International Financial Markets & Sources of Funding for MNC's
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International Financial Environment, Euro Money Market, International Capital Markets, International Bond Market, International Equity Market, GDR’s, FCCB’s, External Commercial Borrowings (ECB’s), Working Capital Management in MNC’s, INTERNATIONAL CASH MGMT, Centralized Vs Decentralized CM, Techniques to optimize cash flows, Netting, Transfer Pricing, Sources of short term funds,
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Commercial papers
Commercial paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations to meet short-term liabilities. CP was introduced in India in 1990 to provide highly rated corporations an alternative to bank borrowing. Only reputable corporations with good credit ratings can issue CPs to borrow at lower interest rates than banks and save on financing costs. CPs can be issued for periods between 15 days to one year, making them suitable for meeting working capital or current asset needs.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest rate cash flows, usually involving the exchange of a fixed interest rate for a floating rate. The main types of interest rate swaps are fixed-to-floating swaps, where one party pays a fixed rate and receives a floating rate, and basis swaps, where both rates are floating. Interest rate swaps are commonly used for portfolio management, speculation on interest rate movements, corporate financing, and hedging interest rate risk. Risks of interest rate swaps include opportunity costs, mark-to-market costs if unwound early, and counterparty credit and settlement risks.
Fixed Deposits
Fixed deposits allow investors to deposit money in a bank for a fixed duration and earn interest. FD terms can range from a few weeks to over 5 years. Interest rates vary depending on deposit amount and term. To open an FD, one needs valid ID/address proofs and can deposit cash or transfer funds from their bank account. FD offers higher interest than savings accounts with lower risk than stocks. However, funds cannot be withdrawn before maturity and interest rates may not keep pace with inflation. Premature withdrawals are allowed but penalized with lower interest rates. FD interest is taxed according to the deposit holder's tax bracket. Senior citizens and those with lump sums are common FD investors.
Money Market
The document provides an overview of money markets, including characteristics, participants, purposes, risks, and securities. Money markets are used by participants to borrow and lend in the short term, from days to under a year. They facilitate the transfer of short-term funds between entities with excess and deficient funds. Key money market securities include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements.
financial market
The document outlines the key components of the Indian financial system, including financial markets, institutions, instruments and services. It discusses the roles of direct and indirect finance in connecting those with surplus funds and deficits. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which facilitate short-term lending, and capital markets, which enable long-term financing through stock and bond issuance. Financial intermediaries such as banks help reduce costs and risks in the transfer of funds.
Ccil12
The Clearing Corporation of India Ltd (CCIL) was established in 2001 to provide clearing and settlement services for money, government securities, and foreign exchange markets. CCIL guarantees settlement of all trades through novation and manages risk through margin requirements and collateral. It has launched several platforms and products over the years to increase efficiency, liquidity, and reduce counterparty risk in India's financial markets.
Mutual funds_Financial Services
- The document provides an overview of mutual funds including their concept, workings, history, structure, types, and regulations in India.
- Mutual funds pool money from investors and invest it professionally in securities like stocks and bonds. They provide investors diversification, professional management, and low costs.
- The mutual fund industry in India has grown significantly since the 1990s and is now regulated by SEBI. Key entities involved include sponsors, trustees, asset management companies, and custodians.
- Mutual funds can be categorized by structure (open-ended or closed-ended), investment objective (growth, income, balanced), or type (equity, debt, liquid/money market funds). Regulations govern
Credit default swaps
A credit default swap is a contract where a buyer pays a seller a periodic fee in exchange for a payout if a third party defaults on its debt obligations. For example, if party A lends to party B, party A can buy a CDS from party C to insure against party B's default. If party B defaults, party C pays party A instead of party B. CDS contracts transfer credit risk from one party to another and resemble insurance policies against borrower defaults.
