This document discusses intelligent buildings and how to assess their performance. It provides several ways to measure building intelligence, including fluid intelligence for owners/landlords and crystallized intelligence for occupants/tenants. Building intelligence can be assessed based on general functions like durability and environmental impact, as well as specific functions related to meeting a client's brief. Metrics include availability, reliability, and sustainability. Intelligent buildings aim to improve occupant well-being, productivity, and satisfaction through factors like lighting, acoustics, indoor air quality and ergonomic design.

1. Assessing Performance ofAssessing Performance of
Green Intelligent BuildingsGreen Intelligent Buildings
Professor Derek Clements-CroomeProfessor Derek Clements-Croome
Innovative Construction Research Centre

2. Intelligent
Buildings
IBs
Use of
Building
Intelligence
NEEDS of the
stakeholders
Use of HUMAN
Intelligence for
Building
Building intelligence
BIF
Advantages
of the IBs
Intelligent Building ConceptsIntelligent Building Concepts
New Method
of
Construction
Satisfied Needs
Hit Goals
Intelligent
Building
Concepts
Mervi Himanen 2003
consciously
More or less unconsciously

3. Human Intelligence
Kinaesthetic
Inter-personal
Visual - Spatial
Intra-personal
Logic
-mathematical
Intelligent Building Features Equated to Human IntelligenceIntelligent Building Features Equated to Human Intelligence
MusicalLinguistic
Automated
Building
Control
Own
space
Rest Areas
Empty space
Ergonomics
Interior Design
Background
music
Silence
Acoustic
Building
Automation
Communication
Technology
Integrated
controlCablingSigns
Speech
Recognition
Beauty
Measures for
Spatial Instinct
Censoring
User
Interface
Mervi Himanen 2003

4. Building
intelligence
Kinaesthet
ic
Building
-Connectivit
y
Spatiality
Self-
recognition
Logic
The Forms of Building IntelligenceThe Forms of Building Intelligence
Mervi Himanen 2003

5. Measuring Building IntelligenceMeasuring Building Intelligence
Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence
(Owners/Landlords)(Owners/Landlords)
Crystallised IntelligenceCrystallised Intelligence
(Occupiers/Tenants)(Occupiers/Tenants)
General Function MeasureGeneral Function Measure
(durability; environmental resource;(durability; environmental resource;
reliability; response to environmentalreliability; response to environmental
change)change)
Specific Function Measure (how wellSpecific Function Measure (how well
does building fulfil clients brief fordoes building fulfil clients brief for
specific occupiers)specific occupiers)
Adaptability (ease of change of use)Adaptability (ease of change of use) Flexibility (ability to respond short-Flexibility (ability to respond short-
term change demands of occupants)term change demands of occupants)
Capital UtilisationCapital Utilisation Fixed Asset Run rate (Occupancy fixedFixed Asset Run rate (Occupancy fixed
cots)cots)
Environmental Impact (Energy,Environmental Impact (Energy,
water, waste, pollution)water, waste, pollution)
Efficiency (Outputs/Inputs ratios;Efficiency (Outputs/Inputs ratios;
service charges)service charges)
Social Impact (parking; access;Social Impact (parking; access;
safety)safety)
Effectiveness (Benefits and increasedEffectiveness (Benefits and increased
value from occupier satisfaction)value from occupier satisfaction)
(Barden 1998; Boyd 1993; Cattell 1971; Worthington 1996)

6. Relationship Between BuildingsRelationship Between Buildings
and Work Performance (P)and Work Performance (P)
MotivationMotivation
XX
AbilityAbility
XX
OpportunityOpportunity
P =
An individual has to want to do the task and then has to be capable of
doing it; last but not least resources and amenities have to be available
so that the task can be done

7. Measurement of ProductivityMeasurement of Productivity
 Simulated workSimulated work where the subject performs awhere the subject performs a
realistic but artificial taskrealistic but artificial task
 Diagnostic testDiagnostic test where the subject performs a testwhere the subject performs a test
procedure unlike any real taskprocedure unlike any real task
 Embedded tasksEmbedded tasks where the outcome metric iswhere the outcome metric is
derived from part of an existing taskderived from part of an existing task
 Existing measuresExisting measures where the existing outcomewhere the existing outcome
metrics are made availablemetrics are made available
 AbsenteeismAbsenteeism the records of sick leave are used,the records of sick leave are used,
this may also be extended to include medicalthis may also be extended to include medical
records.records.

