The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The necessity of mobile train radio communication in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract Presently, India has the dubious distinction of recording an exponential number of train accidents as compared to its other developed counterparts. Though, no accident is completely avoidable, what can be done is to develop a certain technologically advanced machinery which can scale down the prospects of such accidents and expedite Disaster Management in case of any mishap. This would help to curtail the damage to life and property. The “Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) “system is a dynamic and technologically avant-garde system based on the “Global System for Mobile Communication-Railways (GSM-R)” technology and it can play an intrinsic role in abbreviating train accidents by aiding effective communication. With the passage of time, India has shown its technological capability to the world, be it through the successful launch of the “Mangalyaan” in the very first attempt, the invention of various machines and electronic gadgets by the Engineers and Scientists across the country, the development of India as a nuclear power and so on. As Dr. D. Swaminadhan said in his speech, “Science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past several millennia”. India has the best of resources and technical minds available, through which it can move ahead of its other developed counterparts. As life is very precious, a major requirement of the present is to switch over to the “MTRC” system at the earliest. The railway accidents over the past decade cannot be neglected and the unfortunate events cannot be entirely reasoned as an event occurring out of chance. Trains are merely machines running on railway tracks and they cannot think of how to avoid accidents on their own. As B.F. Skinner rightly said “The real problem is not whether machines think, but whether men do”. It is up to the human beings to design and use an efficient system which can help the train driver and the station master to know about the possibility of any untoward hazard beforehand by developing effective communication between the concerned officials. Key Words: Train Communication, MTRC system , GSM-R Technology, Train Accident
Implementation of High Speed Railway Mobile Communication Systemrahulmonikasharma
High speed railways (HSR) provide highly efficient transport mode which improves the quality of railway services, saves time of the passengers which leads to greater customer satisfaction as well as improves the economics of the society. This has introduced significant challenges like developing new technologies, improving the existing architecture and controlling costs etc. Due to the improvements in the speed, ability to access internet and stream live media there is a requirement of an advanced high speed communication and signaling system. This system demands higher bandwidth, higher reliability and shorter response time for efficient operation and safety. This paper introduces the existing system deployed by the railway based on Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , analyzes it and presents a much more advanced communication and signaling system based on 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology.
Design, development and implementation of novel ideaeSAT Journals
Abstract Low cost low power RF modem is very efficient in providing excellent communication at various ranges and also for low power
applications. A novel idea of motor control using PWM technique has been developed and controlled using wireless RF
transreceiver. The combination of transmitter and receiver is termed as RF transreceiver is used to exchange information in half –
duplex mode. The control of potentiometer from 0 – 5 volts controls the speed of dc motor.PIC microcontroller is used for
programming and it is downloaded to PIC microcontroller circuit used for wide range of applications the Max 232 is a driver used
to convert TTL/CMOS logic to RS 232 levels when microcontroller is serially communicated with PC. Wireless technology using
RF modem controls the motor in 30 meters range is very useful in remote and rural areas where we cannot visit directly and
frequently and monitor certain parameters.
Keywords: RF Modem, DC Motor, PIC Microcontroller, PWM
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The necessity of mobile train radio communication in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract Presently, India has the dubious distinction of recording an exponential number of train accidents as compared to its other developed counterparts. Though, no accident is completely avoidable, what can be done is to develop a certain technologically advanced machinery which can scale down the prospects of such accidents and expedite Disaster Management in case of any mishap. This would help to curtail the damage to life and property. The “Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) “system is a dynamic and technologically avant-garde system based on the “Global System for Mobile Communication-Railways (GSM-R)” technology and it can play an intrinsic role in abbreviating train accidents by aiding effective communication. With the passage of time, India has shown its technological capability to the world, be it through the successful launch of the “Mangalyaan” in the very first attempt, the invention of various machines and electronic gadgets by the Engineers and Scientists across the country, the development of India as a nuclear power and so on. As Dr. D. Swaminadhan said in his speech, “Science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past several millennia”. India has the best of resources and technical minds available, through which it can move ahead of its other developed counterparts. As life is very precious, a major requirement of the present is to switch over to the “MTRC” system at the earliest. The railway accidents over the past decade cannot be neglected and the unfortunate events cannot be entirely reasoned as an event occurring out of chance. Trains are merely machines running on railway tracks and they cannot think of how to avoid accidents on their own. As B.F. Skinner rightly said “The real problem is not whether machines think, but whether men do”. It is up to the human beings to design and use an efficient system which can help the train driver and the station master to know about the possibility of any untoward hazard beforehand by developing effective communication between the concerned officials. Key Words: Train Communication, MTRC system , GSM-R Technology, Train Accident
Implementation of High Speed Railway Mobile Communication Systemrahulmonikasharma
High speed railways (HSR) provide highly efficient transport mode which improves the quality of railway services, saves time of the passengers which leads to greater customer satisfaction as well as improves the economics of the society. This has introduced significant challenges like developing new technologies, improving the existing architecture and controlling costs etc. Due to the improvements in the speed, ability to access internet and stream live media there is a requirement of an advanced high speed communication and signaling system. This system demands higher bandwidth, higher reliability and shorter response time for efficient operation and safety. This paper introduces the existing system deployed by the railway based on Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , analyzes it and presents a much more advanced communication and signaling system based on 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology.
