This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy. Materials with high thermal mass like concrete, brick and tiles require a lot of heat to raise their temperature but release heat slowly, while lightweight materials have low thermal mass. Thermal mass is important for passive solar design as it absorbs heat during the day and releases it at night, moderating indoor temperatures. Thermal mass works best in climates with large daily temperature swings but can exacerbate temperature extremes in constantly hot or cold climates. Effective use of thermal mass must be integrated with insulation and passive solar design techniques.
Specification for different classes of BrickworksVighnesh Rane
This document classifies and specifies requirements for three classes of brickwork used in construction. First class brickwork uses high quality, uniformly shaped bricks with a crushing strength over 10.7N/mm2. It is used for load-bearing walls. Second class brickwork allows for slightly irregular bricks with strength over 7N/mm2 and is used for internal and compound walls. Third class brickwork consists of lower quality, non-uniform bricks with strength over 3.5N/mm2 and is used for temporary construction or flooring.
Stairs provide access between floors in buildings and must be designed to carry certain loads. There are various types of stairs including straight run stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs, which can be constructed from materials like timber, brick, stone, steel, and reinforced concrete. Key aspects of stair design include the tread, riser, going, flight, and landing. Stairs must also be designed and enclosed appropriately to prevent the spread of fire between floors. Calculation of stair dimensions involves determining the total rise, suitable riser height, and best going based on building code requirements.
UTTIPEC proposes revisions to Delhi's parking code to address issues of inequitable land use and induced car demand. The current parking situation does not reflect Delhi's modal share, with over 80% of trips by public transit and non-motorized transport. Personal vehicles dominate parking and road space despite accounting for only 15-20% of trips. This leads to wasteful use of scarce urban land and subsidizes car ownership over other modes. Stricter parking pricing and enforcement can encourage a shift to more sustainable modes and manage parking demand. New policies aim to prioritize parking for public transit, walking and cycling to support a shift away from private vehicle dominance.
The document discusses different types of concrete hollow blocks used in construction. It describes concrete hollow blocks as large rectangular bricks made of cast concrete containing Portland cement and aggregates. The document outlines five main types of concrete hollow blocks: hollow load-bearing blocks, solid load-bearing blocks, hollow non-load bearing blocks, concrete building tiles, and concrete bricks. It also discusses different block arrangements used in masonry structures and defines terms like stretcher, corner, double corner, bull nose, and jamb blocks.
This document discusses solar charts and sun path diagrams which are used to determine the sun's position for sizing shading devices. It describes how to use sun path diagrams to find the solar altitude and azimuth for a given time and location. It then discusses different types of shading devices including vertical devices characterized by horizontal shadow angles, horizontal devices characterized by vertical shadow angles, and complex egg-crate devices. It provides guidelines for using the diagrams and equations to size overhangs, fins, and other shading elements.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy. Materials with high thermal mass like concrete, brick and tiles require a lot of heat to raise their temperature but release heat slowly, while lightweight materials have low thermal mass. Thermal mass is important for passive solar design as it absorbs heat during the day and releases it at night, moderating indoor temperatures. Thermal mass works best in climates with large daily temperature swings but can exacerbate temperature extremes in constantly hot or cold climates. Effective use of thermal mass must be integrated with insulation and passive solar design techniques.
Specification for different classes of BrickworksVighnesh Rane
This document classifies and specifies requirements for three classes of brickwork used in construction. First class brickwork uses high quality, uniformly shaped bricks with a crushing strength over 10.7N/mm2. It is used for load-bearing walls. Second class brickwork allows for slightly irregular bricks with strength over 7N/mm2 and is used for internal and compound walls. Third class brickwork consists of lower quality, non-uniform bricks with strength over 3.5N/mm2 and is used for temporary construction or flooring.
Stairs provide access between floors in buildings and must be designed to carry certain loads. There are various types of stairs including straight run stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs, which can be constructed from materials like timber, brick, stone, steel, and reinforced concrete. Key aspects of stair design include the tread, riser, going, flight, and landing. Stairs must also be designed and enclosed appropriately to prevent the spread of fire between floors. Calculation of stair dimensions involves determining the total rise, suitable riser height, and best going based on building code requirements.