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Commercial papers
Commercial paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations to meet short-term liabilities. CP was introduced in India in 1990 to provide highly rated corporations an alternative to bank borrowing. Only reputable corporations with good credit ratings can issue CPs to borrow at lower interest rates than banks and save on financing costs. CPs can be issued for periods between 15 days to one year, making them suitable for meeting working capital or current asset needs.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest rate cash flows, usually involving the exchange of a fixed interest rate for a floating rate. The main types of interest rate swaps are fixed-to-floating swaps, where one party pays a fixed rate and receives a floating rate, and basis swaps, where both rates are floating. Interest rate swaps are commonly used for portfolio management, speculation on interest rate movements, corporate financing, and hedging interest rate risk. Risks of interest rate swaps include opportunity costs, mark-to-market costs if unwound early, and counterparty credit and settlement risks.
Fixed Deposits
Fixed deposits allow investors to deposit money in a bank for a fixed duration and earn interest. FD terms can range from a few weeks to over 5 years. Interest rates vary depending on deposit amount and term. To open an FD, one needs valid ID/address proofs and can deposit cash or transfer funds from their bank account. FD offers higher interest than savings accounts with lower risk than stocks. However, funds cannot be withdrawn before maturity and interest rates may not keep pace with inflation. Premature withdrawals are allowed but penalized with lower interest rates. FD interest is taxed according to the deposit holder's tax bracket. Senior citizens and those with lump sums are common FD investors.
Money Market
The document provides an overview of money markets, including characteristics, participants, purposes, risks, and securities. Money markets are used by participants to borrow and lend in the short term, from days to under a year. They facilitate the transfer of short-term funds between entities with excess and deficient funds. Key money market securities include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements.
financial market
The document outlines the key components of the Indian financial system, including financial markets, institutions, instruments and services. It discusses the roles of direct and indirect finance in connecting those with surplus funds and deficits. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which facilitate short-term lending, and capital markets, which enable long-term financing through stock and bond issuance. Financial intermediaries such as banks help reduce costs and risks in the transfer of funds.
Ccil12
The Clearing Corporation of India Ltd (CCIL) was established in 2001 to provide clearing and settlement services for money, government securities, and foreign exchange markets. CCIL guarantees settlement of all trades through novation and manages risk through margin requirements and collateral. It has launched several platforms and products over the years to increase efficiency, liquidity, and reduce counterparty risk in India's financial markets.
Mutual funds_Financial Services
- The document provides an overview of mutual funds including their concept, workings, history, structure, types, and regulations in India.
- Mutual funds pool money from investors and invest it professionally in securities like stocks and bonds. They provide investors diversification, professional management, and low costs.
- The mutual fund industry in India has grown significantly since the 1990s and is now regulated by SEBI. Key entities involved include sponsors, trustees, asset management companies, and custodians.
- Mutual funds can be categorized by structure (open-ended or closed-ended), investment objective (growth, income, balanced), or type (equity, debt, liquid/money market funds). Regulations govern
Credit default swaps
A credit default swap is a contract where a buyer pays a seller a periodic fee in exchange for a payout if a third party defaults on its debt obligations. For example, if party A lends to party B, party A can buy a CDS from party C to insure against party B's default. If party B defaults, party C pays party A instead of party B. CDS contracts transfer credit risk from one party to another and resemble insurance policies against borrower defaults.
Clearing corporation of india ltd
The clearing and settlement process involves two main tasks - trade comparison and settlement. Clearing includes all activities from the time a commitment is made for a transaction until it is settled, and involves processes like reporting, risk margining, and netting of trades. Settlement takes place once clearing is complete, where the settlement agency facilitates the exchange of cash for securities between buyers and sellers. Key entities involved in clearing and settlement include clearing members, clearing banks, depositories, and the clearing corporation, which works to manage the risks in the process like counterparty, operational, and third party risks.
Retail banking
Retail banking provides financial services to individual consumers rather than businesses. Services include checking and savings accounts, mortgages, personal loans, credit cards, and certificates of deposit. Retail banks offer loans for personal, home, vehicle, education, and farm equipment purposes. They also provide services like bill payment, electronic funds transfer, travelers cheques, foreign currency exchange, NRI bank accounts, distribution channels like branches and ATMs, and demat account operations.
