This document discusses how interest groups and money influence politics following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision. It defines different types of political spending, including direct contributions, soft money, PACs, 527 and 501(c) groups. The McCain-Feingold and Citizens United cases are summarized. Citizens United struck down limits on corporate political spending as a free speech issue. This opened the door to greater influence of super PACs and dark money groups in elections, though most money spent did not achieve the intended result. Political cartoons critique the influence of big money in politics.
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The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. A federal militia was organized in 1794 to put down the rebellion. When the rebels dispersed without a single shot being fired, Hamilton and the Federalists hailed it as a victory for the newly formed federal government created by the United States Constitution.
This lecture deals with the rise of industrial America ni the second half of the 19th century. It explains the factors that led to the economic boom and its impact on businesses and on American economic progress.
The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. A federal militia was organized in 1794 to put down the rebellion. When the rebels dispersed without a single shot being fired, Hamilton and the Federalists hailed it as a victory for the newly formed federal government created by the United States Constitution.
Presentation to go with section 10.3. Includes a recent history of campaign finance laws from Federal Elections Campaign Act (1971) through Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Interest Groups Post Citizens United
1. “Show Me the Money”
Interest Groups and the
Political Process
Post-Citizens United
2. What are Interest Groups?
Organizations of people
sharing a common
interest or goal that
seek to influence
government policy and
elections
3. The Role of Interest Groups
in the Political Process
Inform public about issues and candidates
Grassroots organizing
Recruit and endorse candidates
Form Political Action
Committees (PACs)
Contribute money to campaigns
Sponsor “Issue Ads”
4. Hard Money:
● Campaign contributions
regulated and limited by the
federal government that are
given directly to a candidate
5. Soft Money:
Previously unlimited and
unregulated campaign
contributions to federal candidates
and the national parties
Supposedly for generic “party
building” activities (ex: get-out-the-
vote drives, bumper stickers,
yard signs, and “issue ads”)
6. Political Action Committee (PAC):
Officially registered fund-raising
organization that represents interest
groups in the political process.
7. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
a.k.a. McCain-Feingold Bill
Prohibited corporations and unions from
funding "electioneering communications”
within 30 days before a primary or 60 days
before a general election
i.e. can’t broadcast ads mentioning a candidate
8. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
a.k.a. McCain-Feingold Bill
Ban on national parties and officeholders
raising and spending “soft money”
“Stand by your ad” provision
9. 527 Groups
Tax-exempt organizations created to
raise money for political activities
Not subject to FEC disclosure rules.
Advocacy groups try to influence federal
elections through voter mobilization
efforts and so-called issue ads that tout
or criticize a candidate’s record.
10. 501(c) Groups
Nonprofit, tax-exempt
interest groups that
can engage in varying
levels of political
activity
Not subject to FEC
disclosure rules.
12. Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Spending money to finance
campaigns is a form of
constitutionally protected
free speech through the
1st Amendment
Candidates can spend an
unlimited amount of their
own money to finance their
own campaigns
Meg Whitman, former eBay CEO, spent
$160 million of her own $ (about
$50/vote) to finance unsuccessful
campaign for Governor of CA in 2010
13. McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Rehnquist Court upheld
most of McCain-Feingold
a.k.a. BCRA
Restrictions on free speech
justified by government’s
interest to prevent
corruption in campaigns
14. Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
BACKGROUND:
Conservative non-profit
produced “Hilary: The Movie”
Purchase airtime on cable TV
during 2008 election
FEC deemed movie
“electioneering communication”
in violation of BCRA
15. Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
SCOTUS DECISION:
Political spending is
protected speech under
the 1st Amendment
Gov’t may not keep
corporations or unions
from spending money
to support or denounce
individual candidates in elections
Upheld bans on direct contributions to candidates
16. Consequences of Citizens United
Opens flood gates for advocacy spending in
campaigns ($1.3 billion in 2012 election cycle)
Disclosure and transparency issues
Paves the way for Super PACs
17. Super PACs
Super PACs may raise and spend
unlimited sums of money in order to
advocate for or against political
candidates.
Super PACs are prohibited from
donating money directly to political
candidates.
20. Impact of Super PACs on the
2012 Election
Over $1.3 billion
spent by 629
outside groups
Only 32% of
money spent
yielded intended
result
21. Analyzing Political Cartoons
For each of the following cartoons:
a)Describe what’s going on in the political cartoon
(Who? What? When? Where?)
b)Identify any symbols portrayed in the cartoon
and analyze what they represent.
c)What is the artist’s message in the cartoon?
What do you think?
d)Explain what this cartoon tells us about special
interest money in political campaigns after the
Citizens United decision.