Due to its mechanism and effects, climatic events have been significant facts for humanbeings all times. In this study,the interrelation between the extreme climatic events in Antakya, air masses and, their routes was examined. Using the data related with extreme climatic events received from Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) and NOAA HYSPLIT model (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory), it was aimed to determine the relation between air masses their routes, and the extreme climatic events in Antakya. The routes of air masses that generate the extreme climatic conditions in 96 hours back trajectory plane at 500, 1500 and 3000m heights, according to HYSPLIT model, are given to enable the comparison in terms of altitude and event. During the analysis carried out for various climatic parameters, it was determined that Siberian and Azore anticyclone played an active role for maximum and minimum temperatures, maximum precipitation, and highest snow thickness and during fastest wind periods. The field of study was influenced by the continental polar air mass during the periods of heavy colds in particular, when Azore dynamic cyclone was dominant the highest pluvial period as a flood disaster has been occurred. Furthermore, it was understood that extreme climatic conditions, in particular maximum precipitation periods resulted in severe material damages in the territory
The document provides information about the Earth, including its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago, composition and structure of its atmosphere, and how the atmosphere has changed over geological time through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen through photosynthesis. It notes that the early Earth had a secondary atmosphere produced by volcanic outgassing rather than a primordial one, and that oxygen levels increased once cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis approximately 3.8 billion years ago.
This document provides an overview of the geography and climate of Tripura, India. Some key points:
- Tripura has a tropical humid climate (Koppen classification Aw) with four main seasons: winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon.
- The state has hilly terrain with five mountain ranges running north to south. Elevation ranges from 50-3,080 feet. Major rivers include the Gomati, Khowai, and Manu.
- Temperature ranges from 13-27°C in winter and 24-36°C in summer. Most rainfall occurs April-September during the monsoon season. Annual rainfall varies from 1,922-
The document summarizes the trends in temperature and rainfall in Tripura, India from 1901-2007. It analyzes temperature and rainfall data from various districts to identify patterns. Key findings include a rise in average annual temperature of 1 degree Celsius in North Tripura and 0.5 degrees in West Tripura over the past century. Rainfall is highest from May to September during the monsoon season, with average annual rainfall of 2925.1 mm across Tripura. Spatial variations exist between the districts due to factors like elevation and land use changes.
This document provides an introduction to climatology, including definitions of key terms and branches of the field. It discusses how climatology studies the atmosphere and spatial patterns of climate. Climatology is related to both meteorology, which deals with day-to-day weather, and geography, which studies spatial climate distributions. The document also outlines the major layers of the atmosphere and characteristics of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and ozone.
Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Operating Systems II” course.
Time period: September 2004 – June 2005
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (postsecondary education), Ioannina,
Greece.
Title: Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Networks” course.
Time period: September 2005 – June 2006
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (postsecondary education), Ioannina,
Greece.
Title: Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Networks” course.
Time period: September 2006 – June 2007
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (
Increased light, moderate, and severe clear-air turbulence in response to cli...Sebastian Radu
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how climate change may increase different levels of clear-air turbulence encountered by aircraft. The study used climate model simulations to examine how the probability of light, light-to-moderate, moderate, moderate-to-severe, and severe clear-air turbulence over the North Atlantic would change if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels doubled. It found that all categories of turbulence would likely increase significantly, with light turbulence increasing by 59% on average and severe turbulence increasing by 149% on average. This suggests climate change has the potential to considerably raise turbulence risks for aviation.
This document describes a study that developed an automated classification scheme to explore links between synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and wave climate variables, specifically wave heights, along the east coast of South Africa. The algorithm uses objective functions based on wave heights to guide the classification of circulation patterns into classes that have strong links to observed wave behavior. It identifies three dominant circulation patterns that drive extreme wave events along the KwaZulu-Natal coast, explaining 50-80% of cases. One pattern is present throughout the year, while the others show some seasonality. The patterns agree with qualitative observations of wave climate drivers for the region.
This document compares in situ wind speed observations from Wave Glider deployments in the Southern Ocean to several satellite-derived and reanalysis wind products. The study finds that the ECMWF reanalysis product best represents the temporal variability of winds compared to in situ data. However, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis II product matches observed trends in deviation from the mean wind speed and best depicts the mean wind state, especially during high wind periods. Overall, the high-resolution ECMWF product performs best during lower wind conditions with lower wind speed biases across categories.
The document provides information about the Earth, including its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago, composition and structure of its atmosphere, and how the atmosphere has changed over geological time through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen through photosynthesis. It notes that the early Earth had a secondary atmosphere produced by volcanic outgassing rather than a primordial one, and that oxygen levels increased once cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis approximately 3.8 billion years ago.
This document provides an overview of the geography and climate of Tripura, India. Some key points:
- Tripura has a tropical humid climate (Koppen classification Aw) with four main seasons: winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon.
- The state has hilly terrain with five mountain ranges running north to south. Elevation ranges from 50-3,080 feet. Major rivers include the Gomati, Khowai, and Manu.
- Temperature ranges from 13-27°C in winter and 24-36°C in summer. Most rainfall occurs April-September during the monsoon season. Annual rainfall varies from 1,922-
The document summarizes the trends in temperature and rainfall in Tripura, India from 1901-2007. It analyzes temperature and rainfall data from various districts to identify patterns. Key findings include a rise in average annual temperature of 1 degree Celsius in North Tripura and 0.5 degrees in West Tripura over the past century. Rainfall is highest from May to September during the monsoon season, with average annual rainfall of 2925.1 mm across Tripura. Spatial variations exist between the districts due to factors like elevation and land use changes.
This document provides an introduction to climatology, including definitions of key terms and branches of the field. It discusses how climatology studies the atmosphere and spatial patterns of climate. Climatology is related to both meteorology, which deals with day-to-day weather, and geography, which studies spatial climate distributions. The document also outlines the major layers of the atmosphere and characteristics of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and ozone.
Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Operating Systems II” course.
Time period: September 2004 – June 2005
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (postsecondary education), Ioannina,
Greece.