UTTIPEC proposes revisions to Delhi's parking code to address issues of inequitable land use and induced car demand. The current parking situation does not reflect Delhi's modal share, with over 80% of trips by public transit and non-motorized transport. Personal vehicles dominate parking and road space despite accounting for only 15-20% of trips. This leads to wasteful use of scarce urban land and subsidizes car ownership over other modes. Stricter parking pricing and enforcement can encourage a shift to more sustainable modes and manage parking demand. New policies aim to prioritize parking for public transit, walking and cycling to support a shift away from private vehicle dominance.
The document discusses different types of concrete hollow blocks used in construction. It describes concrete hollow blocks as large rectangular bricks made of cast concrete containing Portland cement and aggregates. The document outlines five main types of concrete hollow blocks: hollow load-bearing blocks, solid load-bearing blocks, hollow non-load bearing blocks, concrete building tiles, and concrete bricks. It also discusses different block arrangements used in masonry structures and defines terms like stretcher, corner, double corner, bull nose, and jamb blocks.
This document discusses solar charts and sun path diagrams which are used to determine the sun's position for sizing shading devices. It describes how to use sun path diagrams to find the solar altitude and azimuth for a given time and location. It then discusses different types of shading devices including vertical devices characterized by horizontal shadow angles, horizontal devices characterized by vertical shadow angles, and complex egg-crate devices. It provides guidelines for using the diagrams and equations to size overhangs, fins, and other shading elements.
Stair design requires consideration of several criteria for comfort, including width, headroom, number of steps per flight, and inclusion of handrails. Stairs are composed of steps, with each step having a tread, riser, and nosing. Common types of stairs include straight runs and quarter turn stairs, and special step types include bullnose, splayed, and winder steps. Proper dimensioning of steps is important for ease of use.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
The document provides information on mud architecture in ancient India. It discusses key terms related to shilpa shastra (science of creation), including shilpa, shilpa shastra, shilpa samhita, vidya, and kala. It describes the 18 divine engineers involved in construction according to ancient texts. Construction materials used included stones, bricks, timber, lime mortars, and paints/pigments. Mud was commonly used and came in various forms like adobe bricks, cob, rammed earth and more. Ancient texts provided details on stabilizing soils by adding materials like hairs, sand, slag and more.
This document discusses different types of parking for vehicles. It describes on-street parking as parking on the sides of roads, which can be angular, perpendicular, or parallel. Angular parking involves parking at a 30, 45, 60, or 90 degree angle to the road. The document then discusses the advantages of on-street parallel parking which provides a safety barrier for pedestrians and reduces vehicle speeds. Off-street parking is defined as parking located off the street, such as in parking lots, on bypass roads, in multistory garages, or parking lanes.
This document discusses the behavior of composite slabs with profiled steel decking. It presents information on:
1) Composite slabs that use profiled steel sheets as permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement, allowing for 30% reduced concrete and lower structural weight.
2) The profiled steel decking used which is thin-walled, cold-formed sheets meeting ASTM and IS standards with a galvanized coating.
3) Three slabs - plain concrete, bar reinforced, and steel fiber reinforced - were tested for negative bending capacity, with the fiber reinforced slab showing over a 2.5x increase in load capacity compared to plain concrete.
Bamboo (Bambuseae) is a tribe of flowering perennial evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae; although, the forestry services and departments of many countries where bamboo is utilized as a building material consider bamboo to be a forestry product, and it is specifically harvested as a tree exclusively for the wood it produces, which in many ways is a wood superior in strength and resilience to other natural, fibrous building materials.In fact it is often referred to as a tree by cultures who harvest it as wood. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. In bamboos, the internodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, even of palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 35 inches within a 24-hour period, at a rate of 3 cm/h (a growth of approximately 1 millimeter (or 0.02 inches) every 2 minutes). Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.
The word bamboo comes from the Kannada term bambu, which was introduced to English through Malay.
