National elections are held every two years to elect representatives and senators, and presidential elections occur every four years. Candidates begin organizing over a year in advance and must raise hundreds of millions of dollars. Primary elections are held in the spring for parties to select their nominee. The general election is the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Voting rights have expanded over time to include more groups, such as women gaining suffrage in 1920 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protecting African American voting rights.
The Electoral System of the USA // The 2012 Presidential ElectionValentinSchraub
I have created this presentation for an English exam in my last year at the Immanuel Kant high school in Leinfelden, Germany. It is about the 2012 presidential election in the United States and its electoral system. I got 14 out of 15 credits for this presentation and after it I conducted a spontaneous survey among the 15 students on who they would vote for if they were Americans. 13 out of 15 voted for Barack Obama, the remaining two for Mitt Romney.
The Electoral System of the USA // The 2012 Presidential ElectionValentinSchraub
I have created this presentation for an English exam in my last year at the Immanuel Kant high school in Leinfelden, Germany. It is about the 2012 presidential election in the United States and its electoral system. I got 14 out of 15 credits for this presentation and after it I conducted a spontaneous survey among the 15 students on who they would vote for if they were Americans. 13 out of 15 voted for Barack Obama, the remaining two for Mitt Romney.
RepresentationProfessor Kelly RiveraOutlineI. .docxkellet1
Representation
Professor Kelly Rivera
Outline
I. Introduction
II. The People
a. Legally
b. Politically
III. The Process
a. Elections
b. Governance
IV. Linking the People and the Process
V. Representation in American Politics
Introduction
2005 Bankruptcy Reform
Emphasized Personal Responsibility
Chapter 7 Chapter 13
…but barely touched
• Homestead Exemption
• Tax Shelters
• Court Shopping
• Predatory Lending
“The People”
Legally
The Declaration of Independence
says that governments are
constituted among men to secure the
rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness. Any powers they
have are dependent on the consent
of the governed.
“The People”
Legally
Not only do you get a say in what the
government does, but you also get
certain protections.
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of Expression
• Criminal Protections
“The People”
Legally
But for more than 100 years, “the people”
didn’t mean everyone. Indeed, the rights of
suffrage and citizenship rights only extended
slowly, and with a fight.
The Founding & 3/5th Clause
Dred Scott
13th, 14th, 15th
Women’s Rights (19th)
Civil Rights Movement
CRA ’64, VRA ’65
ADA ’90
“The People”
Legally
“The People”
Legally
Nowadays, virtually everyone
enjoys equal status under the law.
“The People”
Politically
However, legal equality isn’t political equality.
“The People”
Politically
Voters vs. Non-Voters
Organized vs. Unorganized
Attentive vs. Inattentive
Intense vs. Apathetic
Contributors vs. Everyone Else
The Process
If it is “the people” who are to govern, then the question is how?
As we talked about, one way would be to have every citizen vote on every
issue requiring a decision. Of course, such a direct democracy is
impractical almost anywhere, much less in a nation as big as ours.
So instead we delegate to representatives who act on our behalf. Such is
the basis of our representative democracy. The question we asked was
how we can keep those officials focused on our goals (rather than their
own, or someone else’s).
The Process
Republican Government
The answer, we said, was to have a government where…
1. Elections are free, fair, competitive, and frequent.
2. Governance is transparent, debated, and widely covered.
The Process
Elections
Free? Essentially Yes
- questions of registration and former felons and such
Fair? Pretty much
- questions of campaign funding, ballot technology, and such
Competitive? Debated
- gerrymandering, fundraising, media, public apathy
Frequent? Some say too frequent.
The Process
Governance
Transparent? Mixed
- way more public than old days…but lots of complexity
Contested? Mixed
- House rules
- Senate rules
- Parties encourage cheerleading w/in party.
Widely Covered? Yes and No
- Inside and Outside Beltway
- President vs. Everyone Else
- State to State (Media Market to Media Market)
Linking People and Process
Even if process is competitive, transparent,.
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Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
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human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
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with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
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safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
The Evolution of SEO: Insights from a Leading Digital Marketing AgencyDigital Marketing Lab
Explore the latest trends in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and discover how modern practices are transforming business visibility. This document delves into the shift from keyword optimization to user intent, highlighting key trends such as voice search optimization, artificial intelligence, mobile-first indexing, and the importance of E-A-T principles. Enhance your online presence with expert insights from Digital Marketing Lab, your partner in maximizing SEO performance.
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Telegram is a messaging platform that ushers in a new era of communication. Available for Android, Windows, Mac, and Linux, Telegram offers simplicity, privacy, synchronization across devices, speed, and powerful features. It allows users to create their own stickers with a user-friendly editor. With robust encryption, Telegram ensures message security and even offers self-destructing messages. The platform is open, with an API and source code accessible to everyone, making it a secure and social environment where groups can accommodate up to 200,000 members. Customize your messenger experience with Telegram's expressive features.
