The document discusses the intricate relationships between vitamins, minerals, and hormones, highlighting both antagonistic and synergistic interactions that occur at metabolic and absorptive levels. It illustrates how excess intake of certain nutrients can inhibit the absorption of others, such as calcium affecting zinc absorption, while certain combinations can enhance utilization, as with iron and copper. Furthermore, the document addresses the implications of nutrient imbalances on health, emphasizing the need for a balanced intake of micronutrients to mitigate risks associated with deficiencies or toxic accumulations.

1. INTERACTIONS BETWEENINTERACTIONS BETWEEN
VITAMINS MINERALS ANDVITAMINS MINERALS AND
HORMONESHORMONES
FN 502
MICRONUTRIENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION

3. Two relationships exist among the trace elements,
ANTAGONISTIC AND SYNERGISTIC, which occur at two levels,
METABOLIC AND ABSORPTIVE.
Two relationships exist among the trace elements,
ANTAGONISTIC AND SYNERGISTIC, which occur at two levels,
METABOLIC AND ABSORPTIVE.

4.
MINERAL ANTAGONISMS
Antagonism at the absorptive level
is due to inhibited absorption; that
is, excess intake of a single
element can decrease the
intestinal absorption of another
element.
As an example, a high intake of
calcium depresses intestinal zinc
absorption
while an excess intake of zinc can
Antagonism at the absorptive level
is due to inhibited absorption; that
is, excess intake of a single
element can decrease the
intestinal absorption of another
element.
As an example, a high intake of
calcium depresses intestinal zinc
absorption
while an excess intake of zinc can
Antagonisms at the metabolic
level occur when an excess of
one element interferes with the
metabolic functions of another
or contributes to its excretion
due to compartmental
displacement.
This is seen with zinc and
copper, cadmium and zinc, iron
and copper, calcium,
Antagonisms at the metabolic
level occur when an excess of
one element interferes with the
metabolic functions of another
or contributes to its excretion
due to compartmental
displacement.
This is seen with zinc and
copper, cadmium and zinc, iron
and copper, calcium,

5. Synergism between the elements occurs largely on a metabolic
level.
As an example
Iron and copper are synergistic in that sufficient copper is
required for iron utilization.
Magnesium also functions in concert with potassium by
enhancing its cellular retention.
The synergism between calcium, magnesium and phosphorus is
well known due to their requirement in the maintenance and
Synergism between the elements occurs largely on a metabolic
level.
As an example
Iron and copper are synergistic in that sufficient copper is
required for iron utilization.
Magnesium also functions in concert with potassium by
enhancing its cellular retention.
The synergism between calcium, magnesium and phosphorus is
well known due to their requirement in the maintenance and
ERAL SYNERGISMS

6. A third relationship is also noted, wherein a deficient intake of an
element can allow toxic accumulation of another element.
Small amounts of cadmium intake can accumulate to a point of toxicity
in the presence of marginal or deficient zinc intake.
Lead toxicity can occur with insufficient calcium or iron intake and iron
toxicity can develop in the presence of a copper deficiency.
A fourth relationship can also be seen when an excessive intake of a
single element produces a deficiency of a synergistic element. This can
result in an excess accumulation of an element,
as seen with excessive zinc intake contributing to a copper deficiency.
Such an imbalance can cause excessive iron to build up in storage
tissues.
Manganese by interfering with magnesium can result in excessive

7. Vitamin ANTAGONISMS
Vitamin A reduces the toxic effects of Vitamin D.
Vitamins A and D are mutually antagonistic.
It has been reported that B1 can have an antagonistic B12 action.
It should be noted that the antagonistic relationship depicted between
Vitamin C and Vitamin B12 is an indirect one.
It has been confirmed, that Vitamin C does not directly affect B12, nor
destroy this Vitamin. The antagonism is via iron, in that iron is known to
antagonize cobalt, which is an integral part of Vitamin B12. Vitamin C by
enhancing iron absorption can therefore indirectly affect B12 status. This is
howevera rare occurrence and may only affect a small segment of the
population who may sufferfromiron overload disorders.
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium; therefore, excessive intake of Vitamin D by increasing calcium
absorption would then produce a decrease in magnesium, potassium or phosphorus retention, or absorption.
The effects of Vitamin A which enhances potassium and phosphorus absorption or retention, would then be reduced in
the presence of high Vitamin D intake.