Construction
Further information: Bamboo construction
Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
Types of staircases-details-moc3 presentationArindam Roy
Types of staircases
details
methods of construction
Architectural presentation
assignment
Stairs are used to create a pedestrian route between different vertical levels by dividing the height between the levels into manageable steps. Very generally, the word 'stairs' refers to a staircase, whereas the word 'step' refers to the steps that make up the staircase.
The type of stairs suitable for different situations will depend on:
The supporting structure.
The amount and type of usage it is likely to receive.
The space available and its geometry.
The difference in height between the top and bottom.
Materials selection
Stairs may be:
Open tread or closed tread.
Provided with handrails on one or both sides, or in the middle on wide stairs.
Enclosed by walls or open on one or both side.
Different widths and lengths and may have a range of step dimensions.
Different geometries.
Staircase used in Indian Buildings _____
South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC),New Delhi
Hotel Taj,Mumbai
Mahabat Maqbara ,Junagarh
Indian Institute of Management,Ahmedabad
Om dayal college of architecture
This is useful for civil engineering students in their subject Building construction offered by GTU. This presentation includes Timbering of trenches, Scaffolding, Shoring 7 underpinning techniques used in construction of building for temporary period of time.
This document summarizes an educational program presented at Patan Museum about Newar windows. It provides background on the museum and introduces Newar windows, which are decorative carved wooden windows found on buildings in Nepal. It then describes the objectives, target audience, and activities of the educational program, which included a quiz, photography activity, and puzzle to help participants learn about different types of Newar windows displayed at the museum. The goal was to promote understanding and appreciation of Newar architecture and culture.
Project 1: Industrialised Building System [ IBS ]JerotichMaswan
Project 1 of Advanced Architectural Construction.
Requirement: Design a 3 storey apartment building using Precast Concrete System. Other IBS systems are allowed. Create a report on IBS and the building detailing.
Ramps are sloping surfaces that provide connections between floors, especially in buildings with large numbers of people or vehicles moving periodically. Ramps are commonly used in stadiums, railroad stations, exhibition halls, and garages. They are generally built with slopes of up to 15% but 10% is preferred. Ramps can have curved, zigzag, U-shaped, or spiral designs and must have non-slip surfaces. When designing ramps, exterior locations are preferred to indoor spaces. Ramps should have landings every 10 meters for resting, maneuvering, and avoiding excessive speed. Handrails and tactile markings are also important design elements.
The document provides information about elevators and escalators. It discusses the basic introduction of elevators including their purpose of efficiently moving people or goods between floors. It also discusses the different types of elevators classified according to hoist mechanism: hydraulic elevators, traction elevators, climbing elevators, and pneumatic elevators. The document further describes the design of elevators and escalators including their components. It provides classifications of elevators according to building type and location. Overall, the document presents an overview of elevators and escalators, their workings, types and design considerations.
This document discusses the functions and types of foundations for building construction. It describes that foundations serve to distribute weight over a large area, prevent unequal settlement, provide a level surface, and stability against sliding and overturning. There are two main types - shallow foundations, which include isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage footings, and mat/raft footings. Deep foundations include piles, cofferdams, and caissons. Shallow foundations transfer loads directly to the soil or bedrock, while deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger layers using structural elements like piles.
Project 1 - Industrialised Building Systemhilmanaqil1
This document discusses an industrialized building system project focused on steel framing. It includes an introduction to IBS and classifications of systems. A comparison is made between industrialized and conventional construction, noting advantages like reduced time and costs for IBS. Steel framing system properties and examples are provided, along with construction details and a schedule of components.
1. Ramps can be used for domestic or vehicle access and come in different designs for various situations. Portable ramps are for small rises and temporary use while threshold ramps are for very short rises at door openings.
2. Vehicle ramps can be mounted to vans for easy deployment or detached track ramps for portability between the two tracks.
3. When designing a ramp, considerations include the access point, rise height, best layout such as straight, L-shape or switchback, and providing alternate steps for other users. Gradient, construction method, and components like guide rails and finishes are also factors.
