International migration

1. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALAINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA
Dr S IRUDAYA RAJAN
Chair Professor
CDS, Kerala

2. • Total Population of Kerala: 31 million
• Until 1956 (Kerala came into existence
from 1st
November 1956), Kerala was
an in-migrating state
• From 1961, Kerala is an out-migrating
state, even today
• Kerala is ahead of India in terms of
fertility, infant mortality and literacy

3. • As Keralites were ahead of literacy than other
parts of the country, most of the literates
migrated to other parts of India where there is a
demand of educated (teachers, nurses,
accountants and other services)
• As long as, they were accustomed to mobility
within India, when the oil boom begun in Gulf,
they were the first to emigrate to Gulf.
• In India, we have good statistics on inter-state
migration based on census and the data on
international migration is only a guesstimate.

4. • To study the Impact on International
migration on Kerala’s economy and
society, we have undertaken three major
surveys in Kerala
• Kerala Migration Survey, 1998 (10000
households)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2003 (10000)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2007 (Progress)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2008 (Proposed)

5. Kerala Migration Survey 2003
• Number of emigrants (EMI)
• 1999 13.6 lakhs
• 2004 18.4 lakhs
Number of return emigrants (REM)
• 1999 7.4 Lakhs
• 2004 8.9 lakhs
• No of NRK: 27.3 lakhs

6. Migration Trend, 1982-2003
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
30000001982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
EMI REM NRK

7. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• % of households with/without migrants
With Without
Emigrants Emigrants
• EMI 17.6 82.4
• REM 11.2 88.8
• NRK 25.8 74.2

8. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
% of female emigrants: 17
• Malappuram 271,787
• Kannur 202,414
• Thrissur 178,867
• Palakkad 177,876
• Thiruvananthapuram 168,046
• Kozhikode 167,436

10. Migrants Per 100 Households by Community
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
SCST
Nair
Ezhawa
Brahamin
Other Hindus
RomanCatholics
LatinCatholics
Jacobite/Orthodox
Marthoma
CSI
Muslim
NRK/hh
Rem/hh
Emi/HH

11. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage
Population Emigrants
Population of Kerala and Emigration by Religion 2004
Muslims
Christians
Hindus

12. Migrants per 100 Households
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Hindus Christians Muslims
Percentage
Emi
Rem
Nrk

13. Perent of Households with at least one NRK, 2004
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Muslims
Marthoma
Latin Catholic
Orthodox/Jacobite
IPC
CSI
Nair
Ezhawa
Roman Catholic
Other Hindus
Brahmins
SCST
Community
Percent

14. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• Where do Malayalis go?
Percent
• United Arab Emirates 37
• Saudi Arabia 27
• Gulf countries 89
• United States of America 5
• United Kingdom 1
• Singapore 1

15. Worker’s Remittances
Rupees (In crores), 2003
• India (No 1 in the world) 82350
• Kerala (total remittances) 18465
• % of Kerala to total 22.4
• 25% of the state domestic product

16. Remittances in Crores
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

17. Worker’s Remittances
• Macro Economic Impact
• Remittances: 18465 crores
• Population in 2004: 32.5 million
• Each one gets Rs. 5678 per year or
• Rs 473 per month
• Sufficient to buy at least 1 kg of rice per
day per person

18. Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• Remittances were 1.74 times the revenue
receipts of the government
• 1.8 times than the Government of Kerala
expenditure
• 7 times what Kerala receives from the
central government

19. Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• 60% of Kerala government’s debt can be
wiped out by remittances
• 15 times more than the export earning of
the cashew products
• 18 times more than the export earnings of
the marine products

20. Percent of Households Directly Beniftted From Remittances
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hindus Christians Muslims
PercentofHhs

21. Percent of houses that are luxurious
or very good By Community
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Û &8 ÙVFCh ï[F
Percentage

22. Expenditure on Education Per Household,
by Migration Status and Religion
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
All NRK Non-NRK
Rupees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims

23. Expenditure per Household on Health, by
Religion and Migration Status
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
All NRK Non-NRK
Rupees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims

24. Labour Market Issues
• Stagnation in agriculture (workers are not
willing to work in agriculture)
• Increase in wages (about Rs. 200) in
Kerala as against Rs.50 in Bihar
• Unemployment is very high (after
deducting for internal and international
migration

25. Unemployed Rate by Education 2004
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Illiterate
Literate
Primary Incomplete
Primary
Secondary Incomplete
Secondary
Degree

26. Migration and Development
• Positive effects
• Reduction in Poverty
• Reduction in unemployment
• Other effects
• Conflict between new rich and old rich
• Increase in income equality and conflicts
• Replacement Migration

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