Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Intelligent building facades

Heathrow Terminal
5
Intelligent BuildingIntelligent Building
FacadesFacades
Prof Derek Clements-Croome
www.derekcroome.com
May

PreviewPreview
 Facades around the worldFacades around the world
 Functions of facadesFunctions of facades
 Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature
 Vernacular solutionsVernacular solutions
 Modern trendsModern trends
 GreeningGreening
 Some innovationsSome innovations
 SolutionsSolutions
 Desirable properties for facadesDesirable properties for facades

With the façade embodying up to 35% of the
construction costs as well as being hugely accountable
for the buildings' response to climate change, it has
never been so important to understand which façade
solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable
façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and
technically performing.
CIBSE Society of Facade Engineering
September 10th 2009

Aldingbourne NurseriesAldingbourne Nurseries

Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009,Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009, dRMMdRMM
ArchitectsArchitects

The Crooked HouseThe Crooked House
(Sopot, Poland)(Sopot, Poland)

The Basket BuildingThe Basket Building
(Ohio, United States)(Ohio, United States)

Kansas City Public LibraryKansas City Public Library
(Missouri, United States)(Missouri, United States)

Cubic Houses (Rotterdam,Cubic Houses (Rotterdam,
Netherlands)Netherlands)

Chapel in theChapel in the
RockRock
(Arizona, US)(Arizona, US)

DancingDancing
BuildingBuilding
(Prague,(Prague,
CzechCzech
Republic)Republic)

ManchesterManchester
Civil JusticeCivil Justice
CentreCentre
(Manchester,(Manchester,
UK)UK)

The Hole HouseThe Hole House
(Texas, United States)(Texas, United States)

Grand Lisboa (Macao)Grand Lisboa (Macao)

Wall House (Groningen,Wall House (Groningen,
Netherlands)Netherlands)

Bahá'í House of Worship a.k.aBahá'í House of Worship a.k.a
Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)

WoodenWooden
Gagster HouseGagster House
(Archangelsk,(Archangelsk,
Russia)Russia)

Air Force Academy ChapelAir Force Academy Chapel
(Colorado, United States)(Colorado, United States)

Solar Furnace (Odeillo, France)Solar Furnace (Odeillo, France)

Birds NestBirds Nest
Olympic StadiumOlympic Stadium
Beijing 2008Beijing 2008

Civic Center (Santa Monica)Civic Center (Santa Monica)

Gherkin BuildingGherkin Building
(London City, UK)(London City, UK)

Nord LB buildingNord LB building
(Hannover,(Hannover,
Germany)Germany)

Lloyd's BuildingLloyd's Building
(London City, UK)(London City, UK)

Agar Tower Agar Tower
(Barcelona,(Barcelona,
Spain)Spain)

201 Bishopsgate and The
Broadgate Tower, London
Arch. Kohn Pederson Fox
The Leadenhall Building,
London Arch. Richard Rogers

The World’s Biggest Building by Foster
Crystal Island, Moscow

The Chicago Spire,The Chicago Spire,
FosterFoster

Panel installation at the Sage CentrePanel installation at the Sage Centre
Rectilinear panels at
the Sage Centre
Mesh Match, Jan, 08, Society of
Facade Engineering

Santiago CalatravaSantiago Calatrava
Valencia Opera House - Spain
Tenerife Opera House - Spain

Frank GeFrank Gehhryry
Walt Disney Concert Hall LAWalt Disney Concert Hall LA

CCTV Headquarters, ChinaCCTV Headquarters, China
2004-2008

10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse
Regatta HotelRegatta Hotel
JakartaJakarta
Completed
Nov 2008

Residence AntiliaResidence Antilia
IndiaIndia
Completed
Nov 2008

Burj DubaiBurj Dubai
(Sept 2004-Sept 2009)

ChicagoChicago
Spire, USASpire, USA
2007-2012

Russia TowerRussia Tower
RussiaRussia
2007-2012

okhta-tower-russia (2008-2012
Gazprom City Tower,Gazprom City Tower,
St PetersburgSt Petersburg

PenangPenang
Global CityGlobal City
CentreCentre
MalaysiaMalaysia
(2008 - )

Functions of FacadesFunctions of Facades

Structure Shelter
Container
Fawood Children’s Centre
Chinese American Service
League, Kam L. Liu Building
Central Library Brighton CBX Tower Project, Paris
Canary Wharf
BBC

Vacuum Insulation ProjectsVacuum Insulation Projects
Barratt Green House, BRE
Crossway, Richard Hawkes Architects UK
TuffX Processed Glass's Eco i-panel
http://www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/

Building Envelopes DesignBuilding Envelopes Design
Considerations BCO Guide toConsiderations BCO Guide to
Specification 2009Specification 2009
Wind PressuresWind Pressures
Weather PerformanceWeather Performance
Integration with Building ServicesIntegration with Building Services
Structural IntegrityStructural Integrity
Blast proof/ earthquake criteriaBlast proof/ earthquake criteria
Energy PerformanceEnergy Performance
Maintenance/ Cleaning/ RecyclingMaintenance/ Cleaning/ Recycling