This document discusses parking methods and technologies. It describes different types of parking including on-street parking options like parallel, perpendicular and angular parking. Off-street parking includes parking lots, garages and bypass roads. New parking technologies use sensors, cameras, assisted parking and autonomous parking to help drivers park and avoid collisions. Regulations and design considerations are needed to effectively manage traffic and parking in busy areas.
The document summarizes the three main orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and provides examples of their distinguishing features. It describes the Doric order as having plain columns with circular capitals. The Ionic order is more decorative with fluted columns and scroll capitals. The Corinthian order is the most ornate with capitals featuring acanthus leaves. The document also discusses various building types in Greek architecture like temples, theaters, and agoras.
The document discusses the Transit Elevated Bus (TEB), a proposed next-generation transit system. The TEB is a large bus that straddles above two lanes of road, allowing other vehicles to pass below it. This reduces traffic jams by up to 30% while maintaining a high passenger capacity of 1200. Compared to existing transit options, the TEB has lower costs, takes up no road space, and produces no pollution. It also features safety mechanisms like radar, cameras and emergency exits. The document outlines the TEB's implementation process and argues it could help address India's traffic, pollution and fuel issues due to its eco-friendly design and short construction timeline.
This document discusses Skybus, an emerging transportation technology that involves suspended railway systems running on tracks above roadways. Some key points:
- Skybus aims to provide safe, high-capacity public transportation without disrupting traffic below. Coaches are suspended from above and guided along tracks mounted on elevated viaducts.
- It is composed of sky ways (elevated tracks), sky bogies (motorized trucks), sky coaches (passenger cars), and sky stations (elevated platforms). Coaches hold 150 passengers each and are connected in pairs.
- Proponents argue Skybus could provide mass transit at half the cost of underground metros while avoiding issues like derailment, collision, and caps
Stair design requires consideration of several criteria for comfort, including width, headroom, number of steps per flight, and inclusion of handrails. Stairs are composed of steps, with each step having a tread, riser, and nosing. Common types of stairs include straight runs and quarter turn stairs, and special step types include bullnose, splayed, and winder steps. Proper dimensioning of steps is important for ease of use.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
The document provides information on mud architecture in ancient India. It discusses key terms related to shilpa shastra (science of creation), including shilpa, shilpa shastra, shilpa samhita, vidya, and kala. It describes the 18 divine engineers involved in construction according to ancient texts. Construction materials used included stones, bricks, timber, lime mortars, and paints/pigments. Mud was commonly used and came in various forms like adobe bricks, cob, rammed earth and more. Ancient texts provided details on stabilizing soils by adding materials like hairs, sand, slag and more.
This document discusses different types of parking for vehicles. It describes on-street parking as parking on the sides of roads, which can be angular, perpendicular, or parallel. Angular parking involves parking at a 30, 45, 60, or 90 degree angle to the road. The document then discusses the advantages of on-street parallel parking which provides a safety barrier for pedestrians and reduces vehicle speeds. Off-street parking is defined as parking located off the street, such as in parking lots, on bypass roads, in multistory garages, or parking lanes.
This document discusses the behavior of composite slabs with profiled steel decking. It presents information on:
1) Composite slabs that use profiled steel sheets as permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement, allowing for 30% reduced concrete and lower structural weight.
2) The profiled steel decking used which is thin-walled, cold-formed sheets meeting ASTM and IS standards with a galvanized coating.
3) Three slabs - plain concrete, bar reinforced, and steel fiber reinforced - were tested for negative bending capacity, with the fiber reinforced slab showing over a 2.5x increase in load capacity compared to plain concrete.
Bamboo (Bambuseae) is a tribe of flowering perennial evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae; although, the forestry services and departments of many countries where bamboo is utilized as a building material consider bamboo to be a forestry product, and it is specifically harvested as a tree exclusively for the wood it produces, which in many ways is a wood superior in strength and resilience to other natural, fibrous building materials.In fact it is often referred to as a tree by cultures who harvest it as wood. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. In bamboos, the internodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, even of palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 35 inches within a 24-hour period, at a rate of 3 cm/h (a growth of approximately 1 millimeter (or 0.02 inches) every 2 minutes). Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.