Title: Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Networks” course.
Time period: September 2005 – June 2006
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (postsecondary education), Ioannina,
Greece.
Title: Tutor
Tasks:
- Teaching of the “Computer Networks” course.
Time period: September 2006 – June 2007
Company/Institute: Professional Training Institute (
Increased light, moderate, and severe clear-air turbulence in response to cli...Sebastian Radu
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how climate change may increase different levels of clear-air turbulence encountered by aircraft. The study used climate model simulations to examine how the probability of light, light-to-moderate, moderate, moderate-to-severe, and severe clear-air turbulence over the North Atlantic would change if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels doubled. It found that all categories of turbulence would likely increase significantly, with light turbulence increasing by 59% on average and severe turbulence increasing by 149% on average. This suggests climate change has the potential to considerably raise turbulence risks for aviation.
This document describes a study that developed an automated classification scheme to explore links between synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and wave climate variables, specifically wave heights, along the east coast of South Africa. The algorithm uses objective functions based on wave heights to guide the classification of circulation patterns into classes that have strong links to observed wave behavior. It identifies three dominant circulation patterns that drive extreme wave events along the KwaZulu-Natal coast, explaining 50-80% of cases. One pattern is present throughout the year, while the others show some seasonality. The patterns agree with qualitative observations of wave climate drivers for the region.
This document compares in situ wind speed observations from Wave Glider deployments in the Southern Ocean to several satellite-derived and reanalysis wind products. The study finds that the ECMWF reanalysis product best represents the temporal variability of winds compared to in situ data. However, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis II product matches observed trends in deviation from the mean wind speed and best depicts the mean wind state, especially during high wind periods. Overall, the high-resolution ECMWF product performs best during lower wind conditions with lower wind speed biases across categories.
4 Review on Different Evapotranspiration Empirical EquationsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document reviews different empirical equations used to calculate evapotranspiration (ET). It begins by defining ET and describing its importance for irrigation management. It then discusses three categories of empirical ET equations: temperature-based methods, radiation-based methods, and mass-transfer methods. Thirty equations from these categories are analyzed and compared to the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith equation, which is presented as the reference standard. Statistical analyses including R-squared, RMSE, and index of agreement are used to evaluate the performance of the other equations. The document focuses on temperature-based methods, presenting equations developed by Thornthwaite, Linacre, and Blaney-Criddle. It concludes by stating the review aims
history of meteorology/weather instruments monica bolilan
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history dating back millennia, though significant advances occurred in the 18th century with observing networks and in the 20th century with computer modeling. Meteorologists study scales ranging from micro to global, and apply their knowledge to weather forecasting, aviation safety, agriculture, hydrology, and other areas. Key instruments developed over time include barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, and others critical to observing and understanding the atmosphere.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history dating back millennia, though significant progress occurred in the 18th century with observing networks. Meteorologists work in various sectors to forecast weather and study atmospheric phenomena across micro, meso, and synoptic scales. Key instruments invented over time include the rain gauge, thermometer, barometer, hygrometer, and aneroid barometer, enabling the detailed study and prediction of weather and climate.
Atmospheric science is the study of the atmosphere, its processes, and interactions with other systems. It includes subdisciplines like atmospheric physics, chemistry, dynamics, climatology, meteorology, and the study of other planetary atmospheres. Meteorology focuses on weather forecasting and includes the study of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and their changes over time. The history of meteorology dates back thousands of years, with early contributions from cultures around the world, and major advances driven by scientific discoveries over the centuries. Modern meteorology plays an important role in fields like navigation, aviation, agriculture, and understanding climate change.
This is the paper for our final project in our Numerical Weather Prediction class. For this project, we analyzed model output from a Nested Regional Climate Model (NRCM), which is an adaptation of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW). The model output variables analyzed were outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) and precipitation (convective plus non-convective). The goal of this research project was to determine why errors were occurring in the model, and what could be done to correct them. In this paper, we provide some insight into why these errors occurred, particularly errors within the model which equaled or surpassed the overall mean climate error.
1) CGCMs are coupled general circulation models that combine atmospheric and oceanic GCMs to allow the lower boundary conditions of the atmosphere to be determined interactively by ocean processes.
2) CGCM3.1 is a third generation CGCM developed by CCCMA that runs at T47 and T63 resolutions with ocean grids of roughly 1.4x0.9 degrees and 1.85 degrees respectively.
3) A study assessed CGCM3.1's wind fields in the Persian Gulf, finding it generally underestimated wind speeds compared to ECMWF reanalysis data.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the relationship between annual increases in carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1959-2011 and the frequency of major hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean from 1992-2009. The experiment found a negative correlation between the two variables, which did not support the hypothesis that higher carbon dioxide levels would increase hurricane frequency. Methodology included formatting data sets into a spreadsheet, graphing the variables, and determining the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination to analyze the strength of the relationship between carbon dioxide increases and hurricane frequency.
Sachpazis: The Role of Terrain Characteristics In Flood Management, Attica, G...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
The document discusses the role of terrain characteristics in flood management studies in Attica, Greece. It focuses on peak storm runoff in normal and wet conditions related to catastrophic flooding events. Values were computed using empirical and Soil Conservation Service methods, referring to extreme peak storm runoff that could occur with a 50-year recurrence period. Terrain characteristics like topography, land use, soil condition, and permeability were considered. An example comparing peak runoff in two basins with different permeabilities showed a 26% difference between normal and wet conditions.
GIS based spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a along Kalpakk...IJERA Editor
This paper briefly describes the status of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a trend in Kalpakkam Coast, discusses its ecological and temperature impacts recommending measures to achieve long term sustainability using advanced tools like Geographic Information System (GIS). Present study reveals the monthly spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a at Kalpakkam. Transect based in-situ Temperature and Chlorophyll-a collected at 200m, 500m and 1 km distance into the sea was interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) method in ARC GIS. Data revealed the extent of spatial distribution of thermal effluent in Kalpakkam. It could be found that temperature range of 26.2 – 31.9°C provided substantial Chlorophyll-a concentration between 0.8 – 2.9 mg/m3 for surface and bottom waters. Further, increase of Chlorophyll-a levels did not lead to higher productivity. Combined temperature and chlorophyll a showed little synergistic effects. It is concluded that the effect of thermal discharge from the power plant into the receiving water body is quite localized and productivity of the coastal waters are not affected. From the results obtained, the spatial data has been found to be useful in determining zones of safe use of seawater and to understand the extent of relationship between the relatable parameters.
