The document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It discusses the roles of financial markets in transferring funds from surplus units to deficit units through various debt and equity securities. It also describes different types of financial markets, securities, and regulations. Financial institutions help reduce transaction costs and facilitate indirect financing between lenders and borrowers.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Digital 2022: Ethiopia
This page contains all the data, insights, and trends you need to help you understand how people in Ethiopia use connected devices and services in 2022.
You’ll find our complete Digital 2022 report on Ethiopia in the “full report” section below, but let’s start by taking a look at the essential headlines for digital adoption and use in Ethiopia this year.
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Ethiopia’s population in 2022
Ethiopia’s total population was 119.3 million in January 2022.
Data show that Ethiopia’s population increased by 2.9 million (+2.5 percent) between 2021 and 2022.
50.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is female, while 50.0 percent of the population is male.
At the start of 2022, 22.7 percent of Ethiopia’s population lived in urban centres, while 77.3 percent lived in rural areas.
Note: gender data are currently only available for “female” and “male”.
Ethiopia’s population by age
The median age of the population in Ethiopia is 19.9.
For additional context, here’s a look at how the population in Ethiopia breaks down by age group:
• 14.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 0 and 4.
• 20.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 5 and 12.
• 11.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 13 and 17.
• 14.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 18 and 24.
• 15.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 25 and 34.
• 10.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 35 and 44.
• 6.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 45 and 54.
• 4.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 55 and 64.
• 3.6 percent of Ethiopia’s population is aged 65 and above.
Note: percentages may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
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Internet use in Ethiopia in 2022
There were 29.83 million internet users in Ethiopia in January 2022.
Ethiopia’s internet penetration rate stood at 25.0 percent of the total population at the start of 2022.
Kepios analysis indicates that internet users in Ethiopia increased by 731 thousand (+2.5 percent) between 2021 and 2022.
For perspective, these user figures reveal that 89.50 million people in Ethiopia did not use the internet at the start of 2022, meaning that 75.0 percent of the population remained offline at the beginning of the year.
However, issues relating to COVID-19 continue to impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be higher than these published numbers suggest (see here for further details).
For the latest insights into internet adoption and use around the world, follow our regular Global Statshot reports.
Go global: see how Ethiopia’s current “state of digital” compares with connectivity in other countries by reading our flagship Digital 2022 Global Overview Report, which includes hundreds of slides of global digital data, and our in-depth analysis of what these numbers might mean for you.
Internet connection speeds in Ethiopia in 2022
Data
Digital 2022: Ethiopia
This page contains all the data, insights, and trends you need to help you understand how people in Ethiopia use connected devices and services in 2022.
You’ll find our complete Digital 2022 report on Ethiopia in the “full report” section below, but let’s start by taking a look at the essential headlines for digital adoption and use in Ethiopia this year.
ADVERTISEMENT
Ethiopia’s population in 2022
Ethiopia’s total population was 119.3 million in January 2022.
Data show that Ethiopia’s population increased by 2.9 million (+2.5 percent) between 2021 and 2022.
50.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is female, while 50.0 percent of the population is male.
At the start of 2022, 22.7 percent of Ethiopia’s population lived in urban centres, while 77.3 percent lived in rural areas.
Note: gender data are currently only available for “female” and “male”.
Ethiopia’s population by age
The median age of the population in Ethiopia is 19.9.
For additional context, here’s a look at how the population in Ethiopia breaks down by age group:
• 14.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 0 and 4.
• 20.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 5 and 12.
• 11.3 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 13 and 17.
• 14.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 18 and 24.
• 15.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 25 and 34.
• 10.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 35 and 44.
• 6.5 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 45 and 54.
• 4.0 percent of Ethiopia’s population is between the ages of 55 and 64.
• 3.6 percent of Ethiopia’s population is aged 65 and above.
Note: percentages may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
ADVERTISEMENT
Internet use in Ethiopia in 2022
There were 29.83 million internet users in Ethiopia in January 2022.
Ethiopia’s internet penetration rate stood at 25.0 percent of the total population at the start of 2022.
Kepios analysis indicates that internet users in Ethiopia increased by 731 thousand (+2.5 percent) between 2021 and 2022.
For perspective, these user figures reveal that 89.50 million people in Ethiopia did not use the internet at the start of 2022, meaning that 75.0 percent of the population remained offline at the beginning of the year.
However, issues relating to COVID-19 continue to impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be higher than these published numbers suggest (see here for further details).
For the latest insights into internet adoption and use around the world, follow our regular Global Statshot reports.
Go global: see how Ethiopia’s current “state of digital” compares with connectivity in other countries by reading our flagship Digital 2022 Global Overview Report, which includes hundreds of slides of global digital data, and our in-depth analysis of what these numbers might mean for you.