The word bamboo comes from the Kannada term bambu, which was introduced to English through Malay.
Construction
Further information: Bamboo construction
Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
Types of staircases-details-moc3 presentationArindam Roy
Types of staircases
details
methods of construction
Architectural presentation
assignment
Stairs are used to create a pedestrian route between different vertical levels by dividing the height between the levels into manageable steps. Very generally, the word 'stairs' refers to a staircase, whereas the word 'step' refers to the steps that make up the staircase.
The type of stairs suitable for different situations will depend on:
The supporting structure.
The amount and type of usage it is likely to receive.
The space available and its geometry.
The difference in height between the top and bottom.
Materials selection
Stairs may be:
Open tread or closed tread.
Provided with handrails on one or both sides, or in the middle on wide stairs.
Enclosed by walls or open on one or both side.
Different widths and lengths and may have a range of step dimensions.
Different geometries.
Staircase used in Indian Buildings _____
South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC),New Delhi
Hotel Taj,Mumbai
Mahabat Maqbara ,Junagarh
Indian Institute of Management,Ahmedabad
Om dayal college of architecture
This is useful for civil engineering students in their subject Building construction offered by GTU. This presentation includes Timbering of trenches, Scaffolding, Shoring 7 underpinning techniques used in construction of building for temporary period of time.
This document summarizes an educational program presented at Patan Museum about Newar windows. It provides background on the museum and introduces Newar windows, which are decorative carved wooden windows found on buildings in Nepal. It then describes the objectives, target audience, and activities of the educational program, which included a quiz, photography activity, and puzzle to help participants learn about different types of Newar windows displayed at the museum. The goal was to promote understanding and appreciation of Newar architecture and culture.
Project 1: Industrialised Building System [ IBS ]JerotichMaswan
Project 1 of Advanced Architectural Construction.
Requirement: Design a 3 storey apartment building using Precast Concrete System. Other IBS systems are allowed. Create a report on IBS and the building detailing.
Ramps are sloping surfaces that provide connections between floors, especially in buildings with large numbers of people or vehicles moving periodically. Ramps are commonly used in stadiums, railroad stations, exhibition halls, and garages. They are generally built with slopes of up to 15% but 10% is preferred. Ramps can have curved, zigzag, U-shaped, or spiral designs and must have non-slip surfaces. When designing ramps, exterior locations are preferred to indoor spaces. Ramps should have landings every 10 meters for resting, maneuvering, and avoiding excessive speed. Handrails and tactile markings are also important design elements.
The document provides information about elevators and escalators. It discusses the basic introduction of elevators including their purpose of efficiently moving people or goods between floors. It also discusses the different types of elevators classified according to hoist mechanism: hydraulic elevators, traction elevators, climbing elevators, and pneumatic elevators. The document further describes the design of elevators and escalators including their components. It provides classifications of elevators according to building type and location. Overall, the document presents an overview of elevators and escalators, their workings, types and design considerations.
This document discusses the functions and types of foundations for building construction. It describes that foundations serve to distribute weight over a large area, prevent unequal settlement, provide a level surface, and stability against sliding and overturning. There are two main types - shallow foundations, which include isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage footings, and mat/raft footings. Deep foundations include piles, cofferdams, and caissons. Shallow foundations transfer loads directly to the soil or bedrock, while deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger layers using structural elements like piles.
Project 1 - Industrialised Building Systemhilmanaqil1
This document discusses an industrialized building system project focused on steel framing. It includes an introduction to IBS and classifications of systems. A comparison is made between industrialized and conventional construction, noting advantages like reduced time and costs for IBS. Steel framing system properties and examples are provided, along with construction details and a schedule of components.
1. Ramps can be used for domestic or vehicle access and come in different designs for various situations. Portable ramps are for small rises and temporary use while threshold ramps are for very short rises at door openings.
2. Vehicle ramps can be mounted to vans for easy deployment or detached track ramps for portability between the two tracks.