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Burntwood 2013 - Why climate models are the greatest feat of modern science, ...IES / IAQM
The IES 2013 Burntwood Lecture given by Julia Slingo from the Met Office on the topic: Why Climate Models are the greatest feat of modern science. #BWL13
Assessment of climate change impact on water availability of bilate watershed...Alexander Decker
This document assesses the impact of climate change on water availability in the Bilate watershed in Ethiopia. It uses the HadCM3 climate model and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to develop climate change scenarios for precipitation and temperature. These scenarios are input into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to simulate future streamflow. SWAT simulations indicate streamflow may decrease slightly by 3.7% for the 2011-2040 period under an A2a emissions scenario but increase up to 3.7% for the 2041-2070 period under a B2a scenario. Adopting water storage options could help address potential future water demand and flow issues.
1) The document examines the main synoptic conditions associated with extreme precipitation amounts in Greece using statistical analysis of daily precipitation data from 3 stations and atmospheric data from 273 grid points over Europe.
2) 369 extreme precipitation cases from 1970-2002 were identified, some common to multiple stations. Factor analysis was used to reduce the atmospheric data dimensions, revealing 7 factors explaining 85% of variance.
3) Cluster analysis grouped the cases into 9 clusters corresponding to distinct atmospheric circulation patterns favoring extreme precipitation. Mean patterns for each cluster show differences in the position and intensity of surface and upper air synoptic systems.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the potential of different Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) for projecting rainfall trends in Kuala Sala, Malaysia. The study used two climate projection models (SDSM and PRECIS) to generate future rainfall projections using the A2, B2 and A1B emission scenarios. The B2 scenario produced rainfall trends most similar to historical patterns, followed by the A2 scenario. The A1B scenario was found to underestimate or overestimate rainfall. Overall, annual rainfall was predicted to increase the most under the B2 scenario by 2050. Different emissions produced diverse rainfall trends due to varying levels of greenhouse gases.
The document discusses various elements and factors that affect climate:
- The main climate elements discussed are temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, topography, and wind.
- Key climate factors include latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans, and Earth's axial tilt. Latitude affects temperature, with warmer climates near the equator. Altitude influences temperature, with colder conditions at higher elevations. Being near large bodies of water moderates temperatures. Earth's tilted axis causes seasons as the hemispheres rotate toward and away from the Sun.
General circulation models (GCMs) are computer models that simulate the operation of the climate system. GCMs take into account factors like greenhouse gases, landforms, ocean currents, and their interactions. GCMs are used to both identify possible causes of climate change and predict future climate. Contemporary GCMs are complex, three-dimensional models with thousands of individual cells that simulate atmospheric and oceanic processes globally. GCMs are the best tools available for determining the potential impacts of climate change and informing conservation and policy responses.
The document defines weather elements and the factors that influence them. It states that temperature depends on hours of sun, latitude, altitude, distance from the ocean, and relief. It explains that air pressure decreases with height and that high pressure causes sunny weather while low pressure causes storms. Humidity depends on temperature, and wind is caused by the movement of air masses from colder to warmer areas. Finally, it indicates that precipitation forms as water evaporates and rises into clouds, then falls as rain, snow, or hail, with more precipitation closer to the equator, sea, or mountains.
This document discusses the four main branches of Earth science: meteorology, astronomy, geology, and oceanography. It then provides further information about each branch, including definitions and examples. Throughout the document, various Earth science concepts are defined and explained such as the water cycle, plate tectonics, weather tools, and the scientific method. Photos related to each topic are included.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and its phenomena like weather and climate. The field has a long history dating back to ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle. Significant advances occurred in the 18th-19th centuries with the development of observing networks. Modern meteorology relies on computer modeling and uses various instruments like anemometers, barometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, and thermometers to measure key variables like wind speed, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, and temperature. Meteorology has practical applications in fields like aviation, agriculture, hydrology, and maritime industries.
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
The document discusses different types of hypothesis testing and t-tests. It defines a hypothesis as a statement that can be tested scientifically to relate independent and dependent variables. There are three main types of t-tests: a one-sample t-test compares a sample mean to a known population mean; an independent samples t-test compares the means of two independent groups; and a paired samples t-test compares the means of the same group across different measures or times. The t-test evaluates whether the means of two groups are statistically different by taking into account the sample variations and sizes.
Multiplication Board Game - Say Cheese. 14 times more math practicelogicroots
This document provides a teacher guide for using the Logic Roots math game "Ocean Raiders" in the classroom. It outlines the steps teachers should take before, during, and after game play sessions. The guide is divided into 5 sections that detail activities like forming student groups, setting up the game room, introducing game rules, observing students during play, and providing feedback after each session. The overall goal is to help teachers structure game sessions so students get maximum math practice in a fun, engaging way.
4 Review on Different Evapotranspiration Empirical EquationsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document reviews different empirical equations used to calculate evapotranspiration (ET). It begins by defining ET and describing its importance for irrigation management. It then discusses three categories of empirical ET equations: temperature-based methods, radiation-based methods, and mass-transfer methods. Thirty equations from these categories are analyzed and compared to the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith equation, which is presented as the reference standard. Statistical analyses including R-squared, RMSE, and index of agreement are used to evaluate the performance of the other equations. The document focuses on temperature-based methods, presenting equations developed by Thornthwaite, Linacre, and Blaney-Criddle. It concludes by stating the review aims
history of meteorology/weather instruments monica bolilan
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history dating back millennia, though significant advances occurred in the 18th century with observing networks and in the 20th century with computer modeling. Meteorologists study scales ranging from micro to global, and apply their knowledge to weather forecasting, aviation safety, agriculture, hydrology, and other areas. Key instruments developed over time include barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, and others critical to observing and understanding the atmosphere.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history dating back millennia, though significant progress occurred in the 18th century with observing networks. Meteorologists work in various sectors to forecast weather and study atmospheric phenomena across micro, meso, and synoptic scales. Key instruments invented over time include the rain gauge, thermometer, barometer, hygrometer, and aneroid barometer, enabling the detailed study and prediction of weather and climate.