Project Serenity is an innovative initiative aimed at transforming urban environments into sustainable, self-sufficient communities. By integrating green architecture, renewable energy, smart technology, sustainable transportation, and urban farming, Project Serenity seeks to minimize the ecological footprint of cities while enhancing residents' quality of life. Key components include energy-efficient buildings, IoT-enabled resource management, electric and autonomous transportation options, green spaces, and robust waste management systems. Emphasizing community engagement and social equity, Project Serenity aspires to serve as a global model for creating eco-friendly, livable urban spaces that harmonize modern conveniences with environmental stewardship.
This tutorial presentation provides a step-by-step guide on how to use Facebook, the popular social media platform. In simple and easy-to-understand language, this presentation explains how to create a Facebook account, connect with friends and family, post updates, share photos and videos, join groups, and manage privacy settings. Whether you're new to Facebook or just need a refresher, this presentation will help you navigate the features and make the most of your Facebook experience.
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
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understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE G-TEAMS BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
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2. The War Room
To gain insight on
how a successful
campaign is ran, we
will be watching a
documentary
following the 1992
Campaign of
President Bill Clinton.
3. National Elections
National Elections are held every 2 years
Senators and Representatives are
elected every 2 years
Presidential Elections are held every 4
years. (Very Lengthy and Complex)
Candidates for these high offices must
have access to hundreds of millions of
dollars to run successful campaigns.
4. Electing the President
Candidates for
President begin
organizing their
campaign a year
before the elections
5. Primary Elections
The primary races
are held in the
spring.
Each party votes on
candidates to select
who will represent
that party in the
General Election.
12. 2008 Democratic Candidates
Hillary Clinton
Barack Obama
John Edwards
Joe Biden
Christopher Dodd
Mike Gravel
Dennis Kucinish
Bill Richardson
14. 2008 Republican Candidates
Rudy Giuliani
Mike Huckabee
Duncan Hunter
Alan Keyes
John McCain
Ron Paul
Mitt Romney
Tom Trancredo
Fred Thompson
15. Electing the President Cont.
National Conventions are held in the
summer of the Presidential election
year.
A National Convention is a ceremonial
affair where the political party selects
their candidate for the up coming
election and they discuss their platform.
16. Electing the President Cont.
Campaigns get more intense the closer
it gets to election day.
During the final 8 weeks of the
campaign the candidates spend long
crazy hours traveling from state to state
– Sometimes they don’t even know where
they are.
Election Day is the First Tuesday after
the first Monday of November.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. The Electoral College
In order to be elected President You
must win at least 270 of the 538
available electoral votes.
A states total electoral points is the
same as the number of representatives
and senators it has in Congress.
(population)
– Plus Washington D.C. has 3
26.
27. The Electoral College
The candidate who
wins the popular
vote typically wins
the electoral vote.
But it is not always
the case.
Ex. – The 2000
Presidential Election
28.
29.
30. The Electoral College
Presidential Campaigns must pay close
attention to the states with large
populations (CA,NY,TX,PA,FL)
If a candidate won the 11 biggest states
they would get 270 points and win.
Therefore the big states get a lot more
campaigning attention.
If it appears the big states will be split
than the small ones become important.
31. Campaign Strategy
Campaign Manager-
Responsible for the
overall strategy and
planning in a
campaign
organization
James Carville was
President Clinton’s
Campaign Manager
32. Campaign Strategy
Campaign Managers make decisions like:
– Should the Candidate wage an aggressive
attack on their opponent?
– What should be the theme or slogan of the
campaign?
– What issues should be stressed?
– How much money is spent of
TV/Radio/Newspaper advertisement?
– What goes into advertisements?
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Campaign Strategy
Field Workers- Help with
the smaller duties of a
campaign. (Usually
Volunteers)
– Ring doorbells
– Call voters by phone
– Hang up signs
– What ever it takes to get
votes
It is very important for a
candidate to maintain a
positive image and
his/her campaign crew
must help to keep it. George Stephanopoulos
39. Campaign Strategy
Debates-
Candidates come
together and
discuss issues
publically.
– Have been in every
election since 1976
– Are held late in the
campaign
– Influence the
undecided voters
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51. Financing Campaigns
Running a campaign is very expensive
– A seat in Congress (1996) cost about
$1.5 million
– Presidential candidates spent $400 Million
– In 2004, Presidential and Congressional
candidates spent a combined $3.9 Billion
Up to the 1970’s candidates relied on
contributions from business
organizations, Labor Unions, and
interested individuals
52.