What parameters to measure?What parameters to measure?
Building performanceBuilding performance
 Building integrityBuilding integrity
 ConsumptionConsumption
– ElectricityElectricity
– GasGas
– WaterWater
 Safety and SecuritySafety and Security
– SmokeSmoke
– GGas leakas leak
– WWater leakater leak
– SSecurity alarmecurity alarm
Occupant satisfactionOccupant satisfaction
 Thermal Comfort parametersThermal Comfort parameters
 Air Quality markersAir Quality markers
 Light intensityLight intensity
 Noise intensityNoise intensity
 Occupancy levelOccupancy level
 State level (windows, doors)State level (windows, doors)
 MoodMood
 Well beingWell being
 ……

How to measure?How to measure?
Measurements:Measurements:
 Physical (environmental sensors)Physical (environmental sensors)
 Physiological (body monitoring sensors)Physiological (body monitoring sensors)
 Questionnaire (human sensation)Questionnaire (human sensation)
Questionnaire
Th.C T,RH,Tr,vair Met Iclo
---- ---- Thermal vote

Facades asFacades as
Transparent/Opaque ClimateTransparent/Opaque Climate
ModeratorsModerators
 SunlightSunlight
 Solar energySolar energy
 SoundSound
 AirAir
 MoistureMoisture
 ViewView
 TemperatureTemperature

Desirable Properties forDesirable Properties for
FacadesFacades
 Low COLow CO22 emissionsemissions
 Thermal and Moisture InsulationThermal and Moisture Insulation
 StorageStorage
 Solar IsolationSolar Isolation
 Natural LightNatural Light
 ViewView
 Fresh AirFresh Air
 Sound InsulationSound Insulation
 Sensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensorsSensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensors
 Varying properties (nanomaterials)Varying properties (nanomaterials)
 Self cleaningSelf cleaning
 Self-repairingSelf-repairing
 Security/Safety/Fire ProtectionSecurity/Safety/Fire Protection
 AestheticsAesthetics

Air Barrier System
 Eliminating Skin Load from Outer Window Side
 Upward Air Flow from Floor Plenum Between
Window and Blind
 Resulting Energy Savings by reducing HVAC
Capacity
Building Envelope
•Introduce Double Skin System, Louver and
Blind Auto Control, Sunlight Shielding Glass,
High Performance Insulation (e.g. Vacuum
Insulation) and Window System
•Maximize Building Energy Performance and
Comfort Environment
Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,

Green Materials & Resources
High Efficiency Insulation Material
 Utilize Reflection of Radiant Heat from Graphite Inside Insulation
Material
 Analyze Performance of Insulation Material and Standardize for
Practical Use
 Achieving Energy Savings by Improved Performance of Insulation
Material
 Other solutions e.g. Vacuum insulation
Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,

Facades as IntegratorsFacades as Integrators
 Dynamic envelopesDynamic envelopes
 NanomaterialsNanomaterials
 WindowsWindows
 Respond with sensors inside building andRespond with sensors inside building and
occupantsoccupants

Possible Integrated FunctionsPossible Integrated Functions
Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong
University, China

Concrete solar
Baffles
for the Menil
Collection in
Houston
Texas (Renzo
Piano)
showing how
form, function
and aesthetics
can be
integrated into
building
design.
Designer Koster in collaboration with Ocalux arrived at similar
forms as they tried to balance shade and daylight control
Behling, 1996

Facades as Thermal StoresFacades as Thermal Stores
 MaterialsMaterials
 MassMass
 OrientationOrientation

Smart FacadesSmart Facades
 Facade is an interactive inside-outside interfaceFacade is an interactive inside-outside interface
 Reactive materials and surfacesReactive materials and surfaces
 Embedded technology can control inputs/outputsEmbedded technology can control inputs/outputs
 Low COLow CO22 emissionemission
 High insulation e.g. vacuum insulationHigh insulation e.g. vacuum insulation
 Opportunities for nanomaterialsOpportunities for nanomaterials
 Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature
 Develop new CPD modules for architects,Develop new CPD modules for architects,
engineers and construction professionals onengineers and construction professionals on
facade designfacade design

CO2 Emissions for DifferentCO2 Emissions for Different
Wall ConstructionsWall Constructions
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050,World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050,
http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).
HEAD. P., 2008, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER’S ROLE, THE BRUNEL LECTURE for Institute
of Civil Engineers (ICE)

Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature

The human skin is a good modelThe human skin is a good model
how we would like the buildinghow we would like the building
skin to behave. It adapts toskin to behave. It adapts to
temperature and humidity, can feeltemperature and humidity, can feel
a breeze or the slightest touch,a breeze or the slightest touch,
and can repair itself. It isand can repair itself. It is
waterproof and yet permeable towaterproof and yet permeable to
moisture.moisture.
Wiggington - Harris 2002Wiggington - Harris 2002