3. When designing a ramp, considerations include the access point, rise height, best layout such as straight, L-shape or switchback, and providing alternate steps for other users. Gradient, construction method, and components like guide rails and finishes are also factors.
This document discusses parking methods and technologies. It describes different types of parking including on-street parking options like parallel, perpendicular and angular parking. Off-street parking includes parking lots, garages and bypass roads. New parking technologies use sensors, cameras, assisted parking and autonomous parking to help drivers park and avoid collisions. Regulations and design considerations are needed to effectively manage traffic and parking in busy areas.
The document summarizes the three main orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and provides examples of their distinguishing features. It describes the Doric order as having plain columns with circular capitals. The Ionic order is more decorative with fluted columns and scroll capitals. The Corinthian order is the most ornate with capitals featuring acanthus leaves. The document also discusses various building types in Greek architecture like temples, theaters, and agoras.
The document discusses the Transit Elevated Bus (TEB), a proposed next-generation transit system. The TEB is a large bus that straddles above two lanes of road, allowing other vehicles to pass below it. This reduces traffic jams by up to 30% while maintaining a high passenger capacity of 1200. Compared to existing transit options, the TEB has lower costs, takes up no road space, and produces no pollution. It also features safety mechanisms like radar, cameras and emergency exits. The document outlines the TEB's implementation process and argues it could help address India's traffic, pollution and fuel issues due to its eco-friendly design and short construction timeline.
This document discusses Skybus, an emerging transportation technology that involves suspended railway systems running on tracks above roadways. Some key points:
- Skybus aims to provide safe, high-capacity public transportation without disrupting traffic below. Coaches are suspended from above and guided along tracks mounted on elevated viaducts.
- It is composed of sky ways (elevated tracks), sky bogies (motorized trucks), sky coaches (passenger cars), and sky stations (elevated platforms). Coaches hold 150 passengers each and are connected in pairs.
- Proponents argue Skybus could provide mass transit at half the cost of underground metros while avoiding issues like derailment, collision, and caps
The document proposes the straddling bus as a solution to traffic congestion problems in Indian cities. The straddling bus is a next generation transit system that rides above cars on the road but below overhead structures. It can carry 1200-1400 passengers at a time without blocking other vehicles. Implementation would involve re-modeling roads, laying rails, building stations, and ensuring safety features. Challenges include road conditions, coordination between departments, and public acceptance. The straddling bus offers benefits over existing transit like metro rail and normal buses by using less land and reducing traffic by 20-30%.
The document proposes the straddling bus as a solution to traffic congestion problems in Indian cities. Some key points:
1) The straddling bus is a next generation transit system that runs above cars on the road and below overpasses, straddling the street.
2) It can carry 1200-1400 passengers at a time without blocking other vehicles, and reduces traffic jams by 20-30%.
3) The estimated cost to build a straddling bus system is around 5.36 billion rupees for a 40km route, which is about 7% of the cost of a metro system.
India is one of the leading developing countries in the world community today. But, the main obstacle it is facing is its large population and mass transportation. One of the most important aspects where our country is concentrating to work on, for its development is mass transportation. Mass transportation plays a vital role as we always have to think about moving of a large population in very denser area. That's why our Government is planning to implement the new technologies in mass public transportation. There are many new technologies in mass transportation such as Metro rail, Mono Rail, Underground railway, Sky bus Technology, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) etc. In this seminar, we aim to explore Sky Bus Technology.
This document discusses two types of maglev trains - Transrapid magnetic lift trains and Chuo Shinkansen trains. Transrapid trains use electromagnets to levitate 1 cm above the track and propel the train using alternating current in the guideway. Chuo Shinkansen trains use superconducting electromagnets cooled with liquid helium or nitrogen to levitate 10 cm above the track and are propelled using magnetic fields from the guideway. Maglev trains can reach speeds up to 350 mph, provide a safe and efficient travel option, but governments have mixed views on the technology due to high costs.