Design, development and implementation of novel ideaeSAT Journals
Abstract Low cost low power RF modem is very efficient in providing excellent communication at various ranges and also for low power
applications. A novel idea of motor control using PWM technique has been developed and controlled using wireless RF
transreceiver. The combination of transmitter and receiver is termed as RF transreceiver is used to exchange information in half –
duplex mode. The control of potentiometer from 0 – 5 volts controls the speed of dc motor.PIC microcontroller is used for
programming and it is downloaded to PIC microcontroller circuit used for wide range of applications the Max 232 is a driver used
to convert TTL/CMOS logic to RS 232 levels when microcontroller is serially communicated with PC. Wireless technology using
RF modem controls the motor in 30 meters range is very useful in remote and rural areas where we cannot visit directly and
frequently and monitor certain parameters.
Keywords: RF Modem, DC Motor, PIC Microcontroller, PWM
TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMANT
It is the department of DMRC, which deals with the protection, supervision and operation of the train. In short it the department that manages the metro traffic on the rails. Transmission of information is possible through co-axial cables, wireless media, fibre optics. Communication at a distance by electronics transmission of impulses, as by telegraph, cable, telephone, radio, or television constitutes telecommunication.
The period of 6 weeks of training in Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was a learning experience. It presented an opportunity of seeing how engineers work and co-ordinate in an organization. The study of various Hierarchies in a Delhi Metro Rail enriched the knowledge regarding the various levels of government organization.
The review of the Signal & Telecommunication where the collection of Communication through respective Stations and track of Delhi Metro were compiled and summarised to prepare the Signal & Telecommunication and to know the process of working in an organization in co-ordination.
It also helped to gain an opportunity to study the various community/stakeholders participations of various Signal & Communication units. This enhanced the report writing skills and presentation techniques for the future.
It raised up the knowledge regarding Signal & Telecommunication and also the participation of Communication company’s of different associations like BEL, BHEL, HCL etc are involved in Electronics and Communication field.
Thus, the Signal & Telecommunication Department helped us to review the various techniques and inventions which are required to be implemented properly to make the vision of Electronics world of future successful.
Global mobility and handover management for heterogeneous network in vanetijngnjournal
Now a day’s Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology. Mobility management is one
of the most challenging research issues for VANETs to support variety of intelligent transportation system
(ITS) applications. VANETs are getting importance for inter-vehicle communication, because they allow
the communication among vehicles without any infrastructure, configuration effort, and without the high
costs of cellular networks. Besides local data exchange, vehicular applications may be used to accessing
Internet services. The access is provided by Internet gateways located on the site of roadside. However, the
Internet integration requires a respective mobility support of the vehicular ad hoc network. In this paper
we will study about the network mobility approach in vehicular ad hoc network; the model will describe the
movement of vehicles from one network to other network. The proposed handover scheme reduces the
handover latency, packet loss signaling overhead.
Transceiver Design for MIMO Systems with Individual Transmit Power ConstraintsIJECEIAES
This paper investigate the transceiver design for single-user multiple-input multiple- output system (SU-MIMO). Joint transceiver design with an improper modulation is developed based on the minimum total mean-squared error (TMSE) criterion under two different cases. One is equal power allocation (EPA) and other is the power constraint that jointly meets both EPA and total transmit power constraint (TTPC) (i.e ITPC). Transceiver is designed based on the assumption that both the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results show the performance improvement of the proposed work over conventional work in terms of bit error rate (BER).
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
Cost Effective SMS Fire Approach for Transportation based on Vehicle Speediosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Enhancement of Mobile Radio Channel Using Diversity TechniquesMohanad Mohammed
In this work, a developed mobile channel model has been designed, which can be used to generate SISO, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO Rayleigh fading channels. Then, Selection Combining (SC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC), and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) techniques have been studied and analyzed for receiving diversity (SIMO system). Furthermore, maximal ratio has been studied for transmitting diversity (MISO system), which is known as Maximal Ratio Transmission (MRT). On the other hand, the performance of diversity based on MIMO system by using, Zero Forcing (ZF), and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) techniques have been studied and
tested. In addition to that, Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) have been studied and analyzed for both MISO and MIMO systems. Finally, comparisons between SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems, in terms of channel capacity, have been studied and analyzed under different cases and channel conditions.
Auto mobile vehicle direction in road traffic using artificial neural networkscsandit
So far Most of the current work on this area deals with traffic volume prediction during peak
hours and the reasons behind accidents only. This work presents the analysis of automobile
vehicle directing in various traffic flow conditions using Artificial neural network architecture.