Self Healing Materials
Mimics human bleeding healing process
Embedded vessels bleed coloured epoxy resin
into cracks and restore structural integrity.
University of Bristol, Hexcell Composites Ltd,
EPSRC Annual Report, 2008-2009

What can We Learn from Nature?What can We Learn from Nature?
 Human skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitiveHuman skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitive
 Animal architecture e.g. termitesAnimal architecture e.g. termites
 Structures of plants applicable to buildings (self-cleaningStructures of plants applicable to buildings (self-cleaning
lotus leaf)lotus leaf)
 Spiders web: waterproof, great strengthSpiders web: waterproof, great strength
 Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong)Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong)
 Wood: strength, low embodied energy, aestheticWood: strength, low embodied energy, aesthetic
 Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins)Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins)
 Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers)Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers)
 Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko)Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko)
 Rattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for vibration/movementRattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for vibration/movement

Examples of Spiders WebsExamples of Spiders Webs
Foelix 1996

Compass termites in Australia
Evolved orientation
of termitary for
preferred maximum
temperature level of
about 320
C
Von Frisch 1975

Architecture inspired by termite nests
Bio-inspired ArchitectureBio-inspired Architecture
Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Eugene TsuiEugene Tsui
Ultima TowerUltima Tower

The Podhotel copies leaves
and pods from a flower
stalk, the leaves being
transformed into solar and
shading panels and the
pods being prefabricated
rooms.
Architect: Dennis Dollens
Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Vernacular SolutionsVernacular Solutions

Reed Hut Offers Protection fromReed Hut Offers Protection from
the Weather: The Primeval Housethe Weather: The Primeval House
More highly developed building technology forMore highly developed building technology for
woven reed hut.woven reed hut. Otto –Rasch 2001Otto –Rasch 2001

Middle EastMiddle East
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

IndonesiaIndonesia
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

IGLOO, Baffin Island, Canada
Fitch 1975Fitch 1975

Thermal Performance of the Igloo

Active Environmental Control
Glass Buildings demand mechanical environmental control systems.

Fortress later monastery in Göreme
Rudofsky 1964

Yurts / Ghers in MongoliaYurts / Ghers in Mongolia

CLAUSTRA (Decorative tracery used for
ventilation) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Fathy 1986
Claustra in a parapet wall on the roof of
a building in Oman

Brise-soleil in Boike, Ivory Coast
Fathy 1986

Vacuum Insulation
 up to 10-fold higher insulation performance
compared to conventional insulations
 space saving but highly insulating constructions
possible
 cover: high barrier metallised multi layer film
 high quality and long product life time
 Can be transparent
 recyclable
www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/

The Chapel by Le Corbusier at Ronchamps in East France

The atmosphere inside the Chapel is one sanctity and peace making it
conducive to prayer and meditation. This is brought about by the unusual
and highly creative light design echoed by the irregular window shapes
and positions.

Encampment of Black Goats Wool Tents on Ajdir Plateau in the
Middle Atlas Mountains, near the Sahara.
TentsTents
Rudofsky 1964

Technology of air-supported structure ,makes enclosure of entire
towns entirely practicable/ this cable-restrained, air-supported
technique would be especially useful in Arctic and Antarctic
climates, where an absolute deficiency of heath and light plus low
temperatures, high winds and heavy snow cover restrict full
development of urban life.
PROPOSAL FOR ARCTIC CITY BY
ERSKINE and OTTO 1952
Fitch 1972

Buckminster Fuller, 'U.S. PavilionBuckminster Fuller, 'U.S. Pavilion
Montreal Expo 67' (1967).Montreal Expo 67' (1967).

Lightweight Pneumatic Structure in
Alberta, Canada
35 hectare 60mt high township for 10.000 people in moderated
environment conditions.

Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh,Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh,
now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988):now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988):
local sandstone and fibreglass tentslocal sandstone and fibreglass tents
Otto –Rasch 2001Otto –Rasch 2001

Greening and Photovoltaics atGreening and Photovoltaics at
Unterensingen SchoolUnterensingen School
Unterensingen Primary and Secondary School, Germany

Acros Fukuoka, Japan
Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, JapanEmilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan

SITE Rain Forest Showroom,SITE Rain Forest Showroom,
Hialeah, FloridaHialeah, Florida,,
Sabina KucSabina Kuc

Green Roofs- Faroe Islands,Green Roofs- Faroe Islands,
DenmarkDenmark

Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, 2003Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, 2003

Green Roofs
Dandelion House by Terunobu Fujimori

Some InnovationsSome Innovations

Use of solar cells for energy generation is growing
40% per year
www.ausra.com, California, 2007