Non Fund Based Credit Facilities (BG & LC)
This document discusses non-fund based credit facilities provided by banks. It begins by defining non-fund based facilities as facilities extended by banks that do not immediately involve an outflow of funds, but may later result in financial liability if commitments are not honored. Examples provided include letters of credit and bank guarantees. The advantages of non-fund based facilities for banks are then outlined, such as no immediate funds outlay and future risk exposure. Various types of non-fund facilities are also defined, with bank guarantees explained in further detail including definition, parties involved, types, and operational procedures.
Securitization
This document provides an overview of securitization, including:
- Securitization is the process of converting illiquid assets into liquid assets by pooling them and selling securities backed by the pooled assets.
- The key participants are originators, special purpose vehicles, investors, and servicers. Assets like mortgages, credit cards, auto loans can be securitized.
- Benefits include off-balance sheet financing for originators and returns for investors. Risks include collateral, structural, legal, and third party risks.
- India has taken steps to regulate securitization but lacks a comprehensive framework and standardization.
Commercial papers
Commercial papers Meaning, Features, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Issuing and Redemption process.
Investment Banking presentation
Investment Banking is basically about the investments done in various sector by major Public & Private Banks
Forward and futures - An Overview
This ppt is prepared to provide detailed information regarding Forwards and Futures contracts of Derivatives the topics covered under this are Meaning of Forwards contracts, Underlying Assets of Forwards contracts, FEATURES OF FORWARD CONTRACTS, Tailored made, Why Forwards contracts, FUTURES CONTRACT, What is A Futures Contract, Characteristics of Futures contracts, Mechanism of Trading in Futures Market, Margin requirement, Marking-to-market (M2M), SETTLING A FUTURE POSITION, OFFSETTING, CASH DELIVERY, by Sundar, Assistant Professor of commerce.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Factoring
Factoring is the sale of accounts receivable (book debts) by a firm to a financial institution called a factor. The factor provides upfront cash payment for the receivables, usually 80%, and assumes responsibility for collecting payment from customers and managing credit risk. Factoring provides firms with working capital and credit protection. It involves three main parties - the client firm, its customers, and the financial institution factor. Factoring has grown in importance globally as a source of trade financing and working capital for businesses.
forward and future contract
A forward contract is a customized agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined future date and price, with no upfront payment required. It is used primarily for hedging and has counterparty risk.
A futures contract is a standardized agreement traded on a futures exchange to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined future date and price, with an initial margin payment required. It is used more for speculation and has low counterparty risk due to clearing house guarantees.
The key differences are that forward contracts are customized over-the-counter agreements while futures contracts are standardized exchange-traded agreements, with futures requiring an initial margin and having a clearing house to reduce counterparty risk.
Security &advances ppt
This document discusses the various types of securities that banks accept when providing secured advances to customers. It outlines 7 main types of securities: advances against goods, documents of title to goods, stock exchange securities, life insurance policies, fixed deposit receipts, book debts, and real estate. For each type, it provides guidelines on the precautions banks should take, such as only accepting goods that are easily marketable, verifying the authenticity of documents, and ensuring the borrower has ownership of pledged assets. Maintaining the safety, liquidity, and profitability of loans is key.
interest rate and currency swaps
Interest rate and currency swaps allow companies to exchange interest rate and currency cash flows to hedge against risks. There are two main types: interest rate swaps exchange fixed and floating rate payments, while currency swaps involve exchanging loan principals and interest payments in different currencies. Comparative advantages in borrowing costs across currencies can create opportunities for swap banks to arrange deals where all parties receive better rates and the bank earns profits through hedging the swap cash flows in money or forward markets.
Mutual funds
Mutual funds provide a way for investors to achieve diversification and professional management of their investments. They pool money from individual investors and invest it in a variety of securities like stocks, bonds and money market instruments. This allows even small investors to hold a diversified portfolio. Mutual funds offer various advantages like liquidity, convenience and transparency. However, they also charge fees and expenses and do not allow as much control over investments as direct investing. There are different types of mutual funds categorized by whether they invest in stocks, bonds or money market instruments as well as by their investment objectives like growth, income or capital preservation.