8. VITAMIN SYNERGISM
VITAMIN MINERAL
SYNERGISM
VITAMIN MINERAL
ANTAGONISM

9. Vitamin A Synergistic Nutrients

10. Antagonistic Nutrients:

11. Vitamin B1 (THIAMIN)SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
• Magnesium is required to
convert thiamin to its
biologically active form and is
also required for certain
thiamin-dependent enzymes.
• Overcoming thiamin deficien
cy might not occur if
magnesium deficiency is not
co-treated.
• Magnesium is required to
convert thiamin to its
biologically active form and is
also required for certain
thiamin-dependent enzymes.
• Overcoming thiamin deficien
cy might not occur if
magnesium deficiency is not
co-treated.
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
• Vitamin B6 can inhibit the
biosynthesis of thiamin.
• Vitamin B6 can inhibit the
biosynthesis of thiamin.
MagnesiumMagnesium Vitamin B6Vitamin B6

12. Vitamin B3 (NIACIN) Vitamin B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
 Supplementing with nicotinic
acid might provide a dose-
dependent improvement in
hepatic zinc levels and better
antioxidant markers,
including less lipid
peroxidation, reduced
glutathione levels.
 Supplementing with nicotinic
acid might provide a dose-
dependent improvement in
hepatic zinc levels and better
antioxidant markers,
including less lipid
peroxidation, reduced
glutathione levels.
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
 Calcium might form a chelate
with riboflavin, decreasing
riboflavin absorption.
 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
 Calcium might form a chelate
with riboflavin, decreasing
riboflavin absorption.
 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
ZincZinc Calciu
m
Calciu
m

13. Vitamin B5
(PANTOTHENIC
ACID)
Copper
Copper deficiency
increases Vitamin B5
requirements.
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
Magnesium
Magnesium enhances the
uptake of Vitamin B6 and vice
versa.
Co-supplementing with Vitamin
B6 and magnesium helps PMS
symptoms and possibly autism.
Vitamin B6Vitamin B6
(PYRIDOXINE)(PYRIDOXINE)
Vitamin B6Vitamin B6
(PYRIDOXINE)(PYRIDOXINE)
AGONISTIC NUTRIENTSGONISTIC NUTRIENTS

14. Vitamin B6
(Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B1:
 Vitamin B6 can inhibit the biosynthesis of thiamin.
Vitamin B9:
 Vitamin B6 increases folate requirements and possibly vice versa.
 Along with Vitamin B12, co-supplementation with Vitamins B9 and B6
improves homocysteine levels, of which high levels have been linked to cardiovascular
disease, thrombin generation, and neurodegeneration.
Zinc
 High levels of Vitamin B6 might increase the need for zinc.
 Chronic and acute Vitamin B6 deficiency increases intestinal uptake of zinc but serum zinc
levels decrease, demonstrating an impairment in zinc utilization.
Vitamin B1:
 Vitamin B6 can inhibit the biosynthesis of thiamin.
Vitamin B9:
 Vitamin B6 increases folate requirements and possibly vice versa.
 Along with Vitamin B12, co-supplementation with Vitamins B9 and B6
improves homocysteine levels, of which high levels have been linked to cardiovascular
disease, thrombin generation, and neurodegeneration.
Zinc
 High levels of Vitamin B6 might increase the need for zinc.
 Chronic and acute Vitamin B6 deficiency increases intestinal uptake of zinc but serum zinc
levels decrease, demonstrating an impairment in zinc utilization.
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS

15. Vitamin B9 (FOLATE) : ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS

16. Vitamin B12 (COBALAMINE) : ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS

17. Vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Vitamin E
 Vitamins E work synergistically for antioxidant defense, with Vitamin C regenerating
Vitamin E.
 Works in synergy, so large supplementation of one needs large supplement of other.
Copper
 Post-absorptive, Vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of copper.
 Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
Iron
 Increases absorption of non-heam iron, even in the presence of inhibitory substances.
Selenium
 A diet high in Vitamin C led to increased percent of absorption of sodium selenite and
Vitamin E
 Vitamins E work synergistically for antioxidant defense, with Vitamin C regenerating
Vitamin E.
 Works in synergy, so large supplementation of one needs large supplement of other.
Copper
 Post-absorptive, Vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of copper.
 Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
Iron
 Increases absorption of non-heam iron, even in the presence of inhibitory substances.
Selenium
 A diet high in Vitamin C led to increased percent of absorption of sodium selenite and
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

18. Vitamin B12
In aqueous solution, Vitamin C might degrade B12, especially with B1 and
copper also present.
Iron
Excess Vitamin C could increase iron overload risk.
Selenium
Converts sodium selenite to elemental selenium which inhibits absorption
but only when supplements are taken on an empty stomach.
ANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTSANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTS

19. Vitamin D
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

20. CALCIUM
• Vitamin D increases calcium absorption.
• Along with Vitamin K, supplementing with calcium and Vitamin D leads to
improved bone, heart, and metabolic health.
• Calcium and Vitamin D also work synergistically for skeletal muscle
function.
• Co-supplementation of Vitamin D and calcium led to an improved
response to children with rickets.
MAGNESIUM
• Supplementing with Vitamin D improves serum levels
of magnesium especially in obese individuals.
• Magnesium is a cofactor for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of
Vitamin D.
• Supplementing with magnesium improves Vitamin D levels.
• Deficiency in both Vitamin D and magnesium increase risk for

21. ANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTS
Vitamin A
High levels of Vitamin A decrease Vitamin D uptake by 30
percent.
Vitamin E
Medium and high levels of Vitamin E significantly reduce
Vitamin D uptake by 15 % and 17 % respectively.

22. Vitamin E: SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

23. VITAMIN E Antagonistic Nutrients
Iron
• Iron interferes with absorption of
Vitamin E.
• Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates
iron excess but supplemental
Vitamin E prevented it.
• It is best to take the supplements
at separate times.

24. Vitamin K
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin A toxicity inhibits synthesis of
Vitamin K2 by intestinal bacteria and
interferes with hepatic actions of Vitamin K.
Vitamin A inhibits intestinal absorption of
Vitamin K.
Vitamin D
Inhibits intestinal absorption of Vitamin K.
Vitam in E
Metabolites can inhibit Vitamin K activity, so
care is needed when taking large doses.
Vitamin E can also inhibit the intestinal
absorption of Vitamin K.
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin D
Optimal levels of Vitamin K prevents some
of the problems of excess Vitamin D and
leads to better outcomes.
Sufficient levels of Vitamins D and K lead to
reduced risk of hip fractures and an
increase in BMD and other markers of bone
health.
It also improves insulin levels, blood
pressure, and reduces the risk of
arthrosclerosis.
Calcium
Along with Vitamin D, Vitamin K and

25. SPECIAL GROUP INTERACTIONS: ANTIOXIDANT
NETWORK
SPECIAL GROUP INTERACTIONS: ANTIOXIDANT
NETWORK
ZINC, SELENIUM, VITAMIN A, VITAMIN C,
VITAMIN E
Balanced and sufficient quantities keep antioxidant enzymes and
other antioxidant defenses high to mitigate oxidative stress,
which is connected to numerous diseases, including Alzheimer’s
disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and metabolic
syndrome.
Along with magnesium, antioxidant Vitamins can also help to
protect against hearing loss and reduce inflammation.

26. MACROMINERALS: CALCIUM
Vitamin D
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption.
Along with Vitamin K, supplementing with calcium and Vitamin D leads to improved
bone, heart, and metabolic health.
Calcium and Vitamin D also work synergistically for skeletal muscle function.
Co-supplementation of Vitamin D and calcium led to an improved response to children
with rickets.
Potassium
Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption.
Along with Vitamin K, supplementing with calcium and Vitamin D leads to improved
bone, heart, and metabolic health.
Calcium and Vitamin D also work synergistically for skeletal muscle function.
Co-supplementation of Vitamin D and calcium led to an improved response to children
with rickets.
Potassium
Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

27. ANTAGONISTIC
Iron : High levels of calcium decrease absorption of non-heme iron in the
short term but might not have a long-term impact on iron levels; this can
be mitigated by Vitamin C.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels
of zinc.
Magnesium: High levels of calcium decreased tissue levels
of magnesium and exacerbates deficiency and decreases magnesium
absorption.
Magnesium supplementation can decrease calcium absorption, especially
in those with renal stone disease.
Manganese: Manganese and calcium compete for absorption and display
similar properties.