Phovoltaic Solar CellsPhovoltaic Solar Cells
SourceSource CostCost
($ per kWh)($ per kWh)
Solar PVSolar PV
WindWind
Natural GasNatural Gas
0.30 (current)0.30 (current)
0.02 (25 years)0.02 (25 years)
0.050.05
0.030.03
GenerationGeneration CharacteristicCharacteristic
FirstFirst
SecondSecond
ThirdThird
Single crystal of siliconSingle crystal of silicon
18% efficiency18% efficiency
Silicon thin filmsSilicon thin films
Other components such as cadmium tellurideOther components such as cadmium telluride
< 18% efficiency< 18% efficiency
Quantum dot or nano crystalsQuantum dot or nano crystals
Efficiency 48%Efficiency 48%
Quantum –well solar cell andQuantum –well solar cell and
Dye sanitised solar cellDye sanitised solar cell
Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7

Rules of Thumb for SolarRules of Thumb for Solar
DesignDesign
FormForm • create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelvescreate sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves
Orientation:Orientation: • main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southmain glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south
• reduce north glazingreduce north glazing
• minimise tree over-shadowingminimise tree over-shadowing
• on housing estates build to a density ofon housing estates build to a density of << 40 properties/ha40 properties/ha
• design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of thedesign atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the
sun in both summer and wintersun in both summer and winter
Fabric:Fabric:
• fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulationfabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation
or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.
Rawlings (1999)

Colour-Changing Smart MaterialsColour-Changing Smart Materials
 PhotochromicsPhotochromics -materials exposed to light-materials exposed to light
 ThermochromicsThermochromics -materials respond to-materials respond to
temperature changes.temperature changes.
 MechanochromicsMechanochromics -materials react to imposed-materials react to imposed
stresses and/or deformations.stresses and/or deformations.
 ChemochromicsChemochromics -materials exposed to specific-materials exposed to specific
chemical environments.chemical environments.
 ElectrochromicsElectrochromics -materials respond to voltage.-materials respond to voltage.
 Related technologiesRelated technologies – electrically active liquid– electrically active liquid
crystals and suspended particle devicescrystals and suspended particle devices
Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, smart Materials and Technologies,

Smart Window FeaturesSmart Window Features
System TypeSystem Type Spectral responseSpectral response
(bleaced to coloured)(bleaced to coloured)
Input energyInput energy Interior result visualInterior result visual Interior resultInterior result
thermalthermal
PhotochromicPhotochromic Specular to specularSpecular to specular
transmission at hightransmission at high
UV levelsUV levels
UV radiationUV radiation Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity
but still transparentbut still transparent
Reduction in transmittedReduction in transmitted
radiationradiation
ThermochromiThermochromi
cc
Specular to specularSpecular to specular
IR levelsIR levels
Heat (high surfaceHeat (high surface
temperature)temperature)
Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity
but still transparentbut still transparent
radiationradiation
ThermothropicThermothropic Specular to specularSpecular to specular
and lowand low
temperaturestemperatures
Heat (high and/orHeat (high and/or
low surfacelow surface
temperature)temperature)
Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity
and visibility,and visibility,
becomes diffusebecomes diffuse
radiation, emittedradiation, emitted
radiation, andradiation, and
conductivityconductivity
ElectrothropicElectrothropic
**
Specular to specularSpecular to specular
transmission towardtransmission toward
short wavelengthshort wavelength
region (blue)region (blue)
Voltage or currentVoltage or current
pulsepulse
Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity Proportional reduction inProportional reduction in
transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
LiquidLiquid
Crystals*Crystals*
Specular to diffuseSpecular to diffuse
transmissiontransmission
VoltageVoltage Minimal reduction inMinimal reduction in
intensity, reduction inintensity, reduction in
visibility, becomesvisibility, becomes
diffusediffuse
Minimal impact onMinimal impact on
SuspendedSuspended
particleparticle
Specular to diffuseSpecular to diffuse
transmissiontransmission
CurrentCurrent Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity
and visibility,and visibility,
becomes diffusebecomes diffuse
Minimal impact onMinimal impact on
*indicates that a control system and associated electrical*indicates that a control system and associated electrical
supply are requiredsupply are required Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth
surface may be used as an anti-adhesive
coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that
make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.

Light Transmitting ConcreteLight Transmitting Concrete
http://optics.org/cws/article/research/19184
Wall made of “LitraCon” has concrete strength but with
embedded array of glass fibres, it displays a view of the
outside world. Shadows on the lighter side will appear
with sharp outlines on the darker one.
Áron Losonczi. Royal University College of Fine Arts in
Stockholm, Sweden.

Translucent/Transparent Façade application, Hermes,
Tokyo, Japan. Source: Architectural Record
Application of the biocomposite façade system in passive tempering of solar
thermal energy performance –sequence from summer through to winter.