Internet connection speeds in Ethiopia in 2022
Data
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. The Role of Financial Markets and
Institutions
A financial markets
Market with assets (securities, financial instruments)
Sell and buy …
Transfer of funds…
Deficit subjects
Surplus subjects
Financial Market: a market in which financial assets
(securities) such as stocks and bonds can be
purchased or sold
Financial intermediation – financial savings to investments
Payment system
Means of manage risk
3. Role of Financial Markets
Transfer funds from those who have excess
funds to those who need funds.
Students – student loan
Families – mortgages
Business – finance they growth
Government – finance their expenditures
One side supply funds the other side demand
funds
Earn return but only if fund is available in financial
market
4. Role of Financial Markets
Surplus units – lenders, investors
Receive more money than they spend
Deficit units – borrowers
Spend more money than they receive
This relation is formally organized by
securities
Agreement between lender and borrower
Claim on the issuer
5. Role of Financial Markets
Debt securities
Represent debt incurred by issuer – credit, borrowed funds
Deficit units issue the securities to surplus units and…
…pay interest to surplus unit on a periodic basis (such as
every six months)
Characteristics:
Maturity date
Face value
Fixed or variable interest rate
Equity securities
Represent equity or ownership in the issuer – stocks
Deficit unites issue the stocks to surplus money…
…spend more money than they receive from normal operations
6.
7.
8. Role of Financial Markets
Debt instruments
Bonds, mortgages, mortgage-backed securities
Contractual agreement by the borrowers to pay the
holder of the instrument fixed amounts at regular
intervals until a specific date (maturity day), when a final
payment is made.
The maturity of a debt instrument is the number of
years until that instrument’s expiration date.
Debt instrument is
Short – terms or
Long - term
9. Role of Financial Markets
Equities
Common stocks
Which are claims to share in the net income (income after
expenses and taxes) and the assets of a business.
If you own one share of common stock in a company that has
issued one million shares, you are entitled to 1 one-millionth of
the firm’s net income and 1 one-millionth of the firm’s assets.
Equities often make periodic payments to their holders
Dividends
They are considered long-term securities because they
have no maturity day.
Owning stocks means that you own a portion of the firm
and thus have the right to vote on issues important to the
firm and elect its directors.
10. Role of Financial Markets
Advantages and disadvantages
Debt vs. equities
Disadvantages of equities
Equity holder is residual claimant
Advantages of equities
Holders benefit directly from any increases in the
corporation’s profitability or asset value
11. Type of Financial Markets
Money versus Capital Markets
Short-Term, < 1 Year
High Quality Issuers
Debt Only
Primary Market Focus
Liquidity Market--Low
Returns
Long-Term, >1Yr
Range of Issuer Quality
Debt and Equity
Secondary Market Focus
Financing Investment--
Higher Returns
12. Type of Financial Markets
Primary versus Secondary Markets
New Issue of Securities
Exchange of Funds for
Financial Claim
Funds for Borrower; an IOU
(I owe you) for Lender
Trading Previously Issued
Securities
No New Funds for Issuer
Provides Liquidity for Seller
13. Type of Financial Markets
Securities brokers and dealers are crucial to
a well-functioning secondary market
Brokers
Dealers
14. Type of Financial Markets
Because over-the-counter dealers are in computer
contact and know the prices set by one another, the
OTC market is very competitive and not very
different from a market with an organized exchange.
Stock Exchange
Visible Marketplace
Members Trade
Securities Listed
New York Stock
Exchange
NASDAQ (2006)
OTC
Wired Network of
Dealers
No Central, Physical
Location
All Securities Traded
off the Exchanges
Forex
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. How Financial Markets Facilitate
Corporate Finance
Three segments of finance
Corporate finance
How much funding to obtain and how to invest a proceeds to
expand their operation
Investment management
Make a decision about form of financing and investing
Debt vs. Equity financing or investing
Financial markets and institutions
Attract fund from investors and channel the funds to
corporation
Money market – borrow on short term basis
Support existing operations
Capital market – obtain long term funds
Support corporate expansion
20. How Financial Markets Facilitate
Corporate Finance
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Securities Traded in Financial Markets
Return
Expected return from investment
Ex post
Ex ante
Mean of return
Risk
Uncertainty surrounding the expected return
More uncertainty surrounding the expected return more risk
Standard deviation or variance
Coefficient of variation = expected risk (standard deviation)/ expected return
(mean)
Amount of liquidity
Tax status
Normally
High return with particular preference of low risk and adequate amount of
liquidity
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Securities Traded in Financial Markets
Money market securities
Only debt securities
Capital market securities
Bonds
Mortgages and Martgage-Backed securities
Stocks
Derivative securities
Speculation
Speculation on movement in value of underlying assets
without having to purchase those assets
Leverage effect
Hedging
Commodities
Foreign currencies
50. Valuation of Securities in Financial
Markets
Each type of security generates a unique
stream of expected cash flows to investors
Capital gain, income
Each security has a unique level of
uncertainty surrounding the expected cash
flows
Valuation of securities = present value (PV)
of its expected cash flows
Discounted at a rate that reflects the uncertainity
51. Impact of Information on Valuations
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
52. Financial Market Regulation
Many regulations were enacted in response to
fraudulent practices before the Great Depression
Asymmetric Information
Adverse Selection
Morale Hazard
In financial markets, one party often does not know
enough about the other party to make accurate
decision
Lack of information creates problems in the financial system
on two fronts:
Before and after transaction
53. Financial Market Regulation
Adverse selection
The problem created by asymmetric information before the
transaction occurred.