Now a days, due to unprecedented increase in automobile vehicular traffic especially in metro-
Politian cities, it has become highly imperative that we must choose an optimum road route in
accordance with our requirements. The requirements are : volume of the traffic, Distance
between source and destination, no of signals in between the source and destination, the nature
of the road condition , fuel consumption and Travel Timing. Artificial Neural networks, a soft
computing technique, modeled after brain biological neuron functioning, helps to obtain the
required road way or route as per the training given to it. Here we make use of Back
propagation network, which changes the weights value of the hidden layers, thereby activation
function value which fires the neuron to get the required output
AUTO-MOBILE VEHICLE DIRECTION IN ROAD TRAFFIC USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKScsandit
So far Most of the current work on this area deals with traffic volume prediction during peak hours and the reasons behind accidents only. This work presents the analysis of automobile vehicle directing in various traffic flow conditions using Artificial neural network architecture.
Now a days, due to unprecedented increase in automobile vehicular traffic especially in metro-Politian cities, it has become highly imperative that we must choose an optimum road route in accordance with our requirements. The requirements are : volume of the traffic, Distance
between source and destination, no of signals in between the source and destination, the nature of the road condition , fuel consumption and Travel Timing. Artificial Neural networks, a soft computing technique, modeled after brain biological neuron functioning, helps to obtain the
required road way or route as per the training given to it. Here we make use of Back propagation network, which changes the weights value of the hidden layers, thereby activation function value which fires the neuron to get the required output.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Metro rail India has been a success story. Yet cities with lower projected ridership are also aspiring for rail based mass rapid transit system, being safe, punctual and reliable. The wish list can be fulfilled by Light Urban Rail Transit System named "Metrolite" policy by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) which proposes lesser capacity, at less cost, and low O& M costs.
All Tier Two cities and suburban areas of Metropolitan cities are the key clients as the systems appears viable.
'Metrolite' would also act as feeder system to high capacity Metro.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMANT
It is the department of DMRC, which deals with the protection, supervision and operation of the train. In short it the department that manages the metro traffic on the rails. Transmission of information is possible through co-axial cables, wireless media, fibre optics. Communication at a distance by electronics transmission of impulses, as by telegraph, cable, telephone, radio, or television constitutes telecommunication.
The period of 6 weeks of training in Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was a learning experience. It presented an opportunity of seeing how engineers work and co-ordinate in an organization. The study of various Hierarchies in a Delhi Metro Rail enriched the knowledge regarding the various levels of government organization.
The review of the Signal & Telecommunication where the collection of Communication through respective Stations and track of Delhi Metro were compiled and summarised to prepare the Signal & Telecommunication and to know the process of working in an organization in co-ordination.
It also helped to gain an opportunity to study the various community/stakeholders participations of various Signal & Communication units. This enhanced the report writing skills and presentation techniques for the future.
It raised up the knowledge regarding Signal & Telecommunication and also the participation of Communication company’s of different associations like BEL, BHEL, HCL etc are involved in Electronics and Communication field.
Thus, the Signal & Telecommunication Department helped us to review the various techniques and inventions which are required to be implemented properly to make the vision of Electronics world of future successful.
Global mobility and handover management for heterogeneous network in vanetijngnjournal
Now a day’s Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology. Mobility management is one
of the most challenging research issues for VANETs to support variety of intelligent transportation system
(ITS) applications. VANETs are getting importance for inter-vehicle communication, because they allow
the communication among vehicles without any infrastructure, configuration effort, and without the high
costs of cellular networks. Besides local data exchange, vehicular applications may be used to accessing
Internet services. The access is provided by Internet gateways located on the site of roadside. However, the
Internet integration requires a respective mobility support of the vehicular ad hoc network. In this paper
we will study about the network mobility approach in vehicular ad hoc network; the model will describe the
movement of vehicles from one network to other network. The proposed handover scheme reduces the
handover latency, packet loss signaling overhead.
Transceiver Design for MIMO Systems with Individual Transmit Power ConstraintsIJECEIAES
This paper investigate the transceiver design for single-user multiple-input multiple- output system (SU-MIMO). Joint transceiver design with an improper modulation is developed based on the minimum total mean-squared error (TMSE) criterion under two different cases. One is equal power allocation (EPA) and other is the power constraint that jointly meets both EPA and total transmit power constraint (TTPC) (i.e ITPC). Transceiver is designed based on the assumption that both the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results show the performance improvement of the proposed work over conventional work in terms of bit error rate (BER).