28. The ideal ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 1:1. Higher levels of
phosphorus to calcium ratio was shown to hurt bone health in pigs and
humans.
Sodium: Excess sodium enhances calcium excretion.
High sodium increases bone turnover and reduces BMD.
Zinc: High levels of calcium supplements decrease zinc absorption and zinc
balance.
High levels of zinc might impact calcium absorption.
Zinc deficiency reduces serum calcium levels and calcium entry into cells,
and it increases PTH levels.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels
of zinc.
Continued.........

29. MACROMINERALS: PHOSPHORUS
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
Calcium
High levels of calcium supplements decrease phosphorus absorption.
The ideal ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 1:1; higher levels of the
phosphorus to calcium ratio was shown to hurt bone health in pigs
and humans.
Magnesium
Along with calcium, phosphorus can reduce the absorption
of magnesium in the intestines.

30. MACROMINERALS: POTASSIUM
Calcium Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
Magnesium Magnesium is required for potassium uptake in cells.
Combination of magnesium, calcium, and potassium reduces the risk
of stroke.
Sodium Potassium/Sodium balance required for optimal health, especially for
reduced blood pressure and heart health.
The right potassium to sodium balance increases bone health through
decreasing excess excretion of calcium due to high levels of sodium.
Calcium Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
Magnesium Magnesium is required for potassium uptake in cells.
Combination of magnesium, calcium, and potassium reduces the risk
of stroke.
Sodium Potassium/Sodium balance required for optimal health, especially for
reduced blood pressure and heart health.
The right potassium to sodium balance increases bone health through
decreasing excess excretion of calcium due to high levels of sodium.
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS

31. MACROMINERALS: SODIUM
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS
Potassium
 Potassium/Sodium balance required for
optimal health, especially for reduced
blood pressure and heart health.
 The right potassium to sodium balance
increases bone health through
decreasing excess excretion of calcium
due to high levels of sodium.
 It also decreases obesity load and
improves net dietary acid load.
ANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTSANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTS
Calcium
 Excess sodium enhances
calcium excretion.
 High sodium increases bone turno
ver and reduces bone mineral
density.

32. TRACE ELEMENTS: COPPER
Vitamin C
 Post-absorptive, Vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of
copper.
 Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
Vitamin C
 Post-absorptive, Vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of
copper.
 Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS
ANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTSANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTS

33. Iron
• Copper and iron compete
for absorption, so high
levels of one might lead to
deficiency of the other.
Selenium
• When consuming low to normal levels of selenium,
high intakes of copper reduces absorption, although
this might not occur when consuming high levels of
selenium.
• An imbalance of selenium and copper ratio could
contribute to oxidative stress.
Vitamin C
• High levels of Vitamin
C inhibits absorption of
copper, possibly through
increasing iron absorption,
which is
a copper antagonist.
Zinc
• Zinc inhibits copper absorption and
can lead to a deficiency.
• A high copper to zinc ratio increases
oxidative stress, all-cause mortality,
inflammation, immune dysfunction,
sleep disturbances, AD, heart failure,
physical disability, diabetes, and
autism.

34. TRACE ELEMENTS: IODINESYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS
SYNERGISTIC
NUTRIENTS

35. TRACE ELEMENTS: IRON
Vitam in A
 Iron is required for converting beta carotene into retinol.
 Vitamin A increases iron absorption, especially non-heme iron.
 Iron increases the bioavailability of pro-Vitamin A carotenoids, including alpha-
carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
 Supplementing with Vitamin A might help reverse iron deficiency anemia in children
but Vitamin A deficiency might contribute to anemia.
Vitam in C
 Vitamin C increases absorption of non-heme iron, even in the presence of inhibitory
substances; Vitamin C also regulates uptake and metabolism of iron.
Vitam in A
 Iron is required for converting beta carotene into retinol.
 Vitamin A increases iron absorption, especially non-heme iron.
 Iron increases the bioavailability of pro-Vitamin A carotenoids, including alpha-
carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
 Supplementing with Vitamin A might help reverse iron deficiency anemia in children
but Vitamin A deficiency might contribute to anemia.
Vitam in C
 Vitamin C increases absorption of non-heme iron, even in the presence of inhibitory
substances; Vitamin C also regulates uptake and metabolism of iron.
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

36. Vitamin E
 Iron interferes with absorption of Vitamin E.
 Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates iron excess
but supplemental Vitamin E prevented it.
 It is best to take the supplements at separate
times.
Calcium
 High levels of calcium decrease absorption of
non-heme iron in the short term but might not
have a long-term impact on iron levels; this
can be mitigated by Vitamin C.
 Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly
reduced serum levels of zinc.
ANTAGONISTIC NUTRIENTS  Copper and iron compete for absorption, so
high levels of one might lead to deficiency of
the other.
Manganese
 High levels
of manganese inhibits iron absorption and
uptake in a dose-dependent manner and vice
versa due to shared pathways of absorption
and similar physiochemical properties.
Zinc
 Non-heme iron and zinc compete
for absorption.
 Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly
reduced serum levels of zinc.

