areas of blockage.

17. • Biopsy: Taking of a
tissue sample from the
area of interest for
pathological examination
from a percutaneous or
transvenous approach.[9]
Brain biopsy

18. DIAGRAM OF INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY PROCEDURE

19. THANK YOU