Atmospheric science is the study of the atmosphere, its processes, and interactions with other systems. It includes subdisciplines like atmospheric physics, chemistry, dynamics, climatology, meteorology, and the study of other planetary atmospheres. Meteorology focuses on weather forecasting and includes the study of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and their changes over time. The history of meteorology dates back thousands of years, with early contributions from cultures around the world, and major advances driven by scientific discoveries over the centuries. Modern meteorology plays an important role in fields like navigation, aviation, agriculture, and understanding climate change.
This is the paper for our final project in our Numerical Weather Prediction class. For this project, we analyzed model output from a Nested Regional Climate Model (NRCM), which is an adaptation of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW). The model output variables analyzed were outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) and precipitation (convective plus non-convective). The goal of this research project was to determine why errors were occurring in the model, and what could be done to correct them. In this paper, we provide some insight into why these errors occurred, particularly errors within the model which equaled or surpassed the overall mean climate error.
1) CGCMs are coupled general circulation models that combine atmospheric and oceanic GCMs to allow the lower boundary conditions of the atmosphere to be determined interactively by ocean processes.
2) CGCM3.1 is a third generation CGCM developed by CCCMA that runs at T47 and T63 resolutions with ocean grids of roughly 1.4x0.9 degrees and 1.85 degrees respectively.
3) A study assessed CGCM3.1's wind fields in the Persian Gulf, finding it generally underestimated wind speeds compared to ECMWF reanalysis data.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the relationship between annual increases in carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1959-2011 and the frequency of major hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean from 1992-2009. The experiment found a negative correlation between the two variables, which did not support the hypothesis that higher carbon dioxide levels would increase hurricane frequency. Methodology included formatting data sets into a spreadsheet, graphing the variables, and determining the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination to analyze the strength of the relationship between carbon dioxide increases and hurricane frequency.
Sachpazis: The Role of Terrain Characteristics In Flood Management, Attica, G...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
The document discusses the role of terrain characteristics in flood management studies in Attica, Greece. It focuses on peak storm runoff in normal and wet conditions related to catastrophic flooding events. Values were computed using empirical and Soil Conservation Service methods, referring to extreme peak storm runoff that could occur with a 50-year recurrence period. Terrain characteristics like topography, land use, soil condition, and permeability were considered. An example comparing peak runoff in two basins with different permeabilities showed a 26% difference between normal and wet conditions.
GIS based spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a along Kalpakk...IJERA Editor
This paper briefly describes the status of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a trend in Kalpakkam Coast, discusses its ecological and temperature impacts recommending measures to achieve long term sustainability using advanced tools like Geographic Information System (GIS). Present study reveals the monthly spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a at Kalpakkam. Transect based in-situ Temperature and Chlorophyll-a collected at 200m, 500m and 1 km distance into the sea was interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) method in ARC GIS. Data revealed the extent of spatial distribution of thermal effluent in Kalpakkam. It could be found that temperature range of 26.2 – 31.9°C provided substantial Chlorophyll-a concentration between 0.8 – 2.9 mg/m3 for surface and bottom waters. Further, increase of Chlorophyll-a levels did not lead to higher productivity. Combined temperature and chlorophyll a showed little synergistic effects. It is concluded that the effect of thermal discharge from the power plant into the receiving water body is quite localized and productivity of the coastal waters are not affected. From the results obtained, the spatial data has been found to be useful in determining zones of safe use of seawater and to understand the extent of relationship between the relatable parameters.
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Burntwood 2013 - Why climate models are the greatest feat of modern science, ...IES / IAQM
The IES 2013 Burntwood Lecture given by Julia Slingo from the Met Office on the topic: Why Climate Models are the greatest feat of modern science. #BWL13
Assessment of climate change impact on water availability of bilate watershed...Alexander Decker
This document assesses the impact of climate change on water availability in the Bilate watershed in Ethiopia. It uses the HadCM3 climate model and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to develop climate change scenarios for precipitation and temperature. These scenarios are input into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to simulate future streamflow. SWAT simulations indicate streamflow may decrease slightly by 3.7% for the 2011-2040 period under an A2a emissions scenario but increase up to 3.7% for the 2041-2070 period under a B2a scenario. Adopting water storage options could help address potential future water demand and flow issues.
1) The document examines the main synoptic conditions associated with extreme precipitation amounts in Greece using statistical analysis of daily precipitation data from 3 stations and atmospheric data from 273 grid points over Europe.
2) 369 extreme precipitation cases from 1970-2002 were identified, some common to multiple stations. Factor analysis was used to reduce the atmospheric data dimensions, revealing 7 factors explaining 85% of variance.
3) Cluster analysis grouped the cases into 9 clusters corresponding to distinct atmospheric circulation patterns favoring extreme precipitation. Mean patterns for each cluster show differences in the position and intensity of surface and upper air synoptic systems.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the potential of different Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) for projecting rainfall trends in Kuala Sala, Malaysia. The study used two climate projection models (SDSM and PRECIS) to generate future rainfall projections using the A2, B2 and A1B emission scenarios. The B2 scenario produced rainfall trends most similar to historical patterns, followed by the A2 scenario. The A1B scenario was found to underestimate or overestimate rainfall. Overall, annual rainfall was predicted to increase the most under the B2 scenario by 2050. Different emissions produced diverse rainfall trends due to varying levels of greenhouse gases.
The document discusses various elements and factors that affect climate:
- The main climate elements discussed are temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, topography, and wind.