This occurs when the potential borrowers who are the most
likely to produce undesirable (adverse) outcome – the bad
credit risk – are the ones who most actively seek out a loan
and are thus more likely to be selected.
Because adverse selection makes it more likely that loans
might be made to bad credit risks, lenders may decide not
to make any loans even though there are good credit risks
in the market place.
54. Financial Market Regulation
Moral hazard
It is the problem created by asymmetric information after
the transaction occurred.
Moral hazard in financial markets is the risk (hazard) that
the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable
(immoral) from the lender’s point of view, because they
make it less likely that the loan will be paid back.
Because moral hazard lowers the probability that the loan
will be repaid, lenders may decide that they would rather
not make a loan.
Moral hazard leads to conflicts of interest
55. Financial Market Regulation
Six types of regulations.
1. Restriction on entry
2. Disclosure
3. Restriction on Assets and Activities
4. Deposit insurance
5. Limits on Competition
6. Restriction on Interest Rate
Disclosure
Incorrect information - poor investment decision
Attempt to ensure that businesses disclosure accurate information
Disclosure information is available only a small set of investors that have major
advantage
Goal to provide all investors with aqual access to information
Regulatory Response to Financial Scandals
2001 – 2002
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The limited financial disclosure by firms is a major reason why there is much
uncertainty surrounding their valuations
56. Global Financial Markets
Improve of international transfer of funds between
surplus and deficit units
Some countries have had financial market form a
long time but there are also new market of transitive
economies – emerging markets
Slow develop of financial markets in developing
countries
Lack of information
Low confidence in markets
Rare of prosecution
Low efficiency of fund channeling
57. Perfect market E. Fama 1970’s
Characteristic of perfect markets
All information about any securities are available
You can buy any size of security
No existence of transactional costs
→ financial intermediaries are not necessary
Markets are imperfect
Information are not perfectly and freely available
Surplus unit are not able to identify
creditworthiness of borrowers
Individual contracts are expensive
59. Role of Financial Institutions
Financial institutions
Depositary Institutions
Non-depository Financial Institutions
60. Why are financial intermediaries and
indirect finance so important?
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs, the time and money spent in carrying
out financial transactions, are a major problem for people
who have excess funds to lend.
Financial intermediaries can substantially reduce
transaction costs because they have developed expertise
in lowering them, and because their large size allow them
to take advantage of economies of scale.
For example
A bank knows how to find a good lawyer to produce loan
contract, and this contract can be used over and over again in
this loan transactions, thus lowering the legal cost per
transaction.
61. Why are financial intermediaries and
indirect finance so important?
Risk Sharing
Another benefit made possible by the low transaction costs
of financial institutions is that they can help reduce the
exposure of investors risk.
Financial intermediaries do this through the process known
as risk sharing.
They create and sell assets with risk characteristics that
people are comfortable with. The intermediaries then use
the funds they acquire by selling these assets to purchase
other assets that may have far more risk.
Asset transformation
62. Depository Insitutions
Accept deposit → provide credit → purchase
securities
Offer deposit account
Repackage funds to provide loans
Accept risk
Expertise available
Diversification
65. Nondepository Financial Institutions
Focused on capital market
Longer-term, higher risk intermediation
Less focus on liquidity
Less regulation
Greater focus on equity investments
66. Comparison of Role among Financial
Institutions
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
67. Summary of Institutional Sources and
Uses of Funds
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
68. Consolidation of Financial Institutions
Rapid growth of mutual funds and pension
funds
Increased consolidation of financial
institutions via mergers
Increased competition between financial
Institutions
Growth of financial conglomerates
69. Typical Structure of a Financial
Conglomerate
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition