The document discusses international migration trends from the state of Kerala in India. Some key points: - Kerala has experienced significant out-migration since the 1960s, primarily to other parts of India initially and then to Gulf countries for work starting in the 1970s/80s. - Over 4 million Keralites live abroad as non-resident Keralites (NRKs), sending substantial remittances back that contribute significantly to the state economy, equivalent to around 25% of state domestic product. - Emigration rates vary between religious communities in Kerala, with Muslims having the highest rates of around 60 migrants per 100 households, bringing economic and social changes to the state through remittances and expenditure on education,

1. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALAINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA
Dr S IRUDAYA RAJAN
Chair Professor
CDS, Kerala

2. • Total Population of Kerala: 31 million
• Until 1956 (Kerala came into existence
from 1st
November 1956), Kerala was
an in-migrating state
• From 1961, Kerala is an out-migrating
state, even today
• Kerala is ahead of India in terms of
fertility, infant mortality and literacy

3. • As Keralites were ahead of literacy than other
parts of the country, most of the literates
migrated to other parts of India where there is a
demand of educated (teachers, nurses,
accountants and other services)
• As long as, they were accustomed to mobility
within India, when the oil boom begun in Gulf,
they were the first to emigrate to Gulf.
• In India, we have good statistics on inter-state
migration based on census and the data on
international migration is only a guesstimate.

4. • To study the Impact on International
migration on Kerala’s economy and
society, we have undertaken three major
surveys in Kerala
• Kerala Migration Survey, 1998 (10000
households)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2003 (10000)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2007 (Progress)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2008 (Proposed)

5. Kerala Migration Survey 2003
• Number of emigrants (EMI)
• 1999 13.6 lakhs
• 2004 18.4 lakhs
Number of return emigrants (REM)
• 1999 7.4 Lakhs
• 2004 8.9 lakhs
• No of NRK: 27.3 lakhs

6. Migration Trend, 1982-2003
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
30000001982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
EMI REM NRK

7. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• % of households with/without migrants
With Without
Emigrants Emigrants
• EMI 17.6 82.4
• REM 11.2 88.8
• NRK 25.8 74.2

8. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
% of female emigrants: 17
• Malappuram 271,787
• Kannur 202,414
• Thrissur 178,867
• Palakkad 177,876
• Thiruvananthapuram 168,046
• Kozhikode 167,436

10. Migrants Per 100 Households by Community
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
SCST
Nair
Ezhawa
Brahamin
Other Hindus
RomanCatholics
LatinCatholics
Jacobite/Orthodox
Marthoma
CSI
Muslim
NRK/hh
Rem/hh
Emi/HH

11. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage
Population Emigrants
Population of Kerala and Emigration by Religion 2004
Muslims
Christians
Hindus

12. Migrants per 100 Households
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Hindus Christians Muslims
Percentage
Emi
Rem
Nrk

13. Perent of Households with at least one NRK, 2004
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Muslims
Marthoma
Latin Catholic
Orthodox/Jacobite
IPC
CSI
Nair
Ezhawa
Roman Catholic
Other Hindus
Brahmins
SCST
Community
Percent

14. Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• Where do Malayalis go?
Percent
• United Arab Emirates 37
• Saudi Arabia 27
• Gulf countries 89
• United States of America 5
• United Kingdom 1
• Singapore 1

15. Worker’s Remittances
Rupees (In crores), 2003
• India (No 1 in the world) 82350
• Kerala (total remittances) 18465
• % of Kerala to total 22.4
• 25% of the state domestic product

16. Remittances in Crores
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

17. Worker’s Remittances
• Macro Economic Impact
• Remittances: 18465 crores
• Population in 2004: 32.5 million
• Each one gets Rs. 5678 per year or
• Rs 473 per month
• Sufficient to buy at least 1 kg of rice per
day per person

18. Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• Remittances were 1.74 times the revenue
receipts of the government
• 1.8 times than the Government of Kerala
expenditure
• 7 times what Kerala receives from the
central government

19. Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• 60% of Kerala government’s debt can be
wiped out by remittances
• 15 times more than the export earning of
the cashew products
• 18 times more than the export earnings of
the marine products

20. Percent of Households Directly Beniftted From Remittances
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hindus Christians Muslims
PercentofHhs

21. Percent of houses that are luxurious
or very good By Community
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Û &8 ÙVFCh ï[F
Percentage

22. Expenditure on Education Per Household,
by Migration Status and Religion
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
All NRK Non-NRK
Rupees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims

23. Expenditure per Household on Health, by
Religion and Migration Status
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
All NRK Non-NRK
Rupees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims

24. Labour Market Issues
• Stagnation in agriculture (workers are not
willing to work in agriculture)
• Increase in wages (about Rs. 200) in
Kerala as against Rs.50 in Bihar
• Unemployment is very high (after
deducting for internal and international
migration

25. Unemployed Rate by Education 2004
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Illiterate
Literate
Primary Incomplete
Primary
Secondary Incomplete
Secondary
Degree

26. Migration and Development
• Positive effects
• Reduction in Poverty
• Reduction in unemployment
• Other effects
• Conflict between new rich and old rich
• Increase in income equality and conflicts
• Replacement Migration

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