The document proposes a solar-powered train system. Solar panels installed on train rooftops would charge batteries mounted under each coach. This would provide electricity to power the trains, making them more environmentally friendly than fossil fuel-powered trains. A block diagram and component list are provided, and the working principle explained. Analysis shows the solar panels could generate enough power for auxiliary needs. Advantages include being renewable and producing zero emissions, while disadvantages include high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
This training report provides a summary of Vikanksh Nath's summer training internship at Delhi Metro Rail Corporation from June 6 to July 8, 2016, focusing on the traction system. It includes a certificate of completion signed by his mentor, Mr. Lokenendra Singh. The report then discusses the organizational structure of DMRC's power distribution system, including how it receives high voltage power and distributes it for traction and auxiliary uses. It provides an overview of the key components of DMRC's electric traction system, including the overhead equipment, power supply installations, and supervisory control and data acquisition systems.
The document describes a new sky bus transit technology that could provide eco-friendly public transportation for crowded cities. The sky bus travels along roads elevated on columns, avoiding issues like derailment that affect current metro rail systems. It uses a concrete box structure held above the road on columns to guide powered bogies carrying suspended passenger coaches. This sky bus technology claims to offer safer, less expensive public transit that could be implemented more quickly compared to traditional rail. It is currently being considered for implementation in several major Indian cities.
The document describes an automatic inspection trolley proposed to detect cracks in railway tracks and clean the tracks simultaneously. The trolley uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect cracks, notifies nearby stations via GSM if a crack is found, and employs a vacuum cleaner to clean waste from the tracks as it moves. It is powered by batteries and controlled by a microcontroller synchronized with train schedules. The system aims to reduce accidents from undetected cracks and clean tracks automatically without manual labor. Future work may involve the trolley inspecting multiple tracks simultaneously using IoT and solar power. The proposed system provides simple and accurate crack detection while cleaning tracks to improve safety, hygiene and efficiency.
Maglev trains use electromagnetic levitation to lift and propel trains along guideways at high speeds without friction. Magnets underneath the train lift it a few centimeters above the track, while side magnets keep it centered. This allows maglev trains to reach speeds over 400 mph. Projects exist in Germany, India, and the United States, with the goal of providing fast, efficient transport while reducing environmental impact compared to other modes of transportation.
Maglev trains use electromagnetic levitation to lift and propel trains along guideways at high speeds with little friction. Magnets underneath the train lift it a few centimeters above the track, while side magnets keep it centered. This allows maglev trains to reach speeds over 400 mph. Projects exist in Germany, India, and the United States, with the goal of providing fast, efficient transport while reducing environmental impact compared to other modes of transportation.
Panel Discussion On Multi Modal TransportationPraja
The document discusses modelling for an integrated urban mass transit system to effectively plan rail-based and street transit networks. It proposes a three-model approach including rail corridor identification, feeder route generation, and integrated scheduling. This approach was applied to Thane City. The document also discusses designing bus rapid transit systems with dedicated bus lanes, bus stops, and lane configurations at junctions to improve traffic flow and reduce delays. It notes the importance of feeder networks to increase ridership of rail-based systems like Mumbai Metro by serving more of the city area.
The document discusses the Sky Bus technology, a proposed new mass transit system that would provide urban transportation. Some key points:
- Sky Bus claims to offer a safer alternative to existing metro rail systems by addressing issues like derailment. It works by transferring the load to a skyway structure if the wheels fail or get obstructed.
- The skyway would consist of a continuous concrete box structure about 9 meters wide supported by 1 meter diameter columns spaced 10-15 meters apart. This would be constructed about 9-10 meters above road level.
- Proponents argue Sky Bus could be built more quickly and at 50-75% lower costs than conventional metros since it would not require heavy coaches and could
The document describes a project to develop an inductive wireless charging system for urban buses called IN-WIRE. The system would allow originally hybrid buses to operate in fully electric mode and charge their batteries either through DC charging at night in garages or through on-road static inductive "fast" charging at bus stops under 10 minutes. This non-intrusive charging system with 90-95% efficiency compared to DC charging would optimize battery life, reduce vehicle maintenance costs, lower CO2 emissions and energy consumption for bus fleets. The system will be developed with 8 charging stations and involve trials with 24 buses across 4 urban bus operators.