37. Vitamin A
Zinc is required for Vitamin A transport.
In one study, supplementing with Vitamin A and zinc in children led to a reduced
risk of infection and increased linear growth.
Zinc along with Vitamin A helps maintain eye health.
Vitamin B3
Supplementing with nicotinic acid might provide a dose-dependent improvement
in hepatic zinc levels and better antioxidant markers, including less lipid
peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels.
Vitamin A
Zinc is required for Vitamin A transport.
In one study, supplementing with Vitamin A and zinc in children led to a reduced
risk of infection and increased linear growth.
Zinc along with Vitamin A helps maintain eye health.
Vitamin B3
Supplementing with nicotinic acid might provide a dose-dependent improvement
in hepatic zinc levels and better antioxidant markers, including less lipid
peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels.
TRACE ELEMENT: ZINC
SYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTSSYNERGISTIC NUTRIENTS

38. ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTS
ANTAGONISTIC
NUTRIENTSVitamin B6
• High levels of B6 might increase the need for zinc.
• Chronic and acute B6 deficiency increases intestinal
uptake of zinc but serum zinc levels decrease,
demonstrating an impairment in zinc utilization.
Vitamin B9
• Supplementation with folic acid, especially in a state
of zinc deficiency, might reduce absorption of zinc
through forming a chelate, but there are mixed results.
Calcium
• High levels of calcium supplements decrease zinc
absorption and zinc balance.
• High levels of zinc might impact calcium absorption.
• Zinc deficiency reduces serum calcium levels and
calcium entry into cells, and it increases parathyroid
hormone levels.
• Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced
serum levels of zinc.
Copper
• Copper inhibits zinc absorption and can lead to a
deficiency.
• A high copper to zinc ratio increases risk of oxidative
stress, all-cause mortality, inflammation, immune
dysfunction, sleep disturbances, AD, heart failure,
physical disability, diabetes, and autism.
Iron
• Non-heme iron and zinc compete for absorption.
• Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced
serum levels of zinc.
Magnesium
• Supplements of high levels (i.e. 142 mg/day) of zinc
might reduce magnesium absorption.
• As you can see, many of the minerals compete with
one another for absorption, making it important to
ensure proper balance so that one does not
overpower the others, contributing to a deficiency.

39. INTERACTION OF HORMONESINTERACTION OF HORMONES

40. HISTORY
In 1930,Dr.Francis Pottenger commented on
the relationship between the endocrine
glands and the nervous system.
Later, Dr. Melvin Page categorized endocrine
glands acc.to neurological control i.e
Sympathetic (stimulatory)
Parasympathetic (sedative)

41. SYMPATHETIC
GROUP
 Thyroid
 Anterior pituitary
 Adrenal medulla
 Androgens
PARASYMPATHETIC
GROUP
 Parathyroid
 Posterior pituitary
 Adrenal cortex
 Estrogens
 Pancreas

42. Also, Dr. Page observed that
 if P content of blood is elevated then sympathetic group is
dominant
 If Ca content is elevated then parasympathetic group of neuro
endocrines are dominant.

43. STIMULATORY NUTRIENTS
SEDATIVE NUTRIENTSMINERALS
P, Na , K, Fe , Mn , Se Ca , Mg , Zn ,
Cu , Cr
TRANSITIONAL MINERALS
Zn , Cu , Se
VITAMINS
TRANSITIONAL VITAMINS
A , E , B1 , B6 , B10 D, B2 , B12 ,
Choline
B6 , B5

44. InteractionOf StimulatoryHormones OnMinerals
Thyroid
Anteriorpituitary
Adrenal medulla
Androgens
Increased Renal Absorption
Increased Intestinal
Absorption
Decreased Renal
Absorption
Decreased Intestinal
Absorption
Phosphorous retention
Calciumloss
Magnesiumloss
Potassiumand sodium
retention

