Cornea is the outermost anterior layer of the eye ball which
has unique optical and physio-mechanical properties to maintain
good vision. A stratified squamous epithelium is continued with the conjunctival epithelium in the limbal area and create a protective stratum on the ocular surface to defend internal structure from environmental threats
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Suman Nandy
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering involves the use of a scaffold for the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose.
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Micro and nanoengineering approaches to developing gradient biomaterials sui...Dr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Interface tissue found between soft and hard tissue regions such as cartilage-bone, tendon-bone, ligament-bone and other tissues. (e.g. dentin-enamel). Conventional Biomaterials are monophasic or composite materials are inefficient facilitating tissue formation. So, gradient materials are required for interface tissue engineering.
An idea was considered as to producing an entire organ in vivo by bypassing many of the steps like cell isolation and expansion, culturing in bioreactors, scaffolds and growth factor delivery ect. involved in traditional tissue engineering. This concept was called the in vivo bioreactor (IVB).
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
Since a long time, the field of stem cell biology has undergone a remarkable transformation with constant research on it and its
various applications predicated to be coming into use for long term clinical cell based therapies. The present report describes extraction of mesenchymal cells from deciduous tooth and its propagation in vitro with a view to producing cells at a larger scale keeping in vitro acquisition of chromosomal aberration in mind. Pulp was extirpated from freshly exfoliated deciduous tooth and cultured within 30 minutes for colonization and harvesting of the stem cells from dental pulp. The cells had exhibited active growth. Chromosome analysis was considered for karyotyping and screening of acquired aberrations following harvesting of cultures in confluent stage and conventional cytogenetic technique. There was no evidence of abnormality in karyotype or in vitro acquisition of aberrations. The study was important to establish non-invasive collection of stem cells from biological waste (deciduous tooth), which could be monitored for chromosoma status and considered for testing of drugs/chemicals on stem cells in vitro. However, the study shall be carried out on larger sample size following passage culture for production at larger scale, which could be considered for clinical application for self or for people in need.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Suman Nandy
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering involves the use of a scaffold for the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose.
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Micro and nanoengineering approaches to developing gradient biomaterials sui...Dr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Interface tissue found between soft and hard tissue regions such as cartilage-bone, tendon-bone, ligament-bone and other tissues. (e.g. dentin-enamel). Conventional Biomaterials are monophasic or composite materials are inefficient facilitating tissue formation. So, gradient materials are required for interface tissue engineering.
An idea was considered as to producing an entire organ in vivo by bypassing many of the steps like cell isolation and expansion, culturing in bioreactors, scaffolds and growth factor delivery ect. involved in traditional tissue engineering. This concept was called the in vivo bioreactor (IVB).
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
Since a long time, the field of stem cell biology has undergone a remarkable transformation with constant research on it and its
various applications predicated to be coming into use for long term clinical cell based therapies. The present report describes extraction of mesenchymal cells from deciduous tooth and its propagation in vitro with a view to producing cells at a larger scale keeping in vitro acquisition of chromosomal aberration in mind. Pulp was extirpated from freshly exfoliated deciduous tooth and cultured within 30 minutes for colonization and harvesting of the stem cells from dental pulp. The cells had exhibited active growth. Chromosome analysis was considered for karyotyping and screening of acquired aberrations following harvesting of cultures in confluent stage and conventional cytogenetic technique. There was no evidence of abnormality in karyotype or in vitro acquisition of aberrations. The study was important to establish non-invasive collection of stem cells from biological waste (deciduous tooth), which could be monitored for chromosoma status and considered for testing of drugs/chemicals on stem cells in vitro. However, the study shall be carried out on larger sample size following passage culture for production at larger scale, which could be considered for clinical application for self or for people in need.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Cell Therapy: The New Approach to Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgerysemualkaira
Cell therapy is a viable alternative for the treatment of disease and tissue degeneration that is very effective, reliable and incurs minimal adverse effects on the body. Its successful application extends to all fields of medicine, including dermatology.
The definition of tissue engineering, according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is “to use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials, and suitable biochemical and physiochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions
This presentation was developed by Martha Lopez Yrigoyen.
It is intended as a flexible tool for lectures and tutorials for first year students in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Diagrams are also encouraged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
Not all slides will be useful for everyone or for every occasion. Slides can be adapted for the purpose needed.
There are two main activities intended for undergraduate students to engage and deepen their knowledge in the field of stem cells. The first activity is more general and its aim is to familiarize students with the core concepts in stem cell and regenerative medicine. The second activity is a novel and current example of how induced pluripotent stem cells are being used in cutting edge biomedical research. The two publications suggested for students to read can be swapped for other examples.
Presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
FORMATION OF MULTICELLULAR AGGREGATES UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF MICROENVI...Татьяна Гергелюк
Multicellular aggregates (spheroids) represent an inter
mittent level between monolayer growing cells and tissue cul
ture. Spheroids are rather objective model of the threedimen
sional growth and organization, the celltocell interactions
and influence of microenvironmental conditions on tumour
microaggregates. In our work formation and growth of sphe
roids depends on concentration of CMC and FCS. Conditions
of microenvironment influence on intensiveness of prolifera
tion as well as on cells adhesiveness and formation of microag
gregates.
Similar to International Journal of Ophthalmology & Vision Research (20)
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football athlete experienced acute posterior leg pain while pushing off on the line of scrimmage. Ultrasound (US) showed a midsubstance plantaris tendon rupture, an injury that, to our knowledge, has only been described once before in the medical literature [1]. US was also used to assist with rehab progression and return to previous level of activity, which was achieved three weeks after the injury. While there currently are no guidelines regarding return to sport after this injury, this case demonstrates that once pain is controlled and ROM restored, progression through rehabilitation and return to elite level sport is simply based on symptoms.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Kratom is an herbal product that is derived from Southeast Asian Mitragyna speciose tree leaves [1-10]. This compound is used for many purposes such as stimulation, euphoria, or analgesia [1-10]. It has been recently identified as a drug of abuse by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration [2,8]. Side-effects from this compound have not been well documented. We describe a case of a 36-year-old female who develop nephrotoxicity after taking an herbal supplement. She took kratom as an adjunctive therapy for back pain management. She developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of bile duct obstruction. Liver enzymes normalized several weeks after Kratom discontinuation. We advise clinicians to be vigilant about Kratom’s hepatotoxic potential on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
Methods: Two groups were selected by non-probability random sampling technique including case group of 154 patients with
suspected dengue (fever>2days and <10days) and control group of 146 patients with febrile illness other than dengue. Clinical,hematological and serologic markers of cases and control groups were analyzed. The frequency distribution was used to compare categorical serologic markers and paired sample T test was applied for hematologic variables before and after treatment of dengue using SPSS version 21.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
(VPS).
More from SciRes Literature LLC. | Open Access Journals (20)
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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International Journal of Ophthalmology & Vision Research
INTRODUCTION
Limbal stem cell niche and limbal stem cell deficiency
Cornea is the outermost anterior layer of the eye ball which
has unique optical and physio-mechanical properties to maintain
good vision. A stratified squamous epithelium is continued with the
conjunctival epithelium in the limbal area and create a protective
stratum on the ocular surface to defend internal structure from
environmental threats [1]. The dynamic equilibrium of the epithelial
turnover is maintained by limbal niche where the Limbal Epithelial
Stem Cells (LESCs) reside in an excellent arrangement. Palisades of
Vogt form a sheltered region for LESCs to sustain their self-renewing
capacity and act as a chief factory in order to preserve stem cell pool
and proceed centripetal stem cell migration and differentiation
into central corneal epithelial cells [2]. Various ocular or systemic
disorders can disturb limbal area and cause decrease or loss of LESCs
which is so-called Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD). Clinically, it
is diagnosed by the presence of conjunctival cells and vessels on the
cornea. Because of the demolition of the LESC’s barrier function in the
limbal region, conjunctival cells can easily migrate through corneal
surface and distort the optical clarity of the cornea. The symptoms
including photophobia, epiphora, blepharospasm, reduced visual
acuity, and severe pain resulted in extremely severe discomfort of the
patient which is subsequently lead to decrease in the quality of life. To
ensure the diagnosis, corneal impression cytology can be performed
to visualize goblet cells in the specimen [3].
Treatment strategies
After definite diagnosis, treatment modalities come into question
which depend on the severity of LSCD. To date, assorted methods
have been established which have diverse success rates for both clinical
and pre-clinical purposes. Initially, small-to-large pieces of limbal
tissue (explant) obtained from auto- or allo-origin was transplanted
to the diseased eye by Kenyon and Tseng in 1980s [4]. However, the
major drawbacks such as requirement of large free grafts and possible
induction of iatrogenic donor-site deficiency in the healthy eye for
autograft procedure, and limited availability of qualified donor graft
material and possible tissue rejection for allograft procedure cause the
development of novel treatment strategies.