53. Financing Campaigns
The old system
created problems,
b/c it gave people
with access to more
money a lot of
political power
Candidates might
owe favors to big
businesses or
people who gave
them a lot of money
54. Financing Campaigns
The Federal Election Campaign Act of
1971
– Set a new system of campaign financing
for Federal elections based on 3 principles
1. Individuals can only donate up to $1,000
2. Set limitations on what a candidate can
spend (ruled unconstitutional)
3. A candidate has to publicly tell how much
was spent
55. Financing Campaigns
Political Action Committees (PAC)- an
organization designed to support
political candidates with campaign
contributions.
– A person can contribute up to $5,000 to a
PAC
– The PAC can’t give but $1,000 to the
candidate, but can use the money in other
places in the candidates party.
56. Financing Campaigns
Soft Money- Money
used in a campaign
for general purposes
for a party.
Originally this
information didn’t
have to be
disclosed, but a
ruling in 1991 said it
did.
57.
58.
59. Financing Campaigns
Republicans got
more soft money
from big businesses
Both parties felt that
soft money was the
key to victory
1996 campaigns
raised huge issues
on soft money and if
it was being used
ethically
60. Financing Campaigns
In the 2000 elections each party raised
over $250 million in soft money
contributions
The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act-
banned the donations of soft money to
national political parties, but it raised the
limit for individuals to donate to $2,000
61.
62.
63. Expanding Voting Rights
Voting is absolutely
vital to the success
of American
Democracy
Americans select
more than 500,000
government officials
at all levels
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70. Expanding Voting Rights
Suffrage- The civil
right to vote
Today almost
anyone 18 years or
older can vote
However, this has
not always been the
case in this country
71. Expanding Voting Rights
Before the American
Revolution women,
African-Americans,
and white males
who didn’t own
property were not
allowed to vote
By the mid 1800’s
all adult white males
were allowed to vote
72. Expanding Voting Rights
Women’s Suffrage
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and
Lucretia Mott
organized the first
women’s right
convention in 1848
Stanton urged that
getting women the
right to vote should
be their first priority
73. Expanding Voting Rights
Women’s Suffrage
Women suffragists
were accused of
being unfeminine
and immoral.
The Suffragists were
split into two groups,
one focusing on
getting the right to
vote via Constitution
and the other by
each individual
state.
75. Expanding Voting Rights
Women’s Suffrage
One of the most
famous speeches
given by a woman
suffragette was the
“Ain’t I a Woman”
speech by Sojourner
Truth at a women’s
convention in Akron,
Ohio.
76.
77.
78. Expanding Voting Rights
Women’s Suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony felt that the only way to gain
women’s suffrage was to have the
Constitution Amended.
After WWI states began to individually grant
women the right to vote and Congress began
to accept the idea.
19th Amendment- Went into effect in 1920,
guaranteeing women the right to vote.
80. Expanding Voting Rights
African-American Suffrage
Up to 1870 African
Americans were not
given the right to
vote nationally
The first effort to
extend suffrage to
African Americans
nationwide came
after the Civil War in
1870
81. Expanding Voting Rights
African-American Suffrage
The 15th Amendment
was ratified in 1870
“No state can deprive
any citizen of the right
to vote on account of
race, color, or
previous condition.”
82.
83. Expanding Voting Rights
African-American Suffrage
The 15th Amendment
did not result in full
suffrage for African
Americans
A number of states set
up road blocks for
African Americans
Particularly the
Southern States
84. Grandfather Clause
Only Voters whose
grandfathers voted
before 1867 were
eligible to vote
without paying a poll
tax or passing a
literacy test.
This was declared
Unconstitutional in
1915.
85. Literacy Test
Used to keep
African Americans
from voting
Very hard test
designed to make
a person fail
The voting Rights
Acts of 1965 and
1970 outlawed
literacy tests
86. Poll Tax
An amount of money that a citizen had
to pay before they could vote
You also had to pay for back taxes on
years you voted before
You had to pay long before election day
and show the receipt the day you voted
The 24th Amendment was ratified in
1964 outlawing poll taxes in National
Elections
– State elections in 1966(By Supreme Court)
87.
88. Voting Rights Act of 1965
Opened the gates
for African American
involvement in
voting (especially in
the South)
1960: 29% in the
South
1990: 60% in the
South
89.
90.
91.
92. 26th Amendment
Originally the voting
age was 21
The draft and the
Vietnam Conflict
started a movement to
lower the age to 18
The argument was that
if a person was old
enough to die for his
country he should be
old enough to vote
93. 26th Amendment
The 26th
Amendment was
ratified in 1971
lowering the voting
age from 21 to 18