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
Cost Effective SMS Fire Approach for Transportation based on Vehicle Speediosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Enhancement of Mobile Radio Channel Using Diversity TechniquesMohanad Mohammed
In this work, a developed mobile channel model has been designed, which can be used to generate SISO, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO Rayleigh fading channels. Then, Selection Combining (SC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC), and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) techniques have been studied and analyzed for receiving diversity (SIMO system). Furthermore, maximal ratio has been studied for transmitting diversity (MISO system), which is known as Maximal Ratio Transmission (MRT). On the other hand, the performance of diversity based on MIMO system by using, Zero Forcing (ZF), and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) techniques have been studied and
tested. In addition to that, Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) have been studied and analyzed for both MISO and MIMO systems. Finally, comparisons between SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems, in terms of channel capacity, have been studied and analyzed under different cases and channel conditions.
Auto mobile vehicle direction in road traffic using artificial neural networkscsandit
So far Most of the current work on this area deals with traffic volume prediction during peak
hours and the reasons behind accidents only. This work presents the analysis of automobile
vehicle directing in various traffic flow conditions using Artificial neural network architecture.
Now a days, due to unprecedented increase in automobile vehicular traffic especially in metro-
Politian cities, it has become highly imperative that we must choose an optimum road route in
accordance with our requirements. The requirements are : volume of the traffic, Distance
between source and destination, no of signals in between the source and destination, the nature
of the road condition , fuel consumption and Travel Timing. Artificial Neural networks, a soft
computing technique, modeled after brain biological neuron functioning, helps to obtain the
required road way or route as per the training given to it. Here we make use of Back
propagation network, which changes the weights value of the hidden layers, thereby activation
function value which fires the neuron to get the required output
AUTO-MOBILE VEHICLE DIRECTION IN ROAD TRAFFIC USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKScsandit
So far Most of the current work on this area deals with traffic volume prediction during peak hours and the reasons behind accidents only. This work presents the analysis of automobile vehicle directing in various traffic flow conditions using Artificial neural network architecture.
Now a days, due to unprecedented increase in automobile vehicular traffic especially in metro-Politian cities, it has become highly imperative that we must choose an optimum road route in accordance with our requirements. The requirements are : volume of the traffic, Distance
between source and destination, no of signals in between the source and destination, the nature of the road condition , fuel consumption and Travel Timing. Artificial Neural networks, a soft computing technique, modeled after brain biological neuron functioning, helps to obtain the
required road way or route as per the training given to it. Here we make use of Back propagation network, which changes the weights value of the hidden layers, thereby activation function value which fires the neuron to get the required output.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Metro rail India has been a success story. Yet cities with lower projected ridership are also aspiring for rail based mass rapid transit system, being safe, punctual and reliable. The wish list can be fulfilled by Light Urban Rail Transit System named "Metrolite" policy by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) which proposes lesser capacity, at less cost, and low O& M costs.
All Tier Two cities and suburban areas of Metropolitan cities are the key clients as the systems appears viable.
'Metrolite' would also act as feeder system to high capacity Metro.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Back-Bone Assisted HOP Greedy Routing for VANETijsrd.com
Using advanced wireless local area network technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as road safety, multimedia content sharing, commerce on wheels, etc., currently, geographic routing protocols are widely adopted for VANETs as they do not require route construction and route maintenance phases. Again, with connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Further, in the case of sparse and void regions, frequent use of the recovery strategy elevates hop count. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm based on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the shortest path or the path with higher connectivity may include numerous intermediate intersections. As a result, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, we introduce back-bone nodes that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Apart from this, by tracking the movement of source as well as destination, the back-bone nodes enable a packet to be forwarded in the changed direction. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of high packet delivery ratio and shorter end-to-end delay.
A NOVEL AND COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO PUBLIC VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEMijujournal
There are lots of efforts being made by public transport corporations to improve public vehicle occupancy
by requesting the public to use public transport over other modes of transportation. It can be noted that if
the passenger knows with high confidence that the bus is going to come, he/she will definitely wait rather
than opting for other modes of transport. Efficient information can therefore help the users to choose faster
and more easier connections which saves their time. Trends in wireless technology like Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have resulted in easier and
faster communication. This paper presents a vehicle tracking system by integrating both of the above
mentioned technologies. The central server uses geographic information system (GIS) to track vehicles to
display the position information on the electronic map. This paper suggests a new cost-effective way for
tracking a vehicle in public transport domain and compares proposed technique to some of the methods
advised previously for tracking public vehicles.
Connected cars are fast becoming a reality and has the potential to change the way businesses are run. A connected car facilitates devices inside the car to connect with the computing and application servers and use computing power to access real time information and data. Use cases are explained for Transportation, Healthcare and Education fields along with the business models.
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an application which provides intelligence to the transportation
and traffic management systems. Although the word ITS applies to all systems in the transportation but as
per the European union directive it is the application of Information and communication technology in the
field of transportation is defined as ITS. The communication technology has evolved greatly today from
2G/3G to long term evolution (LTE). In this paper we focus on the LTE and its application in the ITS. Since
LTE offers excellent QoS, wide area coverage and high availability it is a preferred choice for vehicle to
infrastructure (V2I) service. At the same time the LTE customer base is increasing day by day which results
in congestion and accessing the network to send or request resources becomes difficult. In this paper we
have proposed a group based node selection algorithm to reduce the preamble ID collision otherwise this
uncoordinated preamble ID transmission by vehicle node (VN) will eventually clog the network and there
will be a massive congestion and re-transmissions attempts by VNs to obtain the random access channel
(RACH).