Chapter 38- Purpose Of Insurance
This document discusses the purpose of insurance. It begins by defining insurance as a way to spread losses among a large number of people who contribute to a common fund. Insurance transfers risk from the insured to one or more insurers. It provides financial protection and compensation in the event of a claim. The importance of pooling risk is that it allows risks to be spread evenly among a large number of contributors, making it easier for insurance companies to bear losses than individuals. Insurance companies make profits based on the difference between premiums and investment income collected, and losses from claims paid out plus administrative costs.
Swap
Swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over time. The key types of swaps discussed in the document are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and credit default swaps. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of interest payments in the same currency, while currency swaps exchange payments in different currencies and may also exchange principal amounts. Credit default swaps provide credit protection to the buyer in the event of default by a reference entity. Swaps are used for hedging risks and reducing borrowing costs.
Certificate of deposit (cd)
Certificates of deposit (CDs) are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large amounts of money. CDs can be issued with maturities ranging from 7 days to 12 months by banks and 1 to 3 years by financial institutions. They must be purchased in amounts of at least Rs. 1 lakh. Banks and corporations use CDs to mobilize funds when needed, such as providing loans. CDs provide liquidity to banks while offering depositors higher returns than regular fixed deposits. However, the CD market in India has yet to be fully developed due to the lack of a secondary market and low usage despite being available for some time.
Indian depository receipt(IDR)
Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs) allow foreign companies to raise capital from Indian investors in their home market. IDRs are issued by a domestic depository and represent underlying shares of the foreign company held in custody by an overseas custodian. Key features include being listed and traded on Indian stock exchanges, providing exposure to foreign stocks for Indian investors within the Indian regulatory framework, and allowing investors rights equivalent to shareholders such as voting and dividends. However, currency risk and lack of attendance at shareholder meetings are limitations of IDRs. Strict eligibility criteria, approvals, and disclosure guidelines regulate the issuance of IDRs in India.
Factoring and forfaiting
This document provides an overview of factoring and forfaiting. It defines factoring as the sale of book debts by a firm to a financial institution, with the factor paying for the debts as they are collected. Forfaiting is similar but deals specifically with receivables from deferred payment exports. The key parties in each transaction and services provided are described. The document also compares factoring to bills discounting and forfaiting, outlines the various types of factoring, and summarizes the mechanics and stages involved in domestic and export factoring as well as forfaiting transactions.
Unit 5- Financial Services
This document provides an overview of financial services. It begins by defining financial services as services provided by the finance industry, including banks, credit companies, insurance companies, brokerages, and investment funds.
The document then discusses various types of financial services such as banking services, investment services, insurance, and examples of each. It also covers the importance of financial services for economic growth, promotion of savings and investments, and risk minimization. Finally, it distinguishes between fund-based financial services that involve raising and investing funds, and fee-based services involving specialized activities like stock broking, credit ratings, and asset securitization.
Credit cards ppt
The document presents information on credit cards including:
1) A brief history of credit cards originating in the US in 1950 and being introduced in the UK in 1966 and India in 1980.
2) An overview of how credit cards work with three parties involved - the issuing bank, card holders who can make purchases without immediate payment, and member establishments who receive payments from the bank after deducting commissions.
3) Eligibility for different types of credit cards depends on a person's income, with standard cards providing basic access and higher tier cards like platinum and titanium offering additional perks and higher spending limits.
Derivative - Forward and future contract
This document provides an overview of derivative contracts, specifically forward and future contracts. It defines derivatives and describes how forward contracts are bilateral agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date for a predetermined price. Future contracts are similar to forwards but are standardized and exchange-traded. The key differences between forwards and futures highlighted are that futures are traded on exchanges, require margin payments, follow daily settlement marked to market, and can be closed prior to delivery, whereas forwards are customized OTC contracts.
international financial markets
The document discusses various sources of long-term and short-term funding for multinational corporations operating in international financial markets. It outlines types of exposures, sources of long-term funds including international capital markets, foreign exchange markets, and international financial institutions. Sources of short-term funds and cash management techniques for multinationals are also examined, such as trade credit, bill discounting, export financing, and netting of inter-affiliate payments to optimize cash flows.