The document discusses India's plans for a high-speed rail or bullet train project connecting Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Key points include:
1) The 534km project will be India's first high-speed rail line and use magnetic levitation technology to enable train speeds up to 350km/hr.
2) Construction is set to begin in 2018 at an estimated cost of 97,636 crore with 81% funded by Japan.
3) The bullet train will reduce travel time between Mumbai and Ahmedabad from 7 hours to just over 2 hours.
The document summarizes key differences between Bangalore's proposed metro system and improving the existing bus system. The metro will have limited initial coverage of just 33 km compared to London's 400 km system. It will be very expensive, costing over 100,000 crore rupees to achieve similar coverage as London. In contrast, improving bus services could provide city-wide coverage much more quickly for only 2,500 crore rupees. The metro also risks significant environmental damage by requiring elevated tracks, unlike other metro systems that are mostly underground.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
3. Problem Statement
One of the major problems faced
by the Indian urban cities is the
problem of traffic congestion. A
big concern is how to speed up the
traffic.
Putting more buses on the road
will jam the roads even worse and
pollute the air.
4.
5. Next Generation Transit System
straddling bus
The bus can reduce the traffic jams 20%-30% . powered by
electricity and solar energy
Cost is about 5.36 billion rupees to build the bus and A
40km long path for it, approximately 7% of metro system
4-4.5m high with two levels passenger boat on the upper
level and 7 m in width while other vehicles lower than 2m
can go
Laying rails – the rails will be laid on both sides of the road
and the bus can run on the rails and save 30% energy.
6. Large windows are provided on the both lower
sides so that the illusion of car moving back, is not
created.
Average speed is 40-50 km/hr carrying 1200-1400
passengers at a time without blocking other
vehicle’s way
The white lines on both sides of the road and buses
will have auto pilots
Which will follow these lines and run stable while
moving.
Bus carriage
8. Building stations
Load / unload
through the sides.
Using the built-in-
ladder so that
passengers can go
up and over pass
through the ceiling
doors. Stations can
be set up at every
2km.
9. CONCLUSION
Traffic congestion is an important problem
in Indian cities. The characteristics of Indian
roads and traffic make the problem
interesting to solve. There is scope for
evaluating existing ideas in different and
challenging traffic scenario.
10.
11. It can reduce up to 25-30% traffic jams on main routes.
Running at an average 40 km/h, it can take 1200 people
at a time, which means 300 passengers per cart.
It can park at its own stop without affecting the passage
of cars. This is what the interior looks like: it has huge
skylight that will eliminate passengers’ sense of
depression when enter.
Two ways to remodel the road: we can go with laying rails
on both sides of car lane, which save 30% energy; or we
can paint two white lines on both sides and use auto-pilot
technology in the bus, which will follow the lines and run
stable.
Straddling bus is completely powered by municipal
electricity and solar energy system. In terms of electricity,
the setting is called relay direct current electrification. The
bus itself is electrical conductor, two rails built on top to
allow the charging post to run along with the bus, the next
charging post will be on the rails before the earlier one
leaves, that is why we call it relay chargin
12. The set here is super capacitor, a device that can charge,
discharge and store electricity quickly. The power it stores
during the stop can support the bus till the next stop
where another round of charging takes place, achieving
zero toxic gas throughout the process.
About the ultrasonic waves put forth from the end of the
bus, that is to keep those high cars or trucks away from
entering the tunnel. Using laser ray to scan, cars get too
close to the passage will activate the alarm on the bus
end. Inside the bus, there are turning lights that indicate a
the bus is intending to make a turn to warn the cars inside.
Also radar scanning system is embedded on the walls to
warn cars from getting too close to the bus wheels.
13. This means that each station will have a conductor arm
that will drag along the roof of the TEB and connect to a
pair of rails, providing power to the bus as it moves
through the station.
The TEB is a completely electric vehicle. The main
engineering challenge would normally the size of the
batteries required to give it a usable range. However,
because the TEB will only be travelling short distances
between station is has been designed to work off a
system of “direct relay charging systems”.