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
Prototypic Gps-Gsm Integration for Enhancing Public Transportation and Manage...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes and implements a solution for enhancing public transportation management services based on GPS and GSM. Travel time information is a vital component of many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. In recent years, the number of vehicles in India has increased tremendously, leading to severe traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas, particularly during peak periods. A desirable strategy to deal with such issues is to shift more people from personal vehicles to public transport by providing better service (comfort, convenience and so on). In this proposed system we introduced advanced public transportation systems (APTS) for public service. Advanced public transportation systems (APTS) are one of the most important ITS applications, which can significantly improve the traffic situation in India. One such application will be to provide accurate information about bus arrivals to passengers, leading to reduced waiting times at bus stops. This needs a real-time data collection technique, a quick and reliable prediction technique to calculate the expected travel time based on real-time data and informing the passengers regarding the same. The scope of this proposed system is to use global positioning system data collected from public transportation buses on urban roadways in the city of Chennai, India, to predict travel times. The performance of the proposed system is found to be promising and expected to be valuable in the development of advanced public transportation systems (APTS) in India. The work presented here is one of the first attempts at real-time short-term prediction of travel time for ITS applications in Indian traffic conditions.
Public transport service is one of the most preferred
modes of transportation in today’s smart cities. People prefer
public transport mainly for the cost benefit reasons. The
problems faced by the people while using the public transport
can be overcome by the technology such as Internet of Things
(IOT). In this paper, we present how this technology can be
applied to eliminate the problems faced by the passengers of the
public bus transport service. The Internet of Things technology is
used to provide the passengers waiting at the bus stop with real
time information of the arriving buses. Information such as
arrival time, crowd density and traffic information of the
arriving buses are predetermined and provided to the passengers
waiting at the bus stop. The display boards fitted at the bus stops
provide the real time bus navigation information to the waiting
passengers. This Smart Bus Navigation system enables the
passengers to make smart decisions regarding their bus journey.
This system reduces the anxiety and the waiting time of the
passenger’s at the bus stop. The smart bus navigation system
creates a positive impact and increases the number of people who
prefer to use the public mode of transportation.
Automatic Controlling Of Train Using Wireless Protocol ZigbeeIOSR Journals
Abstract : In INDIA railways is one of the important means of transport. Driver of the train has to look out to get the status of the signal, if he fails to see the signal major mishaps could take place. There are different systems in use today including AWS (auxilliary warning system), ACD (automatic collision detection). AWS system is in use by western railway while ACD is used by Konkan railway.AWS system has a drawback of theft of trackside equipment while ACD system is based on GPS system where satellite is US owned. Proposed system focusses on automation of train controlling to avoid accidents. Designed system involves transfer of the status of signal directly to the engine which will control speed of the train as per the status of the signal. System has been designed to provide safe travelling especially during bad weather. System is based on wireless protocol ‘Zigbee’. Low power consumption, low latency time of 30 ms and excellent security features as Zigbee uses 128-AES, use of DSSS modulation technique in Zigbee makes this system reliable and safe. System is operating within a range of 120m Keywords - Zigbee, ACD, AWS, PIC Microcontroller,
Automatic Controlling Of Train Using Wireless Protocol Zigbee IOSR Journals
In INDIA railways is one of the important means of transport. Driver of the train has to look out to
get the status of the signal, if he fails to see the signal major mishaps could take place. There are different
systems in use today including AWS (auxilliary warning system), ACD (automatic collision detection). AWS
system is in use by western railway while ACD is used by Konkan railway.AWS system has a drawback of theft
of trackside equipment while ACD system is based on GPS system where satellite is US owned. Proposed system
focusses on automation of train controlling to avoid accidents. Designed system involves transfer of the status of
signal directly to the engine which will control speed of the train as per the status of the signal. System has been
designed to provide safe travelling especially during bad weather. System is based on wireless protocol
‘Zigbee’. Low power consumption, low latency time of 30 ms and excellent security features as Zigbee uses 128-
AES, use of DSSS modulation technique in Zigbee makes this system reliable and safe. System is operating
within a range of 120m
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 1 ||Pages|| 303-309 ||2013||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology and
ARM7
1, 2,
A.Naveen, M. Veda Chary, 3,Dr.N.Satyanarayana 3
1
M. Tech (ES) Final Year, 2 Assoc. Professor, 3 Pro fessor & Dean,
1,2,3,
Dept. of ECE, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderaba d, Andhra Pradesh
------------------------------------------------------Abstract--------------------------------------------------------
This paper describes a research on The Flexible Bus Systems (FBS) using Zigbee as a communication medium.