International finance
International financial management involves managing financial resources on a global scale. Capital is the most mobile and inexpensive global factor of production due to dismantling of trade barriers. Organizations require international capital sources for purposes like establishment, working capital, collaboration, and expansion. Common sources of international capital include foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, overseas equity markets, foreign currency bonds, and loans from multilateral development banks. Managing financial resources globally provides benefits like availability of funds, risk diversification, and access to international markets, but also involves risks like foreign exchange risk and economic/political risks in foreign markets.
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Clearing corporation of india ltd
The clearing and settlement process involves two main tasks - trade comparison and settlement. Clearing includes all activities from the time a commitment is made for a transaction until it is settled, and involves processes like reporting, risk margining, and netting of trades. Settlement takes place once clearing is complete, where the settlement agency facilitates the exchange of cash for securities between buyers and sellers. Key entities involved in clearing and settlement include clearing members, clearing banks, depositories, and the clearing corporation, which works to manage the risks in the process like counterparty, operational, and third party risks.
Retail banking
Retail banking provides financial services to individual consumers rather than businesses. Services include checking and savings accounts, mortgages, personal loans, credit cards, and certificates of deposit. Retail banks offer loans for personal, home, vehicle, education, and farm equipment purposes. They also provide services like bill payment, electronic funds transfer, travelers cheques, foreign currency exchange, NRI bank accounts, distribution channels like branches and ATMs, and demat account operations.
Non Fund Based Credit Facilities (BG & LC)
This document discusses non-fund based credit facilities provided by banks. It begins by defining non-fund based facilities as facilities extended by banks that do not immediately involve an outflow of funds, but may later result in financial liability if commitments are not honored. Examples provided include letters of credit and bank guarantees. The advantages of non-fund based facilities for banks are then outlined, such as no immediate funds outlay and future risk exposure. Various types of non-fund facilities are also defined, with bank guarantees explained in further detail including definition, parties involved, types, and operational procedures.
Securitization
This document provides an overview of securitization, including:
- Securitization is the process of converting illiquid assets into liquid assets by pooling them and selling securities backed by the pooled assets.
- The key participants are originators, special purpose vehicles, investors, and servicers. Assets like mortgages, credit cards, auto loans can be securitized.
- Benefits include off-balance sheet financing for originators and returns for investors. Risks include collateral, structural, legal, and third party risks.
- India has taken steps to regulate securitization but lacks a comprehensive framework and standardization.
Commercial papers
Commercial papers Meaning, Features, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Issuing and Redemption process.
Investment Banking presentation
Investment Banking is basically about the investments done in various sector by major Public & Private Banks
Forward and futures - An Overview
This ppt is prepared to provide detailed information regarding Forwards and Futures contracts of Derivatives the topics covered under this are Meaning of Forwards contracts, Underlying Assets of Forwards contracts, FEATURES OF FORWARD CONTRACTS, Tailored made, Why Forwards contracts, FUTURES CONTRACT, What is A Futures Contract, Characteristics of Futures contracts, Mechanism of Trading in Futures Market, Margin requirement, Marking-to-market (M2M), SETTLING A FUTURE POSITION, OFFSETTING, CASH DELIVERY, by Sundar, Assistant Professor of commerce.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Factoring
Factoring is the sale of accounts receivable (book debts) by a firm to a financial institution called a factor. The factor provides upfront cash payment for the receivables, usually 80%, and assumes responsibility for collecting payment from customers and managing credit risk. Factoring provides firms with working capital and credit protection. It involves three main parties - the client firm, its customers, and the financial institution factor. Factoring has grown in importance globally as a source of trade financing and working capital for businesses.
forward and future contract
A forward contract is a customized agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined future date and price, with no upfront payment required. It is used primarily for hedging and has counterparty risk.