Comparison from eQUEST energy
analysis over one year, between unshaded
low e glass square building (top) and shaded
clear glass rectangular building (bottom)
showing lower energy consumption – up to
40% savings in lighting and cooling energy.
Performance assessment comparison for glazing and
biocomposite system.
Relationship between U value (inverse of R value) and
SHGC (g) comparing current low e coatings (dotted area)
and required new technology products (dashed area)
Source: British Fenestration Rating Council

Air V Window with
Moving Air Stream
in the Gap
between the
glazing layers.

ELECTROCHROMIC
WINDOW
Low voltage switches window from
being clear to reflective. Ion filled
electrode reflects near infrared.

Fire resistant panels forFire resistant panels for
DebrisDebris
1-Tilt-and-tun window
2-Glass slats
3-Tilt-and-turn window
4-Solar shading device
5-Rail, clad in terracotta
6-Fire resistant panels
7-Terracotta façade panel
8-Stainless steel grating
9-Safety glass
10-Fixed pane
Melet 1999

Ventilation Towers with SolarVentilation Towers with Solar
Chimneys at Lancaster UniversityChimneys at Lancaster University
Ventilation towers with solar-drivenVentilation towers with solar-driven
chimneys maximises the floor areachimneys maximises the floor area
and exploits the south-facing façade.and exploits the south-facing façade.
The towers sit outside the floorplateThe towers sit outside the floorplate
and provide cooling in the summerand provide cooling in the summer
and heat recovery in winterand heat recovery in winter
2008 innovation of the year Building Seminar awards (Hoare Lea)(Hoare Lea)

4
5
4
0
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
0
Fresh
air left
over
Temp °C
Blinds intelligently
automatically controlled by
BMS
Predicted performance:
85% solar protection
50% light transmission
0.8 W/m2
K thermal
insulation
40.
0
39.
0
38.
0
37.
0
36.
0
35.
0
34.
0
33.
0
32.
0
31.
0
30.
0
29.
0
28.
0
27.
0
26.
0
30
l/s/m
Extract
Rate
60
l/s/m
Extract
Rate
30 ST Mary Axe – Façade
Design
T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

an Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Renzo Piano, 1998

Lloyds
City
of London,
1986
Rogers-Piano

External glazing system consists of triple layered solar control glass with a
ventilated cavity through which exhaust air is drawn via the light fittings. The quality
of light is further enhanced by optically designed facets in the two outermost sheets
of glass to create sparkle making the glass behave as a wall of light.

Institut Monde d’Arabe
Paris
Jean Nouvel, 1987

Solar Control Aluminium
Elements in South Facade

Future SystemsFuture Systems
design for Greendesign for Green
Building, 1990Building, 1990
Sabina KucSabina Kuc
Environment is controlled by a passive
system using natural ventilation with
some night cooling. Heating and
cooling systems are only used in
extreme conditions.

Office Building,Office Building,
Project ZED,Project ZED,
LondonLondon
The butterfly-shaped plan of
this building has an opening
at the centre in which two
vertical wind turbines are
mounted.
Melet 1999

BiomimicryBiomimicry
Green BuildingGreen Building
HighriseHighrise
William
McDonough
Green Towerhttp://sustainabledesignupdate.co

Digital FaçadeDigital Façade
(Kunsthaus Graz,(Kunsthaus Graz,
Bix Biomorphic Structure, Austria)Bix Biomorphic Structure, Austria)
Kunsthaus Graz’s eastern front is is a
matrix of 930 florescent lamps is integrated
into to allow simple signs, images and films
in low resolution.

World's First RevolvingWorld's First Revolving
Rower DubaiRower Dubai
Architect David Fisher, Dynamic Group

Lighting and Ventilation Strategies AttemptLighting and Ventilation Strategies Attempt
to Minimise Energy Consumptionto Minimise Energy Consumption
Nikken Sekkei,
Cool City
Dubai
Architecture Review
Feb 2008

Left: Multimedia Centre, Hamburg, Germany Foster & Partners
Right: Uni, Erlangen, Germany by UBA Erlangen
 New Concepts for sustainable buildingsNew Concepts for sustainable buildings
 Double Skin –facades for office buildingsDouble Skin –facades for office buildings
University, China

Why Double Skin Facades?Why Double Skin Facades?
 Reduction of peak wind pressureReduction of peak wind pressure
 Improvement of energy efficiency ofImprovement of energy efficiency of
façade byfaçade by
– Passive solar heat gain in winterPassive solar heat gain in winter
– Reducing thermal losses in winterReducing thermal losses in winter
– Reducing overall solar heat gain (in summer)Reducing overall solar heat gain (in summer)
– Support of natural ventilation (with the stackSupport of natural ventilation (with the stack
effect)effect)
University, China

The PV installation contributes positively in
the field of daylight use, sun protection,
visual relation to the exterior, thermal
behaviour of staircase and building and last
but not least as a corporate identity
element for the company.
Outside view of office in Barcelona
Inside view of office in Barcelona
Masseck T, 2005,Transparent Amorphous Silicon PV-Façade as part of an Integrated Concepts for the Energetic Rehabilitation
of an Office Building in Barcelona, 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 6-10, Barcelona, Spain