The Flexible Bus System is a demand responsive transit (DRT) but it is more efficient and convenient in a sense
that it entertains passenger’s demands and gives bus locations in real time. The real time synchronization of
The Flexible Bus System makes it information rich and unique as compared to other DRTs. The Flexible Bus
Systems is a system that can replace the Traditional Bus Systems with its flexibility and efficiency. This paper
discusses the use of wireless technologies in The Flexible Bus Systems and how to make it more reliable using
short range wireless technology Zigbee.
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Date of Sub mission: 9, January, 2012 Date of Publication: 30, January 2013
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I. Introduction
The main object ive of this paper is to do a research on the use of short range wireless technology called
“Zigbee” in Demand Responsive Transit (DRT), making it much more efficient, reliable and less expensive.
This research is not the only way to develop this kind of a system and by no means suggested the best solution
but it can definitely be one of the better alternatives we have till date and can be used in the areas where there
are no 3G, W iMax or other long range wireless technologies available. This research will also help us
understand the potential of Zigbee. Till now Zigbee is being used as in -house or in-vehicle technology but this
research brings an idea of using Zigbee as communication tool for Inter-Vehicle and Veh icle to Infrastructure.
Using Zigbee to communicate between Bus and the Bus Stop will also reduce the total cost of the system as
Zigbee devices are far cheaper than WiFi, 3G and WiMax devices. Due to the fact that Zigbee is low power as
compared to other short range wireless technologies like W iFi, this system can be deployed in mountainous
areas where power is a major concern. The algorith m of Flexible Bus System is devised in a way that this
system replaces the scheduled bus lines systems and buses can dynamically change their routes according to
passenger’s demands. Passengers are info rmed about the real time location of the buses which makes it easy for
the passengers to decide whether to ride a particu lar bus or not making this system passenger friendly.
II. System Description
Most of the researches today on DRT are carried out in a way that communication mediu m is long
range Wireless technologies like 3G (cellu lar data) as shown in the Fig. 1.
Fig.1 Examp le of typical DRT System Model
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2. The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology And Arm7…
Everything in the System is connected to the Control Centreand all the in formation is shared with the Control
Centre. Co mmunication between Bus and Control Centre is through 3G; similarly co mmunication between
Control Centre and Bus Stop is through 3G. Installing the 3G modules on Bus Stop and Bus which are more
than 1 in most of the cases will greatly increase the total installation cost of the system. Following are some
drawbacks to this approach.
1. Installation cost is very high.
2. Maintenance cost is very high.
3. High power consumption.
4. Cannot be applied in areas where there are no long
range wireless (3G, W iMax) signals availab le (rural or mountainous areas).
To overcome these problems we propose a model which is less costly than the system discussed ab ove. We call
our proposed system “The Flexib le Bus System”. This paper will only include the wireless communication part
of this system. Control Centre is connected to Bus Stops through internet (Wireless or Wired). Fig. 2 shows our
proposed system.
Fig.2 Proposed Flexible Bus Systems Model
As shown in Fig.2 Control Centre and Bus Stops are connected to each other through the internet
(wired or wireless). Bus Stop and Bus are connected through short range Wireless Technology “Zigbee”. An
interesting feature here is that Bus and Control Centre are not connected to each other directly, they
communicate to each other through Bus Stop, means the information transfer fro m Control Centre is first
transferred to Bus Stop and then fro m Bus Stop to Bus vice versa. This way there will be no need for 3G module
installation in Buses. This will greatly reduce the total cost of the system. The Bus Stops in this system are very
smart and we call them “Intelligent Bus Stops”. These Bus Stops are equipped with different devices like RFID
card reader; Touch Screen etc. The passengers carry RFID card which contains all the information about the
passenger. Whenever a passenger goes to the Bus Stop, he/she will punch his/her RFID card to those RFID card
readers installed at Bus Stop and gets recognized by the system. After getting recognized by the system, the
passenger can enter the destination and will get the response from the system e.g. on which Bus to ride and how
much is the wait t ime, leaving the decision of rid ing the Bus to the passenger.
III. Proposed Algorithm
The algorithm for this system is devised in such a way that passengers have to wait less on the bus
stops and buses drive to the bus stops where passengers are waiting instead of driving to the Bus Stops where
there are no passengers. Fig. 3 shows the algorithm flow for The Flexible Bus Systems. Passenger after reaching the Bus
Stop punches the RFID Card and all the information (Passenger ID, Destination etc) is transferred to Control Centre
which then sends the info on which Bus to ride. Similarly in fo for all the Buses are transferred to Control Centre
through Bus Stops and then Route info for the Buses are transferred to Buses through the Bus Stops. Navigation
is installed in the bus which guides the Buses about the routes.