Together with the improvement in the field of cell and tissue
culture, treatment modalities oriented toward cell therapies which in
fact based on regenerative medicine. The initial report of Cultivated
Limbal Epithelial Transplantation (CLET) by Pellegrini et al. [5]
inspired investigators to explore different cell sources and cultivation
methods to regenerate corneal surface [6]. Both established and
developing techniques have been shown to be successful, however the
questionofwhichtechniqueisthemostinnocuousforclinicalpurposes
remains to be answered. Furthermore, a recent modification of limbal
tissue transplantation; Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation
(SLET) which actually is an in vivo epithelial co-culture of corneal
and conjunctival cells on Human-Derived Amniotic Membrane
(HAM) has gained popularity by some clinicians because of its ease
of application and low cost [7].
Basic principles of in vitro limbal epithelial stem cell
cultivation
Tissue and cell sources: In order to regenerate corneal surface
various tissue and cell sources have been demonstrated such as
cadaver or living donor (allograft) limbal tissue, patient’s healthy
eye limbal tissue (autograft), oral mucosal cells, nasal mucosal cells,
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
(IPSCs), and cell lines obtained from cell banks [6,8-12]. Although
this highly wealthy cell and tissue source, limbal explant tissue
obtained from an auto- or allo-origin are generally the most popular
preferences for researchers because of their proximity to natural
limbal niche. Oral mucosal cells are the second most preferred cell
source not only for corneal surface but also conjunctival and whole
ocular surface regeneration [11]. More recently, bone marrow- or
adipose-derived MSCs have increasingly gained popularity because
of their high capacity to differentiate epithelial, stromal or endothelial
cells which are three main cell types of corneal layers [9,13]. Another
cell source is a reprogrammed stem cell, called IPSC, that has been first
discovered in 2006 at Kyoto University. Yamanaka et al. identified
some alternative methods that would provide specialized adult cells
to be reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state. Since this
initial discovery, investigators opened up exciting possibilities to treat
various ocular diseases such as age related macular degeneration,
Stargardt disease, and LSCD [10]. The similarity between embryonic
stem cells and IPSCs means that this kind of cells can be used to derive
any kind of cell type in the human body under precisely controlled
cell culture conditions and may also provide an unlimited supply of
regeneration capacity for many patients with untreatable diseases.
Isolation of LESCs via limbal explant & enzymatic digestion
methods: After the obtainment of limbal tissue (explant) from the
other eye, cadaver, or a living donor the specimen transferred to
laboratory in OptisolTM solution under sterile conditions. There
are two ways to isolate desired cells (LESCs): (i) enzymatic digestion
method, (ii) limbal explant cultivation. The former consists of a serial
of enzymatic treatment including collagenase and trypsin to separate
epithelial stem cells from basal membrane and adjacent cells such
as melanocytes, stromal cells, and dendritic cells [14,15]. Following
this, the cell suspension transferred to culture surface and wait for the
individual cells to attach and proliferate on the substratum. However,
because of the disruption of the niche structure and leave the cells
alone without the support of a real limbal mechanical support, the cells
can be slogged to exhibit stem cell characteristics. The latter does not
require any enzymatic transaction in which the limbal tissue specimen
directly transferred to culture surface to obtain migrating cells that
are supposed to be LESCs [15,16]. Nevertheless, it is important to
provide in vivo niche standards to induce stem cell migration towards
the culture substratum with appropriate surface treatments and
medium formulations. There have been several culture conditions
consisting of defined medium formulations to differentiate various
cell types into corneal epithelial progenitor cells [17]. The debate
on which technique is the better way to achieve desired success has
still been proceeded among researchers, therefore investigators can
choose the cultivation method based on their laboratory experience.
Culture conditions (substratum & medium): Another hot point
is the scheme of the cell culture conditions including cell culture
substratum and medium. The initial green medium consisting of
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/F12 with fetal bovine
serum, cholera toxin, insulin, hydrocortisone, L-glutamine, and
antibiotics was determined in 1975 [18]. However, the ingredients
exhibit non-optimal level of biosafety in terms of their production
process and origin such as bacterial cultures on bovine brain broth
and fetal calf serum [19-21]. Therefore, the risk of micro-chimerism,
immune rejections, and transmission of pathogens are still existed
that are really harmful for individual’s life. Similarly, the culture
surface modifications with murine NIH 3T3 feeder layer, HAM,
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International Journal of Ophthalmology & Vision Research
and commercially available collagen or fibrin matrices are known
to pose the threat of transmission of animal-derived pathogens,
donor tissue-derived infections, and even high cost [22,23].