Lilypad, a Prototype ofLilypad, a Prototype of
Auto-Sufficient Amphibious CityAuto-Sufficient Amphibious City
Architect Vincent Callebaut

- A cross sectional sketch of the proposedA cross sectional sketch of the proposed
photovoltaic cell over the membranephotovoltaic cell over the membrane
absorbing sunrays from all directions.absorbing sunrays from all directions.
- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the
moth.moth.
Gilder J, 2008, MSc Dissertation, University of Reading

The Heritance Kandalama - EcoThe Heritance Kandalama - Eco
Hotel in Sri LankaHotel in Sri Lanka
http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

The Heritance KandalamaThe Heritance Kandalama
Eco Hotel in Sri LankaEco Hotel in Sri Lanka
The property embraces a philosophy of sustainableThe property embraces a philosophy of sustainable
development that encompasses the following areas:development that encompasses the following areas:
 Energy efficiency, conservation and managementEnergy efficiency, conservation and management
 Reduction of freshwater consumptionReduction of freshwater consumption
 Waste water managementWaste water management
 Minimization of waste, reuse and recyclingMinimization of waste, reuse and recycling
 Air quality protection and noise controlAir quality protection and noise control
 Land use planningLand use planning
 Social and cultural developmentSocial and cultural development
 Ecosystem conservationEcosystem conservation
 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICY
 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

Tenets for Intelligent BuildingsTenets for Intelligent Buildings
Design and ManagementDesign and Management
 Plan and design with an Plan and design with an integrated teamintegrated team so that clients, so that clients,
consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop aconsultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a
commitment to the project and want to fulfil thecommitment to the project and want to fulfil the
environmental, social and economic aims.environmental, social and economic aims.
 Systems and holistic thinkingSystems and holistic thinking are key.are key.
 Assess the Assess the impactsimpacts of the buildings on occupants and of the buildings on occupants and
communities nearby.communities nearby.
 Occupants behaviourOccupants behaviour has a large effect on the has a large effect on the
consumption of energy and water so try to increaseconsumption of energy and water so try to increase
awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on
resources.resources.

 Smart metering is a start but sensor technology is rapidly Smart metering is a start but sensor technology is rapidly
becoming applicable in building operation and for the use becoming applicable in building operation and for the use
by consumers of equipment..by consumers of equipment..
 Data management systemsData management systems are important to give feed are important to give feed
back on the back on the
performance of different spaces in the building.performance of different spaces in the building.
Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process. Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process.
 Use a Use a whole life valuewhole life value approach to ensure quality as approach to ensure quality as
well as whole life costs are taken into account.well as whole life costs are taken into account.
 Aim for Aim for simplicitysimplicity rather than complexity in operation.rather than complexity in operation.
 Think about Think about well-being and freshnesswell-being and freshness rather than rather than
comfort and consider all the senses and how air, view,comfort and consider all the senses and how air, view,
daylight, sound, colour, greenery and space affect daylight, sound, colour, greenery and space affect
us in the workplace.us in the workplace.

 ConnectivityConnectivity is important so there is interoperability no is important so there is interoperability no
t only between the systems and the building but also t only between the systems and the building but also
between the occupant and the buildingbetween the occupant and the building
 Design for Design for flexibility and adaptabilityflexibility and adaptability
 Think of an intelligent building as Think of an intelligent building as an organisman organism
responding to human and environmental needs but alsoresponding to human and environmental needs but also
one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facadeone that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade
between the external and internal environments.between the external and internal environments.
The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, andThe façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and
moisture but also links occupants to the outside world somoisture but also links occupants to the outside world so
intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to beintelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be
controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyablecontrolled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable
to those working and living inside the building.to those working and living inside the building.

 Plan the Plan the facilities managementfacilities management so the building is so the building is
cared forcared for
 Balance efficiency with effectiveness.Balance efficiency with effectiveness. An airAn air
supply system for example can deliver the “right” amountsupply system for example can deliver the “right” amount
of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be
effective in the space because it has no impact on theeffective in the space because it has no impact on the
breathing zone where the people are.breathing zone where the people are.
 Design beyond the expectations defined in RegDesign beyond the expectations defined in Reg
ulations.ulations.
 Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledgKeep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledg
e.e.
 Learn from other sectors and disciplinesLearn from other sectors and disciplines

Philips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” whichPhilips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” which
wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the 1958wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the 1958
World’s Fair StudiesWorld’s Fair Studies
The Phillips Pavillion by Le Corbusier and Xenakis, 1958