A futures contract is a standardized agreement traded on a futures exchange to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined future date and price, with an initial margin payment required. It is used more for speculation and has low counterparty risk due to clearing house guarantees.
The key differences are that forward contracts are customized over-the-counter agreements while futures contracts are standardized exchange-traded agreements, with futures requiring an initial margin and having a clearing house to reduce counterparty risk.
Security &advances ppt
This document discusses the various types of securities that banks accept when providing secured advances to customers. It outlines 7 main types of securities: advances against goods, documents of title to goods, stock exchange securities, life insurance policies, fixed deposit receipts, book debts, and real estate. For each type, it provides guidelines on the precautions banks should take, such as only accepting goods that are easily marketable, verifying the authenticity of documents, and ensuring the borrower has ownership of pledged assets. Maintaining the safety, liquidity, and profitability of loans is key.
interest rate and currency swaps
Interest rate and currency swaps allow companies to exchange interest rate and currency cash flows to hedge against risks. There are two main types: interest rate swaps exchange fixed and floating rate payments, while currency swaps involve exchanging loan principals and interest payments in different currencies. Comparative advantages in borrowing costs across currencies can create opportunities for swap banks to arrange deals where all parties receive better rates and the bank earns profits through hedging the swap cash flows in money or forward markets.
Mutual funds
Mutual funds provide a way for investors to achieve diversification and professional management of their investments. They pool money from individual investors and invest it in a variety of securities like stocks, bonds and money market instruments. This allows even small investors to hold a diversified portfolio. Mutual funds offer various advantages like liquidity, convenience and transparency. However, they also charge fees and expenses and do not allow as much control over investments as direct investing. There are different types of mutual funds categorized by whether they invest in stocks, bonds or money market instruments as well as by their investment objectives like growth, income or capital preservation.
Chapter 38- Purpose Of Insurance
This document discusses the purpose of insurance. It begins by defining insurance as a way to spread losses among a large number of people who contribute to a common fund. Insurance transfers risk from the insured to one or more insurers. It provides financial protection and compensation in the event of a claim. The importance of pooling risk is that it allows risks to be spread evenly among a large number of contributors, making it easier for insurance companies to bear losses than individuals. Insurance companies make profits based on the difference between premiums and investment income collected, and losses from claims paid out plus administrative costs.
Swap
Swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over time. The key types of swaps discussed in the document are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and credit default swaps. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of interest payments in the same currency, while currency swaps exchange payments in different currencies and may also exchange principal amounts. Credit default swaps provide credit protection to the buyer in the event of default by a reference entity. Swaps are used for hedging risks and reducing borrowing costs.
Certificate of deposit (cd)
Certificates of deposit (CDs) are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large amounts of money. CDs can be issued with maturities ranging from 7 days to 12 months by banks and 1 to 3 years by financial institutions. They must be purchased in amounts of at least Rs. 1 lakh. Banks and corporations use CDs to mobilize funds when needed, such as providing loans. CDs provide liquidity to banks while offering depositors higher returns than regular fixed deposits. However, the CD market in India has yet to be fully developed due to the lack of a secondary market and low usage despite being available for some time.
Indian depository receipt(IDR)
Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs) allow foreign companies to raise capital from Indian investors in their home market. IDRs are issued by a domestic depository and represent underlying shares of the foreign company held in custody by an overseas custodian. Key features include being listed and traded on Indian stock exchanges, providing exposure to foreign stocks for Indian investors within the Indian regulatory framework, and allowing investors rights equivalent to shareholders such as voting and dividends. However, currency risk and lack of attendance at shareholder meetings are limitations of IDRs. Strict eligibility criteria, approvals, and disclosure guidelines regulate the issuance of IDRs in India.
Factoring and forfaiting
This document provides an overview of factoring and forfaiting. It defines factoring as the sale of book debts by a firm to a financial institution, with the factor paying for the debts as they are collected. Forfaiting is similar but deals specifically with receivables from deferred payment exports. The key parties in each transaction and services provided are described. The document also compares factoring to bills discounting and forfaiting, outlines the various types of factoring, and summarizes the mechanics and stages involved in domestic and export factoring as well as forfaiting transactions.