Fig.3 Algorith m flo w for The Flexib le Bus Systems
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3. The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology And Arm7…
Fig. 4 shows that a Traditional Bus System has a fixed route, it drives from 1~25 and then back fro m 25~1. The
route will remain the same even if there are no passengers on Bus Stop3 and Bus Stop4. However in The
Flexib le Bus System the buses can change the routes dynamically depending upon the demand of the passenger.
As shown in Fig. 4 every Bus Stop is connected to the Bus Stop next to it. For example Bus Stop1 is c onnected
to Bus Stop2 and Bus Stop10. For example if BusA is on Bus Stop2 and a passenger is wait ing on Bus Stop9,
then instead of going to the Bus Stop9 by driving to all the Bus Stops from 2~9, the Bus will d irectly drive to
Bus Stop9 to pick up the pass enger. This way the wait time of the passenger waiting on Bus Stop9 will be less
as compared to the case in which Bus has to drive fro m 2~9. The Flexib le Bus System will not only decrease the
wait t ime of the passengers but it will also decrease the drive time of the Buses which will great ly reduce the
total cost of the System.
Fig.4 Traditional Bus System and the Flexible Bus System Grid Model
A smart algorith m is required to efficiently perfo rm the tasks discussed in Fig. 4. We are working on an
algorith m that can perform these jobs by keeping the wait t ime o f the passengers on the Bus Stops and Ride t ime
of the passengers on the Bus at a low side. Different simulat ion are been carried out for this purpose using our
Simu lator called “Konno Simu lator”. Fig.5 shows the comparison of Wait time of passengers on the Bus Stop in
Traditional Bus Systems and The Flexib le Bus Systems.
Fig.5 Average Wait Time for Passengers on Bus Stop .In Fig. 5 OLD is “Tradit ional Bus Systems” and
DEMAND1 is “The Flexib le Bus Systems”. Ratios (25:1, 15:2, 5:3 etc) shown in Fig.5 are No. o f Passenger:
No. of Buses. Similarly the ride time of the passengers in the Bus is also very important. Our simu lation results
show that using our algorith m ride time of the passengers in th e buses is also less than that of ride time o f the
passengers in the bus in Traditional Bus Systems.
IV. Zigbee Communication
Zigbee Co mmunication between Bus and Bus Stops are the major concern of this paper. The reason
Zigbee is given priority over the other short range wireless technologies like WiFi is that in this research only
few bytes of data is to be transferred using short range wireless technologies, no heavy data like Audio or Video
is transferred so Zigbee seems to be a good alternative to WiFi wh ich offers heavy data transfer. With heavy
data comes more power consumption which can be a concern in rural areas where power is not easily available.
As described earlier Buses and Bus Stops are going to communicate with each other through Zigbee. Since
Control Centre is aware of all the ongoing and carrying all the informat ion about all the buses and bus stops, the
informat ion is first transferred to corresponding bus stop about the upcoming bus. Bus Stops and Control Centre
are always connected to each other through the internet (Wired or Wireless) so information between Bus Stops
and Control Centre can be easily shared. Major concern is the transfer of in formation between the Bus Stops and
Buses and that is to be done through Zigbee. This is the core of this research and so the information transfer
between the Buses and the Bus Stops are carefully thought of. Fig. 6 shows the sequence of information transfer
between Buses and the Bus Stops through Zigbee.
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4. The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology And Arm7…
Fig. 6 Data Transfer Sequence between Buses and Bus Stops
As soon as Bus enters the communication range of the Bus Stop, informat ion exchange starts. The numbers 1~8
in Fig. 6 are described below.
1. Bus sends the Bus ID to Bus Stop.
2. Bus Stop authenticates the request and requests the
Bus to Stop or Don’t Stop at current Bus Stop.
3. If Bus is requested to stop at current Bus Stop, Bus sends the stopping signal to Bus Stop.
4. If Bus is requested to pass the Bus Stop without stopping, it sends the Non -Stop passing signal to Bus Stop
and requests Next Bus Stop ID.
5. Bus Stop sends the Next Bus Stop ID to the Bus.
6. In case of Bus stopped at current Bus Stop, after the Passengers rode the Bus, Bus Stop requests for the No.
of Passengers in the Bus.
7. Bus sends the No. of passengers in the Bus to the Bus Stop and requests for Next Bus Stop ID.
8. Bus Stop sends the Next Bus Stop ID to the Bus. The decision of stopping at Bus Stop is made by Control
Centre and is to be made on following conditions
• No. of passengers to get off on this Bus Stop
• No. of passengers to ride on this Bus
• Seats availab le in this Bus
• Destination of the passengers
Each time information/request is sent by the Bus to the Bus Stop, the informat ion is sent to the Control Centre
by the Bus Stop. The Control Centre checks for the validity of the data and sends it back to the Bus Stop from
where the data is sent to the Bus. Fig. 7 is a flow chart depiction of Fig. 6 showing an easy to understand flow of
informat ion transfer between the Bus and the Bus stop. All th e informat ion received fro m Bus (No. of
passengers in the Bus) which is now carried by the Bus Stop will be transferred to the Control Centre through
the internet after the Bus leaves the Bus Stop.
