Ppt on variables of tempratures and rainfalls

1. “TRENDS OF CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN
TRIPURA (1901-2007)”
COURSE NO. GEOC-401(DISSERTATION)
PRESENTED BY SUMIT GHARTY
ROLL NO.G-152
REGISTRATION NO. 4111(2012-2013)
SUPERVISOR: PROF. P.G MOMIN
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF HUMAN AND ENVIRIONMENTAL SCIENCE
NORTH-EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY
SHILLONG-790022

2. INTRODUCTION
Climate is an important element of the physical environment of man for which
all of his activities depends on it .The word “climate” is derived from Greek
word ‘kilma’ which means ‘inclination’ and is defined as the average weather
condition over a longer period of time .
Weather the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards
heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain.
According To Wladimir koppen and ‘climate is a summary, a composite of
weather condition over a long period of time; truly portrayed, it includes details
of variations-extremes, frequencies, sequences of the weather elements which
occur from year to year, particularly in TEMPERATURE and PRECIPITATION’.
TRIPURA is one of the seven states in North-eastern part of India. It is bounded
on the north, west; south and south east by Bangladesh where as in the east
with Assam and Mizoram. It has hot humid type of climate (koppen), (Aw). The
undulating topography leads to local variations, particularly in the hill ranges.

3. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
C.S Thornthwaite (1961) in his article “The Task Ahead”. He had given a comprehensive
and systematic analysis of climate. He was of the opinion that the climatic
characteristics of a region of the world depends on the nature of exchange of
momentum, heat as well as the moisture of the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Thus
the climate or locality represented the equilibrium between the receipt and the
expenditure of the radiant heat as well as moisture. According to him, it is the heat
and moisture of the area that explains the climate.
A.P.M Baede (2001) in his book “THE CLIMATE SYSTEM: AN OVER VIEW”, weather and
the climate profoundly influence life on the earth. Human experience them everyday
.As both climate and weather are essential for health ,food production, and well being
not only weather but also human induced climate change can a matter of some
concern. Climate varies from place to place and depends on altitude, distance from
the sea, vegetation, and presence or absence of mountains, or other geographical
factors.

4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
weather is a dynamic phenomenon. It keeps on changing; and frequently
changes. These are mainly due to the variation in quantity, intensity, distribution
of the elements of the weather and climate. Similarly, there are variations in
climatic conditions from one place to another. The factors that control the
elements include altitude, altitude, unequal distribution of land and water, ocean
currents, air pressure and winds, mountain barrier, nature ground water.
With all these factors the main significance of the study is to attempt to show
and find the variation of elements of climatic conditions in the past century and to
analyse it. As we know, that Tripura falls under tropical type of climate, CYCLONE,
STORMS and Thunderstorms are common in pre-monsoon seasons and all these
are affected by the factors, it is on a changing track of its climatic and weather
condition, years after years; with the climate change of the earth. This is the main
environment issue of the contemporary world.

5. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
OBJECTIVE 1.
To understand the climatic characteristics of the region, and to show the
relation between temperature and rainfall, (1901-2007).
OBJECTIVE 2.
To highlight the distributional pattern of RAINFALL and TEMPERATURE of the
Districts.

6. LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
Tripura is a blocked-in hilly state with elevation ranging from (12 to 900 m) above sea
level. It shares its borders with Assam and Mizoram on the east and Bangladesh on the
north, west, and south. It is only accessible through the Cachar district of Assam and
Aizawl district of Mizoram to the rest of the country. Tripura is situated between the
latitudes of 22°56'N - 24°32'N and the longitudes of 90°09'E - 92°10'E. With an area of
10,492 sq. km Tripura is the third smallest state of the country. It measures about 184
km from north to south and 113 km from east to west. The physiography is
characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The stat has five anticline ranges of hills
running north to south.

7. Location Of the Study Area

8. DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY
With the aspects of climatic conditions of the area, the main focus of the
research is to elaborate the general results from the secondary data collected
from different source.
SOURCE: www.govportal.in
: Articles and state portal reports.
:www.google.com
METHOD USED: STATISTICAL METHOD
1.The data base has to be rigour sly checked and put into represented forms and
calculated in order to get rid of the erroneous data.
2.The profile of yearly data recorded for temperature and precipitation has to be
prepared and analysed.
3.The data recorded has been analysed through; Methods like statistical
techniques, cartographic techniques, flow charts, bar diagram, line diagram and
maps have been applied.

9. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

10. TRENDS OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
The climate of Tripura is influenced by its location in the north eastern part of India.
The climate in Tripura displays characteristics that are typical of the hilly and
mountainous region. The change in the topographical features of the region also
causes a change in the climatic conditions in Tripura. The state of Tripura influences
a monsoonal climate with the well demarcated sub tropical and temperate zones.
The state of Tripura influences four distinguishable seasons.
1.WINTER SEASON : (WINTER)DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY
2.PRE- MONSOON : (SUMMER) MARCH TO APRIL
3.MONSOON : (MONSOON RAINY) MAY TO SEPTEMBER
4.RETREATING MONSOON: (AUTUMN) OCTOBER –NOVEMBER

11. OBJECTIVE 1.
To understand the climatic characteristics of the region, and to show the relation
between temperature and rainfall, (1901-2007).
Thermal characteristics of the study area (temperature)
Temperature is an independent variable among the climatic elements. Temperature
variation causes corresponding changes in the pressure distribution and consequently
in wind direction and its velocity which controls atmospheric humidity, condensation,
formation of clouds, and their drafting in the sky, precipitation, and storms. Either
directly or indirectly controls the weather elements.
MONTHS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1901 MAX 24.9335 27.1195 29.714 31.3525 30.65675 30.02375 29.53725 29.63075 29.95325 29.942 27.658 25.73125
MIN 11.51375 14.367 18.93225 23.628 24.129 25.481 25.32975 25.19775 25.239 23.805 18.05775 13.461
1930 MAX 23.72225 27.561 30.4785 32.00625 31.791 30.0115 30.5205 30.17075 31.346 30.14825 28.16175 25.66025
MIN 10.717 14.42175 19.22725 22.58825 24.3455 24.5545 24.9815 25.19575 26.07925 22.97925 18.611 13.244
1960 MAX 25.55375 29.84625 31.4155 35.0045 34.33525 31.15425 29.421 31.401 30.98175 30.99825 28.171 26.13525
MIN 11.32925 13.6685 17.37975 23.12375 24.82375 25.03075 24.76525 25.20075 24.5235 23.04075 17.5435 13.72775
1990 MAX 25.4985 27.19725 27.794 30.76875 32.38625 31.32975 29.967 30.92575 31.03825 29.6915 29.426 26.338
MIN 13.876 16.4245 19.227 22.27675 25.08975 25.9965 25.13125 25.3285 25.75625 23.10775 21.82075 15.90325
2007 MAX. 24.75161 27.58929 31.46452 32.8 33.65387 31.58667 30.99032 32.62903 32.12333 31.45161 29.30667 25.96667
MIN 9.832258 14.775 16.98065 22.55 24.59161 25.10667 25.37097 25.77419 25.51667 22.65806 18.59667 12.45

13. MONTHS TEMPERATURE in °c
JAN 24.7
FEB 27.58
MARCH 31.46
APRIL 32.8
MAY 33.65
JUNE 31.58
JULY 30.99
AUG 32.62
SEPT 32.12
OCT 31.45
NOV 29.3
DEC 24.96
AVERAGEANNUAL 30.2675

14. Climatic characteristics of the study area(Rainfall)
After temperature, it is rainfall which plays an important role in study of a climate of an
area.it is a product of some phenomena as evaporation, condensation, vapour pressure
and formation of clouds. It plays an important role in assessment of climatic water
balance of a region.
It also claims a first place in the practical importance as it controls humidity and aridity
of a region, and consequently the agricultural efficiency because of this practical and
climatologist implication, it is vital to place interest on its characteristics amounts,
monthly and seasonal variation, percentage, intensity, variability and its distribution.
The geographical peculiarity of the monsoon region is the spacing of the great
continents opposed on either side of the equator whose natural low pressure is over
weighted by the still lower pressure developed over the land in summer. The air flows
from a high pressure in one hemisphere to low pressure in the other, alternating with
seasons.