- Key climate factors include latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans, and Earth's axial tilt. Latitude affects temperature, with warmer climates near the equator. Altitude influences temperature, with colder conditions at higher elevations. Being near large bodies of water moderates temperatures. Earth's tilted axis causes seasons as the hemispheres rotate toward and away from the Sun.
General circulation models (GCMs) are computer models that simulate the operation of the climate system. GCMs take into account factors like greenhouse gases, landforms, ocean currents, and their interactions. GCMs are used to both identify possible causes of climate change and predict future climate. Contemporary GCMs are complex, three-dimensional models with thousands of individual cells that simulate atmospheric and oceanic processes globally. GCMs are the best tools available for determining the potential impacts of climate change and informing conservation and policy responses.
The document defines weather elements and the factors that influence them. It states that temperature depends on hours of sun, latitude, altitude, distance from the ocean, and relief. It explains that air pressure decreases with height and that high pressure causes sunny weather while low pressure causes storms. Humidity depends on temperature, and wind is caused by the movement of air masses from colder to warmer areas. Finally, it indicates that precipitation forms as water evaporates and rises into clouds, then falls as rain, snow, or hail, with more precipitation closer to the equator, sea, or mountains.
This document discusses the four main branches of Earth science: meteorology, astronomy, geology, and oceanography. It then provides further information about each branch, including definitions and examples. Throughout the document, various Earth science concepts are defined and explained such as the water cycle, plate tectonics, weather tools, and the scientific method. Photos related to each topic are included.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and its phenomena like weather and climate. The field has a long history dating back to ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle. Significant advances occurred in the 18th-19th centuries with the development of observing networks. Modern meteorology relies on computer modeling and uses various instruments like anemometers, barometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, and thermometers to measure key variables like wind speed, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, and temperature. Meteorology has practical applications in fields like aviation, agriculture, hydrology, and maritime industries.
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
The document discusses different types of hypothesis testing and t-tests. It defines a hypothesis as a statement that can be tested scientifically to relate independent and dependent variables. There are three main types of t-tests: a one-sample t-test compares a sample mean to a known population mean; an independent samples t-test compares the means of two independent groups; and a paired samples t-test compares the means of the same group across different measures or times. The t-test evaluates whether the means of two groups are statistically different by taking into account the sample variations and sizes.
Multiplication Board Game - Say Cheese. 14 times more math practicelogicroots
This document provides a teacher guide for using the Logic Roots math game "Ocean Raiders" in the classroom. It outlines the steps teachers should take before, during, and after game play sessions. The guide is divided into 5 sections that detail activities like forming student groups, setting up the game room, introducing game rules, observing students during play, and providing feedback after each session. The overall goal is to help teachers structure game sessions so students get maximum math practice in a fun, engaging way.
Flipped Classrooms, Activities, and Tasks in the Classroom for session with K...Robert Dickey
The document discusses flipped classrooms and task-based language learning. It defines what tasks are according to various scholars like Willis, Ellis, and Nunan. Tasks involve using language communicatively to achieve an outcome. The document outlines the three stages of task-based language learning: pre-task, task, and post-task. It provides examples of activities for each stage, including preparation, task performance, and reflection. Challenges of the flipped classroom and task-based approach are also mentioned such as issues of time, technology, and tradition.
This document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior regarding the purchase of Avon products in Malaysia, specifically among women. It finds that culture, cosmetic attributes, and brand loyalty are key factors. Malaysian culture places importance on beauty, driving women to purchase cosmetics. Important attributes for consumers include quality, texture, colors, and lack of side effects. Avon has long been popular in Malaysia since the 1970s due to brand loyalty stemming from quality products and a foundation of trust among consumers. While Avon lacks formal halal certification, it addresses Muslim consumers by using non-animal ingredients, maintaining its standing despite increased scrutiny of halal cosmetics in Malaysia.
The Current Relevance of Materiality: Voluntary Reporting, Fraud, Blockchain ...inventionjournals
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Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 12||December. 2016 || PP.61-73
www.ijhssi.org 61 | Page
Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in
Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
Muhammet Topuz1*
, Murat Karabulut2
1
Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Geography Department Hatay 31040, Turkey;
2
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Geography Department
Kahramanmaras 46100, Turkey.
ABSTRACT: Due to its mechanism and effects, climatic events have been significant facts for humanbeings
all times. In this study,the interrelation between the extreme climatic events in Antakya, air masses and, their
routes was examined. Using the data related with extreme climatic events received from Turkish State
Meteorological Service (TSMS) and NOAA HYSPLIT model (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated
Trajectory), it was aimed to determine the relation between air masses their routes, and the extreme climatic
events in Antakya. The routes of air masses that generate the extreme climatic conditions in 96 hours back
trajectory plane at 500, 1500 and 3000m heights, according to HYSPLIT model, are given to enable the
comparison in terms of altitude and event. During the analysis carried out for various climatic parameters, it
was determined that Siberian and Azore anticyclone played an active role for maximum and minimum
temperatures, maximum precipitation, and highest snow thickness and during fastest wind periods. The field of
study was influenced by the continental polar air mass during the periods of heavy colds in particular, when
Azore dynamic cyclone was dominant the highest pluvial period as a flood disaster has been occurred.
Furthermore, it was understood that extreme climatic conditions, in particular maximum precipitation periods
resulted in severe material damages in the territory.
Keywords: Extreme climatic conditions, Air masses, HYSPLIT model, Antakya.
I. INTRODUCTION
No doubt that climate, which influences many of the activities of human beings on earth, includes the
extreme events in its scope of inspection. (Turkes, 2001). Even if it is not right to construe the extreme climatic
events as a herald for climatic change based on current data, it is more important to raise concern over the
subject and to take such a possibility into consideration (Turkes, 2001). Extreme air and climatic events have
become more conspicuous in recent years for causing great loss of life and property (Changnon et al, 1999;
Easterling et al, 1999; Rodrigues et al, 2006) and many scientific researches were conducted over the issue
(Vellinga and Versevel, 2000; Alpert et al, 2002; Sensoy et al, 2004; Thomas et al, 2007; Karl and Easterling,
2009; CDC, 2011; Samuels et al, 2011; IPCC, 2012; Sillmann et al, 2013; Herring et al, 2014). Regardless of
frequency, substantial effects of any extreme climatic event on natural and human life caused many regional
studies to be conducted related with the issue (Zhang et al, 2005).