 Philips Pavilion CommentaryPhilips Pavilion Commentary "The structure is composed of"The structure is composed of
hyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not been usedhyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not been used
for the problems of the type. The walls are constructed of roughfor the problems of the type. The walls are constructed of rough
slabs cast in sand moulds on the ground, measuring about 5'-0" onslabs cast in sand moulds on the ground, measuring about 5'-0" on
a side and 2" in thickness. They are mounted in place by means of aa side and 2" in thickness. They are mounted in place by means of a
movable scaffolding and are supported by a double network ofmovable scaffolding and are supported by a double network of
cables, 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices ofcables, 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices of
strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the structure.strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the structure.
"The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion marks"The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion marks
the first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic Games', athe first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic Games', a
synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, imagery, music,synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, imagery, music,
words and rhythm."words and rhythm."
—— Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236

The DaliThe Dali
MuseumMuseum
Florida, USFlorida, US
 the new museum in Stthe new museum in St
Petersburg, Florida openedPetersburg, Florida opened
11.1.11 - the building is like11.1.11 - the building is like
a glass slug hoovering up aa glass slug hoovering up a
geometric angular box. Builtgeometric angular box. Built
with walls thick enough towith walls thick enough to
withstand a category fivewithstand a category five
hurricane.hurricane.
 Design team was led byDesign team was led by
Yann Weymouth of HOK.Yann Weymouth of HOK.
Inside, the concrete spiralInside, the concrete spiral
staircase rising through thestaircase rising through the
22 metre-high glass atrium22 metre-high glass atrium
is inspired by Dalí'sis inspired by Dalí's
fascination with the doublefascination with the double
helix of DNA.helix of DNA.
http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/city/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=156542352

Lotus-shapedLotus-shaped
ArtScienceArtScience
MuseumMuseum
SingaporeSingapore
A steel and glass lotus flowerA steel and glass lotus flower
sits atop the impressivesits atop the impressive
ArtScience Museum inArtScience Museum in
Singapore. The complex hasSingapore. The complex has
over 4,600 square metres ofover 4,600 square metres of
galleries set on a 4,000galleries set on a 4,000
square metre lily 'pond'. Thesquare metre lily 'pond'. The
structure has 10 fingers, thestructure has 10 fingers, the
tallest of which is 60 metrestallest of which is 60 metres
high.high.

QUAD visual art gallery,QUAD visual art gallery,
Derby, UKDerby, UK
This vividly lit-up steel andThis vividly lit-up steel and
glass cube with spindlyglass cube with spindly
pillar legs beneath it is thepillar legs beneath it is the
brainchild of architectsbrainchild of architects
Feilden Clegg Bradley. SetFeilden Clegg Bradley. Set
in the heart of Derby, thein the heart of Derby, the
gallery is part of an artsgallery is part of an arts
complex that includes acomplex that includes a
cinema, cafe and workshopcinema, cafe and workshop
space for anyone to comespace for anyone to come
and engage in making art.and engage in making art.
It opened in 2008 and theIt opened in 2008 and the
design is moderndesign is modern
architecture at its best,architecture at its best,
somehow making steel andsomehow making steel and
glass look welcoming andglass look welcoming and
accessible.accessible.

Museo Soumaya, Mexico City,Museo Soumaya, Mexico City,
MexicoMexico
From some angles, this newFrom some angles, this new
art gallery in Mexico Cityart gallery in Mexico City
looks like the hull of thelooks like the hull of the
Titanic as it soars aboveTitanic as it soars above
you with curved nauticalyou with curved nautical
lines. Designed by Mexicanlines. Designed by Mexican
architects Fernandoarchitects Fernando
Romero and MauricioRomero and Mauricio
Ceballos gives visitors aCeballos gives visitors a
chance to admire thechance to admire the
hexagonal aluminiumhexagonal aluminium
modules on the outside ofmodules on the outside of
the building.the building.

City of Arts and Sciences,City of Arts and Sciences,
Valencia, SpainValencia, Spain
Designed by SantiagoDesigned by Santiago
Calatrava and Félix Candela,Calatrava and Félix Candela,
the City of Arts and Sciencesthe City of Arts and Sciences
in Valencia finished in 2005.in Valencia finished in 2005.
An alien cityscape, theAn alien cityscape, the
complex is an ambitious seriescomplex is an ambitious series
of buildings that houses anof buildings that houses an
open-air oceanographic parkopen-air oceanographic park
and an Imax cinema,and an Imax cinema,
planetarium and laserium, toplanetarium and laserium, to
say nothing of the operasay nothing of the opera
house, towers and plazas. Thehouse, towers and plazas. The
oceanographic aquarium is theoceanographic aquarium is the
largest in Europe at 110,000largest in Europe at 110,000
square metres and contains 42square metres and contains 42
million litres of watermillion litres of water
(equivalent to 15 Olympic(equivalent to 15 Olympic
swimming pools).swimming pools).

Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao,Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao,
SpainSpain
The futuristic titaniumThe futuristic titanium
shavings of theshavings of the
Guggenheim Bilbao buildingGuggenheim Bilbao building
reflect light and rise up like areflect light and rise up like a
fantastical oasis. Designedfantastical oasis. Designed
by Frank O Gehry, at theby Frank O Gehry, at the
building's heart is a centralbuilding's heart is a central
atrium threaded withatrium threaded with
suspended walkways thatsuspended walkways that
allow you access to theallow you access to the
museum's three galleries.museum's three galleries.
The impressive design wasThe impressive design was
done using the aid ofdone using the aid of
computer technologycomputer technology
originally used in theoriginally used in the
aerospace industry.aerospace industry.

Art Gallery of Ontario,Art Gallery of Ontario,
CanadaCanada
 Frank O Gehry is responsible forFrank O Gehry is responsible for
the redesign of the AGO, the keythe redesign of the AGO, the key
feature of which is a hulkingfeature of which is a hulking
glass and wood facade that runsglass and wood facade that runs
for 182 metres along the streetfor 182 metres along the street
on which it sits and rises 21on which it sits and rises 21
metres high. The city's weathermetres high. The city's weather
is reflected on that enormousis reflected on that enormous
glass ceiling. Check out theglass ceiling. Check out the
protruding curly pig's tail of aprotruding curly pig's tail of a
staircase in the south wing, setstaircase in the south wing, set
within a four-storey tinted glasswithin a four-storey tinted glass
and titanium front overlookingand titanium front overlooking
Grange Park.Grange Park.

Jewish Museum, Berlin, GermanyJewish Museum, Berlin, Germany
Even before it’s opening in 2001, thisEven before it’s opening in 2001, this
crazy doodle of a building by Danielcrazy doodle of a building by Daniel
Libeskind was drawing visitors.Libeskind was drawing visitors.
Coated in zinc, the building willCoated in zinc, the building will
change colour as the materialchange colour as the material
oxidises over the years. The buildingoxidises over the years. The building
itself has many symbolic featuresitself has many symbolic features
including The Voids; five cavernousincluding The Voids; five cavernous
spaces running vertically through thespaces running vertically through the
new building with walls of barenew building with walls of bare
concrete.concrete.

The New Acropolis, Athens,The New Acropolis, Athens,
GreeceGreece
The US and Greek architecturalThe US and Greek architectural
teams had clearly taken some ofteams had clearly taken some of
their inspiration from classicaltheir inspiration from classical
Greek architecture but with veryGreek architecture but with very
modern sensibilities. Looking likemodern sensibilities. Looking like
an impossible-to-crack Rubixan impossible-to-crack Rubix
cube, the museum houses a vastcube, the museum houses a vast
permanent collection of artefactspermanent collection of artefacts
found at the site of the Acropolis.found at the site of the Acropolis.
Inside the glass-floored gallery isInside the glass-floored gallery is
transparent in places so visitorstransparent in places so visitors
can see excavations below.can see excavations below.

MAXXI art gallery, Rome,MAXXI art gallery, Rome,
ItalyItaly
Zaha Hadid building has beenZaha Hadid building has been
described as 'tyrannical' in the waydescribed as 'tyrannical' in the way
it supersedes the art it containsit supersedes the art it contains
(curators aren't even allowed to(curators aren't even allowed to
mount artwork to the walls, relyingmount artwork to the walls, relying
instead on suspended partitions).instead on suspended partitions).
Indeed the white concrete andIndeed the white concrete and
black walkways of the interior lookblack walkways of the interior look
like they'd be enough of a spectaclelike they'd be enough of a spectacle
without all the 21st-century art thewithout all the 21st-century art the
Romans intend to fill theRomans intend to fill the
labyrinthine space withlabyrinthine space with

Niterói Contemporary ArtNiterói Contemporary Art
MuseumMuseum
Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro, Brazil This flying saucer-likeThis flying saucer-like
building wasbuilding was
ddesigned by Oscarddesigned by Oscar
Niemeyer, has aNiemeyer, has a
diameter of 50 metresdiameter of 50 metres
and three floors withinand three floors within
its main structure. Setits main structure. Set
atop a cliff with aatop a cliff with a
beach below and abeach below and a
817 square metre817 square metre
reflecting pool on itsreflecting pool on its
base.base.

Riverside, Glasgow, ScotlandRiverside, Glasgow, Scotland
When it opens in a couple ofWhen it opens in a couple of
months, this Zaha Hadid-months, this Zaha Hadid-
designed building ondesigned building on
Glasgow's harbour willGlasgow's harbour will
showcase its spectacular roof,showcase its spectacular roof,
which has no internal supportswhich has no internal supports
- it is held up by its own weight- it is held up by its own weight
and complex zig-zagand complex zig-zag
construction alone. From theconstruction alone. From the
air it looks like a sports logo, aair it looks like a sports logo, a
masculine design befitting amasculine design befitting a
transport museumtransport museum

Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Intelligent building facades

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