Fig.7 Data Transfer Flo w Chart between Buses and Bus Stops
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V. Conducted Experiments
Different experiments are performed to check whether Zigbee is suited for this kind of System
(Intelligent Bus Systems) or not. Below are the details of experiments. All the experiments are conducted using
Max Stream Xbee Pro. Below are the conditions in wh ich experiments are conducted.
• Maximu m distance between Xbee Bus and Xbee Bus stop is 100m with maximu m height of 2m.
• Maximu m No. of Bytes sent is 7 Bytes.
• Experiments are conducted using the Data Transfer Sequence shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.
Three types of experiments are conducted to check the eligib ility of Zigbee for The Flexible Bus Systems.
1. Zigbee Co mmunication on straight road with clear Line of Sight.
2. Zigbee Co mmunication on curve with No Line of Sight (Trees as Hurdles)
Fig.9 Zigbee Co mmun icate with No Clear Line of Sight (trees as hurdle)
3. Zigbee Co mmunication on curve with No Line of Sight (Bu ild ings as Hurdles)
Fig.10 Zigbee Co mmun icate with No Clear Line of Sight (Bu ild ings as hurdle)
Table I shows the data collected for Experiment 1 when there is clear line of sight and the road is straight.
As shown in Table I, there are no errors when Zigbee Data transfer is checked on the straight road with clear
line of sight which shows that Zigbee can be used on straight roads with clear line of sight without any doubts.
Table II shows the data collected for Experiment 2 when there is no clear line of sight and there is a curve/turn
on road which has some rough trees around.
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6. The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology And Arm7…
Table II shows the data which is still quite encouraging
although there are a few errors, but the average shows that every 6 times data is sent 4.67 t imes it is received. As
described earlier if the data is received even only once the communicat ion can be done easily a nd bus can get to
know if it has to stop on the upcoming Bus Stop or not but as data is received more than 1 t imes, in this case4.67
times which is far more t imes it should be received, so there shouldn’t be any problem in data commun ication
Table III shows the data collected for Experiment 3 when there is no clear line of sight and there is a curve/turn
on road which has some buildings around.
The data shown in Table III is not very encouraging as error percentageis at high side. Table shows that at
distance of 100m erro r rate is 66.67% wh ich means that data is received only 2 times out of 6 which is at a risky
side. Similarly at a distance of 80m on average data is received 3.6 times out of 6 which is better than that at
100m but still below par. At a distance of 50m the data is encouraging getting received 4.8 times out of 6. If we
concentrate on data for 50m, it seems as if data communication can be done easily as data is received quite
frequently but the problem with 50m is that if Bus is sent a sig nal by the Bus Stop to stop at this Bus Stop when
Bus is just 50m away fro m the Bus Stop, it will be difficult for the bus to stop with a speed of 60km/h wh ich is
the maximu m speed limit here in Japan.
A. Experi ments outcome
The conducted experiments showed the following results
Different experiments showed that the main factor affecting Zigbee commun ication is the distance
between the Zigbee modules (Xbee Bus and Xbee Bus Stop in this case). The more the distance the less
efficient is the Zigbee co mmunicat ion.
The bigger and denser the hurdles, more difficult it is to co mmunicate between the Zigbee Modules.
The straighter the roads, the better it is to communicate between Zigbee Modules.
A suitable height of about 2m can increase the efficiency of Zigbee Data Transfer.
Speed of the car has no significant effect on Zigbee Data Transfer.
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7. The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee Wireless Technology And Arm7…
B. Soluti ons to the problems
Below are some proposed solutions to the problems occurred during the experiments.
The main problem is less frequency of receiving of Data when there are hurdles like Buildings on road with
curves or turns. The proposed solution to this problem is to avoid making the Bus Stops where there are
buildings on the roads with curve or turns.
Another solution can be to use Relays with Zigbee to increase the range of Zigbee Modules but this will increase
the cost of the System.
VI. Summary
The Flexible Bus Systems is an efficient and a smart Demand Responsive Transit (DRT). It is flexib le
in a sense that it can change dynamically according to the demand of the passenger. The system can fu lfil the
demands of the passengers in a way that they have to wait less on the Bus Stops and even if they miss the Bus
they can be entertained by the next bus without waiting for very long. The use of Zigbee for co mmunication
between the Buses and the Bus Stops greatly reduce the total cost of the system. Everything is connected to the
Control Centre which is the brain of the system. Control Centre and Bus Stops are connected through the
internet and Buses and Control Centre are connected to each other through Bus Stops. All the characters (Buses,
Bus Stops and Passengers) are updated with latest informat ion all the times wh ich makes The Flexib le Bus
Systems more information rich and reliab le.
VII. Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the Strategic Information and Co mmunication R&D Pro motion Programme
102302005 fro m the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Co mmun ications.
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