Either extreme or normal, climatic events in Turkey are influenced by the status of pressure centres and
the seasonal changes of air masses coming from different directions (Ardel et al, 1969; Erinc, 1996; Turkes,
2006; Erol, 2014). And various atmospheric oscillations in particular North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) arising
as a result of interrelation oceans and atmosphere are held responsible for such changes (Turkes and Erlat, 2006;
Turkes, 2010; Lopez et al, 2011; Karakoc and Tagil 2014; Topuz et al, 2014). Turkey which is included in the
zones of influence that vary depending on seasons shows characteristics of a transition zone. Maximum
precipitations are one of the primary climatic events that occur in Turkey.
While the annual precipitation in Turkey varies %13,8 and % 35,6 (Turkes, 2006), this rate of change
for the Mediterranean Region which includes the study zone is %25 according to Olgen (2010). Kocman
(1993), drew attention on the fact that the areas with change coefficient varying from 20% to 25% have an
extensive coverage.
This coefficient pattern was found as % 26 for Antakya station which is included in the field of study.
Even though there is no direct relation between coefficient of variation and extreme climatic events, it can be
claimed that extreme climatic events occur more frequently in the middle latitudes with higher coefficient of
variation (Peterson et al, 2012).
Extreme climatic events are influenced by the positions of pressure centres. Siberian thermic high and
Monsoon thermic low pressure centres and Iceland, Aleut dynamic low and Azores and Hawaii dynamic high
pressure centres are dominant pressure centres in the Northern Hemisphere where Turkey is also located
(Turkes and Erlat, 2003; Krichak and Alpert, 2005; Turkes and Erlat, 2005; Wickens, 2013). Low altitude (for
ex: 500 m) dominant air streams are mostly influenced by Siberian anticyclone, polar front cyclones and
2. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
www.ijhssi.org 62 | Page
Mediterranean cyclones (Turkes, 2010). There are many studies containing air masses and climatic
characteristics, trends and prediction models that are effective in the Mediterranean and East Mediterranean
Regions (Attard et al, 1996; Bethoux et al, 1999; Xoplaki et al, 2003; Karabulut and Cosun 2009; Karabulut,
2012). Alpert et al (2008), While a change in average temperatures for the Mediterranean for 100 years in a
range of 1,5 to 4 C˚ is predicted, they stated that a negative trend has been dominant for the precipitations for
the last 50 years.
The climatic conditions in the period between October and May which many extreme climatic events
occur in Turkey is directed by the frontal systems depended on the air masses that reach to Mediterranean basin
from various regions and anticyclone formations. (Kocman, 1993; Turkes, 2010). The air mass with a maritime
polar (mP) characteristic that heads for the Mediterranean is the air mass that influences Mediterranean most
frequently and for the longest period during this period. This air mass may sometimes stay in the Mediterranean
basin for as long as it could gain new characteristics and modifies. This air mass also called as “Mediterranean
Air Mass (MED)” is marked as unstable due to rise of temperature and increase of humidity content (Kocman,
1993).
In Turkey, west and northwest bound streams in general are generated by middle latitude cyclones
formed throughout the polar front and northeast and east bound streams are generated by Siberian anticyclone
(Erinc, 1996; Turkes, 2010; Erol, 2014). Turkes (2010), precipitations observed in East Mediterranean region,
which were also included in the field of study, are related more with middle latitude cyclones since Azore
anticyclone origin maritime Tropical (mT) masses rarely pass to the east and north of West Europe during the
winter period.
Climatology studies are among the most common area of the use of spatial technologies. Climatic
modelling that accelerated with global climate changes have become more important in our time. HYSPLIT
trajectory model that enables monitoring of the trajectories of air masses with different period options both
retroactively and prospectively was preferred in this study due to the practicability. This model was used during
this study to determine the relation between the extreme climatic events occurring in Antakya and the
trajectories of air masses.
II. STUDY AREAAND DATAANALYSIS
Study area includes Hatay province where is the southernmost of Turkey. It is surrounded by the
Mediterranean from the west and, Syria from south and east (Fig. 1). In Antakya, in general, Mediterranean
climate type which is dry and hot in summer and warm and rainy in winter, is observed (Korkmaz and Faki,
2009). However, there is a differentiation among the meteorological measurement stations due to topographical
reasons (Aytac and Semenderoglu, 2014). Amanus Mountains serve such as a barrier between the internal parts
and the mild effects of the Mediterranean. While annual temperature averages vary between 15 ᴼC and 20ᴼC the
annual average of precipitations vary between 562 mm and 1216 mm. Precipitations are concentrated
commonly in winter period and July and August are the months with highest temperature (Korkmaz 2008;
Korkmaz, 2009a; Karatas and Korkmaz, 2012). The field of study is includes the Mediterranean precipitation
zone which is one of the Turkey’s precipitation zones formed by Turkes and Tatli (2011) by using spectral
clustering method. The precipitations in the region in general are influenced by Mediterranean basin originated
from frontal low pressure systems and Azore high pressure systems (Turkes and Tatli, 2011).
Based on Thornthwaite method Antakya has semi-humid, mesothermal third degree climatic
characteristics with overwhelming lack of water in summer and close to maritime conditions (C2 B'3 s2 b'3),
(Korkmaz, 2009b). Antakya has humid climate properties according to De Martonne and Gottman’s annual
drought index is based on the relation between the temperature and precipitation (value: 20.84), and Erinc
annual precipitation index value (value: 48.23).
Fig. 1 The location of Hatay
3. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
www.ijhssi.org 63 | Page
In this study climatic data received from General Directorate of Meteorological Services (1950-2014)
were used as a material (Table 1). And HYSPLIT model was used as a method.