Unit 5- Financial Services
This document provides an overview of financial services. It begins by defining financial services as services provided by the finance industry, including banks, credit companies, insurance companies, brokerages, and investment funds.
The document then discusses various types of financial services such as banking services, investment services, insurance, and examples of each. It also covers the importance of financial services for economic growth, promotion of savings and investments, and risk minimization. Finally, it distinguishes between fund-based financial services that involve raising and investing funds, and fee-based services involving specialized activities like stock broking, credit ratings, and asset securitization.
Credit cards ppt
The document presents information on credit cards including:
1) A brief history of credit cards originating in the US in 1950 and being introduced in the UK in 1966 and India in 1980.
2) An overview of how credit cards work with three parties involved - the issuing bank, card holders who can make purchases without immediate payment, and member establishments who receive payments from the bank after deducting commissions.
3) Eligibility for different types of credit cards depends on a person's income, with standard cards providing basic access and higher tier cards like platinum and titanium offering additional perks and higher spending limits.
Derivative - Forward and future contract
This document provides an overview of derivative contracts, specifically forward and future contracts. It defines derivatives and describes how forward contracts are bilateral agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date for a predetermined price. Future contracts are similar to forwards but are standardized and exchange-traded. The key differences between forwards and futures highlighted are that futures are traded on exchanges, require margin payments, follow daily settlement marked to market, and can be closed prior to delivery, whereas forwards are customized OTC contracts.
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International finance
International financial management involves managing financial resources on a global scale. Capital is the most mobile and inexpensive global factor of production due to dismantling of trade barriers. Organizations require international capital sources for purposes like establishment, working capital, collaboration, and expansion. Common sources of international capital include foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, overseas equity markets, foreign currency bonds, and loans from multilateral development banks. Managing financial resources globally provides benefits like availability of funds, risk diversification, and access to international markets, but also involves risks like foreign exchange risk and economic/political risks in foreign markets.
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Sources of International Finance.pptx
The process of globalization has brought about numerous changes in the world economic and financial front.
Globalization has increased the capital mobility among countries which has led to development and sophistication of international financial markets.
What is International Finance?It is basically the study of monetary interactions that transpire between two or more countries. International finance focuses on areas such as FDI and currency exchange rates. Increased globalization has increased the importance of international finance.
With increasing volumes and complexities of international business, the study of international finance has become a specialized subject dealing with the study of :
Foreign Exchange Markets (Spot Transactions / Forward Market / Derivatives)
Exchange rates (Direct quote method / Indirect Quote)
MNC Financial System
Risk Management
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Sources of international finance
External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs)
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs)
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This document discusses risk management strategies for foreign exchange exposure. The key objectives of forex management are reducing costs, containing losses, optimizing gains, protecting profits, and achieving targets. An effective strategy determines exposure, evaluates risks and rewards, sets targets, formulates policies, and implements strong reporting. Factors like management attitude, exposure type, willingness to devote resources, and currency choice influence the strategy. Risks include currency fluctuations, interest rates, economic factors, and more. Strategies range from conservative to aggressive hedging approaches. Tools for hedging include financial products, internal netting and timing of exposures, invoicing currency, and asset/liability management.
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Epgp(one year) 2009-10_fsr_group4_03.12.09
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Money markets involve short-term borrowing and lending between corporations, financial institutions, investors, and governments. They deal with the flow of short-term capital through instruments maturing in one year or less, such as treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. Deregulation and electronic funds transfers have supported the growth of money markets at the expense of banks. Money market instruments circulate worldwide, reaching $14 trillion in 2008 before declining to $13 trillion in 2012. Freezing of money markets during the financial crisis drove economies into recession.