45. InteractionOf SedativeHormones OnMinerals
Parathyroid
Posteriorpituitary
Adrenal cortex
Estrogens
Pancreas
Increased Renal Absorption
Increased Intestinal Absorption
Calcium retention
Magnesium retention
Decreased Renal Absorption
Decreased Intestinal Absorption
Phosphorous loss
Potassium and sodium
loss

46. MAGNESIUM AND HORMONES
Thyroid function: Less active T4 more active T3.
Estrogen balance: Along with folic acid and the antioxidant glutathione,
magnesium is critical to detoxification in the liver. During this process,
estrogen metabolites are made water-soluble so that they can be
excreted from the body in urine or your stool. But if you have insufficient
magnesium, your liver may be less able to complete detox, which may
contribute to estrogen dominance. ED can cause weight gain, fluid
retention and also contribute to the development of cancers of the breast
and ovaries.
Ability to reduce adrenalin and cortisol: Magnesium helps to reduce
over-reactivity
Thyroid function: Less active T4 more active T3.
Estrogen balance: Along with folic acid and the antioxidant glutathione,
magnesium is critical to detoxification in the liver. During this process,
estrogen metabolites are made water-soluble so that they can be
excreted from the body in urine or your stool. But if you have insufficient
magnesium, your liver may be less able to complete detox, which may
contribute to estrogen dominance. ED can cause weight gain, fluid
retention and also contribute to the development of cancers of the breast
and ovaries.
Ability to reduce adrenalin and cortisol: Magnesium helps to reduce
over-reactivity

47.  Insulin Sensitivity: Magnesium is helpful for lowering blood sugar levels (natural
metformin)
 Production of steroid sex hormones
 Manufacture of DHEA and human growth hormone
 Produce serotonin: Magnesium helps to convert tryptophan
serotonin.
Serotonin also makes melatonin (induces sleep)

48. HORMONAL ANTAGONISMS
HORMONES
 Adrenal medulla
 Estrogen
 Adrenal cortex
 PTH
 Anterior pituitary
 Pancreas
 Thyroid
HORMONAL ANTAGONISTS
 PTH , post. pituitary , pancreas
 Adrenal medulla , thyroid , progesterone , post.
Pituitary , pancreas , thymus
 Adrenal medulla , thyroid , progesterone , ant.
Pituitary
 Pancreas , adrenal medulla
 Post. pituitary , adrenal cortex , adrenal medulla ,
thyroid
 Estrogen , progesterone
 Estrogen , pancreas

50. Vitamin – A Vitamin – E Othervitamins

51. Vitamin – A Vitamin –B Other
vitamins

52. Vitamins

53. Vitamin – A Vitamin – B Vitamin – C Vitamin -D

54. RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER

55. Published in :- MATURITAS (the Euro pe an m e no pause
jo urnal) Volume 113, Pages 21–25
Published by:- Pushpa Suriyaarachchi et.al
Published online:- July 18 , 2018

56. OBJECTIVES:-
This study was aimed to assess the potential role of high serum levels of
parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteosarcopenia.
HYPOTHESIS:-
They hypothesized that a high PTH level is one of the major determinants of this
syndrome.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study in 400 subjects (mean age = 79, 65% women) assessed
between 2009 and 2014

57. RESULTS
24% of the subjects had a high serum PTH level with normal corrected calcium
level. These subjects were older, reported more falls per year, and had lower grip
strength, limits of stability, BMD, and gait velocity. Subjects with high PTH levels
were more likely to be in the osteosarcopenia group than in the non-
sarcopenic/non-osteopenic group.
CONCLUSIONS
We reported an independent association between high PTH levels and
osteosarcopenia. Our results suggest an important role of PTH in
osteosarcopenia that deserves further exploration.

58. REFERENCES
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 Cle ve land Clinic Jo urnalo f Me dicine . 1941 October;8(4):245-252
 https://hormonesbalance.com/articles/boost-magnesium-levels-to-rebalance-your-hormones/
 http://cancercelltreatment.com/2015/01/31/the-nutrient-interrelationships-of-minerals-vitamins-
endocrines-and-health/
 https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(17)31135-0/fulltext
 http://deannaminich.com/vitamin-and-mineral-interactions-the-complex-relationship-of-essential-
nutrients/