16. MONTHS RAINFALL in(mm)
JAN 0
FEB 45
MARCH 7
APRIL 458.6
MAY 298.1
JUNE 637
JULY 787
AUG 207.3
SEPT 136.2
OCT 232
NOV 116.9
DEC 0
TOTAL 2925.1

17. OBJECTIVE 2.
To highlight the distributional pattern of RAINFALL and TEMPERATURE of
the Districts.
Year NORTH TRIPURA WEST TRIPURA
1901 25.383 30.07333333
1930 25.373 29.51
1960 25.607 30.54133333
1990 25.776 29.51141667
2002 26.672 30.499
On the basis of the data available the graphs prepared represent a variation of temperature in these two
districts.
 It can be examine that north Tripura there is an increase of temperature of (1 °c) in
last 100years.From 1901(27.6°c) to 2002(28.5°c).
 West Tripura there is increase of 0.5 °c. in 1901 (30°c) to 2002(30.5°c) though the two
districts shows a slight change in temperature, but spatially there is a variation in
west Tripura with compare to north Tripura.
 It shows that in between 1950-1960 there was a fluctuation of temperature in both
the districts but the max. Temperature was in west Tripura.
 The main reason is the deforestation in the plains areas i.e. west Tripura for
urbanisation and industrial purposes, as compare to the hills of north Tripura.

19. The rainfall over the last 100years, shows variation of rainfall in comparison of two
districts of the region, where the plains (west Tripura) and the hills (north Tripura).
 In west Tripura shows vast distribution of rainfall with rise and fall of rainfall intensity
over last 10 decades with highest in 2002(230cm), and lowest in 1920(195cm).
 Whereas, In (north Tripura), there shows a less variation of rainfall distribution as
compare to west Tripura.
 The main reason being the orographic feature and the wind velocity and the direction
over these two different regions.
NORTH TRIPURA WEST TRIPURA
Year
1901 221.45075 201.0423333
1930 219.327 199.9711667
1960 225.6165 200.2968333
1990 206.298 186.0444167
2002 238.266 214.2190833
Mean annual Rainfall in (Cm)

21. CHANGING TRENDS

22. INTIAL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY AREA
From the interpretation made for the study area, the changes in temperature and
rainfall i.e.( heat and precipitation), and the factors associated are:
 The situation and alignment of the hills and mountains of the study area, the
seasonal change in the pressure condition over Bay of Bengal and north western
land of India. The tropical oceanic (s-w) monsoon air masses that blow over the
region .. Pressure of the local mountains and valleys hills.
 The region is showing spatial and temporal variability in the mean annual
temperature over the last century, where trend of temperature is increasing with
an average of 5-6 years, starting from 1901(28°c) to 2007(32°c) and according to
recent records in 2011(34°c).
 The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature. It depicts that the
temperature follows multi-model characteristics in different point of time in the
last 100 years, except the year 1960s and 1990s.where its shows a vast
contrasting gap between max. and min. temperature , the reason being the
droughts and floods occurred during these years.
 The temperature and rainfall of Tripura is changing over the last 100 years,
showing a contrasting variation between temperature and rainfall. But in the last
2-3 decades the changes is drastic and it keeps on increasing. Rainfall whereas it
quite erratic in nature. over the recent years rainfall is more and with an average
highest rainfall is occurring interval of every 5-6 years.

23. Climate is dynamic feature of physical environment, that affects not only the earth
surface but also human activities. The surface of land is modified by the factor of the
climatic elements, in Tripura monsoon plays an important role since it is an Agricultural
state and rainfall is one of the major factor related to it.
The amount of rainfall increases from west to east with the increase in hills height. Over
the last hundred years the climate varies from time to time and from year to year this
may be attributed to the kind of human activities that man has done over the region, the
mindless and progressive deforestation and land cover converting to settlements and
agricultural field, setting up industries.
The global climatic systems as well as the anthropogenic activities, that the climate of
the region is showing variability both in spatial and temporal. Tripura is one of the state
which very much vulnerable to climate change, because of its location, the activities of
human for its developmental activities and natural global climatic system.so, there is a
need to create awareness as well as policies and management programmes to curb out
or to maintain the environmental balance of the region.
CONCLUSION

24.  Awasthi, Anandeshwari- Indian Monsoon, pp. 22-24, APH publishing Corporation
-5, Ansari Road, new- Delhi-110002.
 Barry G. Roger- Mountain, Weather and Climate.
 Critchfield, J. Howard- General Climatology
 TSPCB- State Environment Report 2002
 Pal, p and D, r Singh- Bios perspective of indigenous of Bio
sources of north east India.