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真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
快速办理(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
1：1制作加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strategies
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
1比1复刻(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
在线办理(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
做澳洲澳大利亚国立大学毕业证荣誉学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【澳洲澳大利亚国立大学毕业证荣誉学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdf
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
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International Financial Markets & Sources of Funding for MNC's
- 2. Types of Exposures Sources of Long Term Funds Sources of Short Term Funds and Cash Management in MNC’s
- 3. International Monetary System International BanksMNC’s International Financial Institutions Financial Intermediaries International Capital markets Foreign Exchange Market International Monetary Fund Euro Money Market
- 4. Euro Currency Euro Deposits Euro Loans Loan syndication Euro Banking Euro Banking and Central Banks
- 5. Foreign Bonds International Capital Markets International Bond Market International Equity Market Euro Bonds Euro Bonds Foreign Equity •Yankee Bonds •Samurai Bonds •Bulldog Bonds •Euro/Dollar •Euro/Yen •Euro/Pounds ADR GDR
- 6. Foreign Bonds Vs Euro Bonds International Debt Instruments Straight Euro Bonds Convertible Euro Bonds Bonds with warrants Currency cocktail Yankee Bonds Samurai Bonds Floating Rate Notes (FRN) Bulldog Bonds
- 7. GDR ADR EDR Portfolio Investment vs FDI
- 8. Investors Company Lead managers & Syndicate Luxemburg Stock Exchange Custodian Depository Shares Mechanism of GDR’s GDR’sGDR’s GDR’s
- 9. Company Lead managers & Syndicate English Legal Counsel Indian Legal Counsel Investors Luxemborg Stock Exchange Custodian Luxemborg listing Agent Depository PR consultant Auditor Indian Legal Counsel English Legal Counsel Euro clear Cedel & DTC GDR’sShares Listing Agreement Depository Agreement Subscription Agreement Mechanism of GDR’s
- 10. Pre Issue Discuss Strategy, Obtain legal advice, prepare tentative plan of issue Week 0-4 Nominate Lead Manager, co managers, depository, bankers etc. Week 5-7 Meetings between LM, auditors, legal advisors, preparation of official circular Week 8 LM completes & sends preliminary offer offer document to co-managers & underwriters. Week 9 Road shows and investor meets Week 10 Launch & syndication by LM, foreign listing, trading approval etc.
- 11. Advantages Easy access to foreign capital markets Lower leverage and reduces interest rate burden No Cash redemption Free of foreign exchange risk Stabilisation effect from enhancing trading facility Disadvantages Immediate EPS dilution Dividends not tax deductible No downside protection for investors
- 12. Advantages Sell Shares at Premium No immediate EPS dilution Appeals to defensive investor No bond repayment if converted Disadvantages Increase leverage Increase interest burden Foreign exchange risk
- 14. INTERNATIONAL CASH MGMT ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MGMT INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SHORT-TERM FINANCING
- 15. Objective of Cash Management in MNC- To maximize return by proper allocation of short term investments To minimize cost of borrowing by accessing different money markets
- 16. Key Areas: 1. Organization 2. Collection/Fund Disbursement 3. Interaffiliate Payments Netting 4. Excess-Funds Investment 5. Optimal Global Cash Balances 6. Cash Planning/Budgeting 7. Bank Relations
- 17. Advantages – Efficient liquidity levels Enhanced profitability Quicker headquarter action Decision making enhanced Better volume currency quotes Greater cash management expertise Less political risk
- 18. Disadvantages – Complete centralization is practically impossible Local problems in dealing with customers Conflict of interest among parent and subsidiary
- 19. Accelerating cash inflows Managing blocked funds Leading and Lagging Netting Transfer Pricing Investing excess cash
- 20. Offset payments of affiliate receivables/ payables so that net amounts only are transferred Bi lateral Netting Multilateral Netting
- 21. China India Parent USA UK China India Parent USA UK 4 m $ 1 m $ 6 m $ 1.75 m $ 5.25m $ 1 m $ 2 m $ 3.5 m $ 2 m $
- 22. Trade Credit Pre Shipment Post Shipment Bill Discounting Export Financing
- 23. Visit us online at www.TheStockker.com