Table. 1 Extreme Climatic Events in Antakya (Source: TSMS)
EXTREME EVENT VALUE DATE
LOWEST TEMPERATURE -14.6 C˚ 15.01.1950
HIGHEST TEMPERATURE 43.9C˚ 26.08.1962
MAXIMUM WIND 121,7 km/hr 13.01.1968
MAXIMUM SNOW THICKNESS 20 cm 22.01.1972
MAXIMUM PRECİPİTATİON 432,1 kg/m² 09.05.2001
FROST THAT OCCURRED IN TURKEY IN GENERAL 30.03.2014
HYSPLIT model is used in air mass monitoring and aerosol transportation studies as well as air mass
trajectories (Heinzherling, 2005; Nyanganyura et al, 2008; Anil et al, 2009; Dreher, 2009; Rozwadowska et al,
2010; Chen et al, 2013; Yuksel, et al, 2013; Diaz et al, 2014; Vijayakumar and Devara, 2014). Some researchers
used the HYSPLIT back trajectory modelling to investigate when and where is the heavy material in air,
(Lammel et al., 2006). Draxler, developer of HYSPLIT model, modelled the distribution of volcano ashes
arising out of the volcano eruption in Iceland in April 2010 and the nuclear station event in Japan in 2011
(NOAA, 2014). Simsek et al., (2014) simulated, the transportation and storage of 137CS element by using
HYSPLIT model after Chernobyl disaster which took place in 1986 in Ukraine and which had adverse effects in
many of neighbour countries and tried to determine its effects on Anatolian peninsula. Steinhauser et al (2014),
also examined the environmental impacts of Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents by using HYSPLIT
model. Vecchiato et al (2015), examined the formation and movement directions of permanent organic
contaminants in the Antarctic by HYSPLIT model.
According to Dreher (2009), HYSPLIT is a model which provides atmospheric trajectories, complex
dispersion, and concentration simulations by using Lagrangian mechanic. Heinzerling (2005) claimed that,
almost all meteorological models are initial products of computational fluid dynamics programs and then it was
modified to a more realistic method.
By using HYSPLIT model, spatial synoptic classification can also be performed other than the
trajectory studies of air contaminants (Jorba et al, 2004; Hondula et al, 2010). Meteorological aspects of flood
and freshets are also evaluated by using this method (Karabulut et al, 2007; Gustafsson et al, 2010; Alexander et
al, 2012; Swiatek, 2013). There are also studies examining the relation of temporal changes of precipitations
and atmospheric steam and the trajectories of air masses (Dirican et al, 2003). Furthermore, movement
directions of desert dusts can also be examined with this model (Escudero et al, 2006; Francis, 2011; Wang et al,
2011; Escudero et al, 2011). Rozwadowska et al., (2010) states that, analysis carried out in altitudes close to
earth may provide more real-like results by including the topographical conditions into the modelling process.
Therefore, in this study 3 different potential altitude levels as 500, 1500 and 3000 m. were used. Reanalysis
database of HYSPLIT model was used in the study and retroactive trajectories were monitored.
Initially, the original location and the route followed before reaching the region of the air mass that
causes the extreme climatic conditions were modelled at 500, 1500 and 3000 m levels in 96 hours before the
date when the extreme climatic conditions were recorded. And then the meteorograms were produced and
trajectories were visualised in Arcmap environment.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The routes of the air mass which are active in the periods with lowest and highest temperatures,
maximum snow thickness and strongest winds were determined by HYSPLIT model during the study.
3.1 Extreme Precipitation
The route of air mass on May 5th, 2001 when Antakya experienced the greatest amount of
precipitation (432 kg/m²) is given in 3 different altitude levels according to HYSPLIT model. As it can be seen
in Figure 2, when such amount of snow is examined at 500 m level, it is understood that this was caused by an
air mass moved from the Atlantic Ocean towards the Mediterranean passing through Gibraltar and Alboran
Channel.
4. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Fig. 2 Trajectories of air masses in the period with maximum precipitation (500, 1500 and 3000 m)
Unstable maritime polar (mPu) air masses and middle latitude and Mediterranean cyclones that are
dominant in winter time in the Mediterranean climatic zone, which also includes Antakya are related with the
winter precipitations that form the major part of annual precipitations (Turkes, 2010). The air mass where
maximum precipitation can be monitored is the MED according to Kocman (1993). According to Turkes
(2010), whereas this MED is basically polar originated and named for staying such for a long time in the
Mediterranean basin and acquiring new characteristics. The level of instability increases depending on the
increasing temperature and humidity content of this air mass due to thermodynamic modification (Turkes,
2010).
The metorogram for the period with maximum precipitation in Antakya is given below according to
HYSPLIT model (Figure 3a and 3b).
Figure 3a. The meteorogram for the period with maximum precipitation according to HYSPLIT model
5. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 3b. Precipitation figures related with the period with maximum precipitation (Source: TSMS)
This event that took place in May 2001 was recorded in TBMM (Turkish Grand National Assembly)
minutes as “severely damaged housings 102, workplaces 20; moderately damaged housings 87 and workplaces
32; slightly damaged housings 1951 and work places 75 being a total of 2267 housings and workplaces and the
total amount of damage is estimated to be around $21.5 billion” (TBMM, 2001).
3.2 Extreme Wind Speed
One of the extreme climatic events in Antakya was the strong wind on January 1968. The route of air
mass on January 13th, 1968 when the wind speed was maximum in Antakya is given according to HYSPLIT
model at 500, 1500 and 3000 m levels (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Trajectories of air masses in the period with, according to HYSPLIT model, highest wind speed (500,
1500 and 3000m)
The windmill for the period with maximum wind speed in Antakya is given (Figure 5). Even though
the tracks of trajectories differ from modelling made for air streams at different altitudes, there is a movement
from west through east and northeast influenced by the west winds (Figure 5).
6. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 5. Windmill for the period with maximum wind speed according to HYSPLIT model
3.3 Extreme Snow Thickness
The routes of air mass on January 22, 1972 in Antakya when the snow thickness achieved the highest
level (20 cm) are given for air streams at different altitudes (Figure 6). Due to the accuracy the starting time of
trajectory is important. Because if the trajectory analysis is started with wrong start time, the true results cannot
be reached. For example if we had started time of the trajectory on 22 may, it was that shown air mass came
from mP region. But it came from cP exactly. According to Turkes (2010), cPK air mass, which subject to the
thermodynamic modification by increasing the humidity content and temperature while passing over Black Sea,
can be marked as cPKu. This cPK air mass brings heavy precipitations on the coasts of the Mediterranean by
the influence of orographic lifting upon meeting the Mediterranean basin along the warm front of a
Mediterranean cyclone which is bound to northeast starting from East Mediterranean. The precipitations are in
the form of a snow in the interior and eastern regions. (Turkes, 2010). This snow may be related with a sudden
cooling by observing the meteorogram (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Meteorogram for the period with, according to HYSPLIT model, maximum snow thickness
7. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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3.4 Extreme Maximum Temperature
The route of air mass on August 26, 1962 when, the temperature in Antakya, reached to maximum
(43,9 ˚C) according to HYSPLIT model, is given below at 500, 1500 and 3000 m altitudes (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Tracks of trajectories of air masses during the period when, according to HYSPLIT model, maximum
temperature was achieved (500, 1500 and 3000 m)
There is a sudden increase of temperature and downfall of pressure as it can be seen in the
meteorogram for this period (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Meteorogram for the period with, according to HYSPLIT model, maximum temperature
3.5 Extreme Minimum Temperature
According to HYSPLIT model the route of air mass, in Antakya, on January 15, 1950 when the
temperature was measured as the minimum (-14, 6 ˚C) is given below at 500, 1500 and 3000 m altitudes (Figure
10). It is possible that an air mass with continental polar (cP) characteristic became stable, according to (Turkes
2010), depending on its track over low land covered with snow and resulted in temperature inversions. The
situation when temperature falls, pressure increases and thinning of air can be seen in Figure 11.
8. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 10. The tracks of trajectories of air masses in the period when, according to HYSPLIT model, the
minimum temperature is achieved. (500, 1500 and 3000 m)
Figure 11. Meteorogram for the period when, according to HYSPLIT model, minimum temperature is achieved
3.6 Frost Events in All of Regions of Turkey
Heavy cold, storm and frost events that influenced almost all regions of Turkey on March 29 and 30
had adverse effects on many sectors, particularly on agriculture. There were no casualties however a major part
of Turkey mainly Malatya, Kahramanmaras (particularly Nurhak), Ankara, Mersin (particularly Tarsus) were
affected by these adverse climatic conditions and a motion was submitted, by the members of the parliament of
the regions, for the material support of the regions that suffered damage pursuant to The Law Nr: 2090
Concerning the Aids to Farmers suffering from Natural Disasters (www2.tbmm.gov.tr). It is important in terms
of the measures to be taken and planning, being aware of the incoming route, direction etc., and characteristics
of an air mass that caused such an enormous damage. For this purpose by using HYSPLIT trajectory model the
air mass incoming route that influenced the entire Turkey was examined (Figure 12). It is understood that an air
mass coming from Arctic region in the north is responsible for the climatic events that took place on March 30,
2014 when the air movement at 500 m altitude is taken into consideration.
9. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 12. The trajectories of air mass, according to HYSPLIT model, on March 30,2014 (500, 1500 and 3000
m)
Figure 13. Meteorogram, according to HYSPLIT model, for March 30, 2014
As seen in figure 13, measurement parameters digressed from the normal course on March 30, 2014
and became abnormal. Here, the sudden increase of wind force depending on the pressure gradient difference
becomes remarkable.
The diagram for the tempest on March 30, 2014 is given in Figure 14. As it can be noticed the
maximum pressure gradient difference took place at the night of March 29, 2014. The wind that mostly blew
from southwest (southwester) changed its direction from time to time within the same day.
10. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 14. The windmill, according to HYSPLIT model, for March 30, 2014
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this study, it was established that the extreme climatic events in Antakya are related with the air
masses and their routes. The field of this study influenced by the continental polar air mass during periods with
heavy colds in particular, when Azore dynamic cyclone was dominant the highest pluvial period as a flood
disaster has been occurred.
Although we can state the practicability of HYSPLIT model for the analysis of extreme climatic
events, the analysis periods in particular for snowfall and meteorological parameters measured cumulatively
should be chosen carefully. Otherwise incorrect results may be obtained. If the analysis is conducted at low
height levels includes the topographical characteristics into the process (Rozwadowska et al., 2010) and many
climatic events occurring close to the surface (Turkes, 2010) it allows more correct results be accomplished. It
is also useful to monitor the trajectories of air streams at different altitude. Therefore, 3 different altitude (500,
1500 and 3000 m) were used in the present study.
It is impossible to link extreme climatic events directly to the climatic change based on the current
data. However it would be helpful to examine the extreme climatic conditions climatologically taking this
possibility into consideration.
The routes of air masses that generate the extreme climatic conditions in 96 hours back trajectory plane
at 500, 1500 and 3000 m levels, according to HYSPLIT model, are given in a manner to enable comparison in
terms of altitude (m) and event (Figure 15).
11. Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey)
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Figure 15. The routes of ait masses during the extreme climatic events in Antakya (500, 1500, 3000 m)
Extreme climatic events spark off significant loss of life and property by leading to sudden natural
disasters. Antakya is an important location/geography/region to host such natural disasters for numerous times..
We can list the following recommendations to minimize the possible damages and danger that may arise
extreme climatic conditions:
a) To improve the accuracy and reliability of data obtained by increasing the number and enhancing the
qualities of the stations.
b) To develop a common database to enable / facilitate data exchange of various state organizations.
c) To create a data integration system adding the measurements done by others (measurements done at the
universities or on large agricultural lands) to the measurements records of General Directorate of
Meteorological Services.
d) To generate a more frequent measurement network to determine the changes taking place in the short term.
e) To assess, the results of the measurements by various statistical methods after checking and recording,
together with the routes, effects and frequencies of air masses and to develop a prediction mechanism.
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