Recently, the attempt was made by some researchers to minimize
the amount of biohazardous ingredient in culture formulations that
is called xenobiotic-free cell culture systems. To this end, feeder free
conditions and human-derived carriers, feeder cells, and serum have
been reported with various success rates [19-21,24,25]. Additionally,
hyaluronan hydrogel scaffold-based xeno-free culture system that
provided ready-to-use cell monolayer was proposed to maintain
similar characteristics of native corneal epithelium [26]. Because
the main goal is to achieve nearly the same success rates with the
conventional methods, investigators are still try to introduce the safer
and applicable cell culture system.
Cell sheet technology: Cell Sheet Technology (CST) is a bottom-
up approach of tissue engineering in which nanotechnological
cell culture surface treatment is applied [27]. During the
2000s, Yamato et al. discovered a novel surface modification
method using a temperature-responsive polymer named Poly
(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to obtain an intact cell sheet
at the end of the cell culture procedure [28]. In this technology,
the PNIPAM polymer is covalently grafted onto the cell culture
dish surface with a thickness of 20-30 nm that allows to control of
cell adhesion and detachment because of its shifting hydrophobic-
hydrophilic feature in a temperature-responsive way [29]. The surface
is relatively hydrophobic at 37°C but turns hydrophilic under Lower
Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) which is generally about 32°C.
Similar to conventional cell culture methods, epithelial cells adhere,
spread, and proliferate on the cell culture dish surface at hydrophobic
state (37°C), then the temperature is reduced below LCST (32°C)
that allows the polymer chains to lengthen and push the contiguous
cell sheet without detriment to cell-cell junctions and Extracellular
Matrix (ECM) [30]. Because of the lack of any proteolytic enzymatic
interaction, cells can keep their surface characteristics, especially
receptor and junction proteins, therefore a functional small tissue
construct can be obtained with cells that have native functions [28].
By this technology, the use of carrier and feeder layer is excluded
which facilitates to create a biologically safe cell culture condition. The
cell sheet includes deposited ECM that enables direct transplantation
of cell sheets to host tissues without fixative or sutures that increases
patient’s comfort during and after the surgery [31]. Moreover, a
multi-layered cell sheet can be obtained by automated cell culture
system to mimic the corneal real structure in vivo [32].
Characterization: Before the clinical applications, harvested
cell sheets have to be characterized with various methods such as
morphological imaging with Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) or
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), putative marker expression
with immunohistochemical staining or flow cytometry, and gene
expression with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). During the cell
culture studies, the proliferating or outgrowth cells can be visualized
by live cell imaging systems (JuliTM
) or PCM. The small cells that
have round to cobblestone-like morphology and high nucleus-to-
cytoplasm ratio refer to LESC-like state that can easily discriminated
from fibroblastic cells. However, advanced staining procedures like
skeleton/nucleus staining and live/dead staining can be performed to
investigate the morphology and viability of harvested cells. Although
the morphological imaging shows us a lot of cue to suppose the cell
origin, protein and gene expression analysis should be performed
for definite characterization. For this reason, to prove stemness of
the cells putative stem cell markers such as tumor protein 63, ATP-
binding cassette protein2, and integrin α9β1 used for the analysis.
Differentiated epithelial cell markers (K3, connexin 43, K12) may also
be used for the discrimination of central corneal epithelial cells from
LESCs [33,34]. Apart from the cell stemness, it is also very important
to show cellular interactions over specific membrane proteins to
prove the functionality of the acquired cell sheet. Investigators should
perform all the analysis in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations to rule-out incorrect results.
Transplantation: The last and the most important step is to
safely transplant the harvested cell sheet to host tissue. The HAM
is the most preferred carrier that serve a basal membrane function
for cells to grow, migrate and proliferate easily on it. Additionally, a
continuous cell sheet constructed onto a HAM can be transferred to
surgery room under sterile conditions that allows surgeons to fix the
cell sheet onto the cornea with fixative glues or sutures. However, a
more recent technology, CST, offers superior proposal that does not
required additional surgical material to secure the cell sheet. Because
of the shortcomings of the HAM such as biological instability, lack
of optimized preparation protocols, and risk of contamination and
transmission of infection, CST is a conceivable procedure to cultivate
and transplant the LESCs [31].
CONCLUSION
In vitro LESC culture in the treatment of LSCD is a recent
development in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine. After the initial report by Pellegrini et al, too many
investigations have been published for the best pre-clinical and
clinical success, however the technique of LESC expansion is in its
infancy. In the years to come, with the improvement of understanding
of limbal niche and LESC characteristics the best way to obtain high
success rates will be emerged. Consequently, the importance of the
cell therapies should be elaborately considered and the effort for the
discovery of new definite cell culture methods should be spent which
will provide to prevent the development of LSCD in the first place.
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