8. Seven Basic InfrastructuresSeven Basic Infrastructures
 Fresh air and temperature controlFresh air and temperature control
 Lighting controlLighting control
 Daylight and view, including reduced direct solarDaylight and view, including reduced direct solar
gaingain
 Privacy and working in quiet conditionsPrivacy and working in quiet conditions
 Network accessNetwork access
 Multiple data, power and voice connectedMultiple data, power and voice connected
systemssystems
 Ergonomic furniture with environmentallyErgonomic furniture with environmentally
sensitive finishessensitive finishes

9. Well-being NeedsWell-being Needs
 Social milieuSocial milieu
 Freedom for solitary or group workingFreedom for solitary or group working
 Opportunities to develop self-expressionOpportunities to develop self-expression
 An interesting visual sceneAn interesting visual scene
 Acceptable acoustic conditions.Acceptable acoustic conditions.
 Contrast and random changes for theContrast and random changes for the
senses to react tosenses to react to
 Opportunities to exercise or switch overOpportunities to exercise or switch over
from work to other stimulating activitiesfrom work to other stimulating activities

10. Properties of Intelligent BuildingsProperties of Intelligent Buildings
 AestheticsAesthetics
 ConvenienceConvenience
 Whole life value (and sustainability)Whole life value (and sustainability)
 BuildabilityBuildability
 FlexibilityFlexibility
 AdaptabilityAdaptability

11. Space Impacts on PeopleSpace Impacts on People
 CommunicationsCommunications
 Social interactionSocial interaction
 FlexibilityFlexibility
 Organisational structuresOrganisational structures
 Work productivityWork productivity
 Effectiveness of ventilation (natural orEffectiveness of ventilation (natural or
mechanical) and air qualitymechanical) and air quality
 Light distributionLight distribution

12. Space Impacts on People (continued )Space Impacts on People (continued )
 Sound distributionSound distribution
 PrivacyPrivacy
 CrowdingCrowding
 Individual ControlIndividual Control
 StorageStorage
 Ergonomic FactorsErgonomic Factors

13. Matrix Relationship to Measure and ClassifyMatrix Relationship to Measure and Classify
Building Intelligence (Tan et al 2002)Building Intelligence (Tan et al 2002)
DriversDrivers
ImpactsImpacts
Micro-Micro-
environmentenvironment
OutdoorOutdoor
EnvironmentEnvironment
GlobalGlobal
EnvironmentEnvironment
Location andLocation and
architectural valuearchitectural value
Thermal comfortThermal comfort Outdoor noiseOutdoor noise EnvironmentalEnvironmental
impactimpact
Building servicesBuilding services Acoustical comfortAcoustical comfort Waste disposalWaste disposal
HumanHuman
productivity andproductivity and
comfortcomfort
Indoor air qualityIndoor air quality Façade friendlinessFaçade friendliness
Visual comfortVisual comfort Traffic occurrenceTraffic occurrence
SafetySafety HeatHeat
emission/dissipationemission/dissipation
SecuritySecurity Water consumptionWater consumption
Spatial comfortSpatial comfort Density of builtDensity of built
environmentenvironment
Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency

14. Building Quality Assessment CategoryBuilding Quality Assessment Category
DescriptorsDescriptors (Williams 2000)(Williams 2000)
 Aesthetics:Aesthetics: Appearance of the building & impression createdAppearance of the building & impression created
 Space Functionality:Space Functionality: Factors that determine operation of spacesFactors that determine operation of spaces
 Access & Circulation:Access & Circulation: Matters Concerned with access's of people & goodsMatters Concerned with access's of people & goods
 Amenities:Amenities: Facilities or spaces for peopleFacilities or spaces for people
 Business Services:Business Services: Electrical services & in formation technology.Electrical services & in formation technology.
 Working Environment:Working Environment: Working conditions of people in their work spacesWorking conditions of people in their work spaces
 Health & Safety:Health & Safety: Mandatory & other health or safety requirementsMandatory & other health or safety requirements
 Structural Considerations:Structural Considerations: Building structure, construction & conditionBuilding structure, construction & condition
 Facilities Management:Facilities Management: MManagement of the building in use.anagement of the building in use.

15. Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools - 1Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools - 1
Methodologies and ToolsMethodologies and Tools SourceSource
Assessment of Environmental ImpactAssessment of Environmental Impact Levin 2002Levin 2002
ATHENAATHENA Trusty et al. 1998Trusty et al. 1998
Building for Environmental and EconomicBuilding for Environmental and Economic
Sustainability (BEES)Sustainability (BEES)
Lippiatt and BoylesLippiatt and Boyles
20002000
Building Quality Assessment (BQA)Building Quality Assessment (BQA) Williams 2000Williams 2000
Building Research Establishment EnvironmentBuilding Research Establishment Environment
Assessment Method (BREEAM)Assessment Method (BREEAM)
Dickie et al. 2000Dickie et al. 2000
Design Quality Indicator (DGI)Design Quality Indicator (DGI) Gann et al. 2003Gann et al. 2003
Eco-indicator 99Eco-indicator 99 Pre ConsultantsPre Consultants
20032003
Eco-QuantumEco-Quantum IVAM 2003IVAM 2003
ENVESTENVEST Dickie et al. 2000Dickie et al. 2000

16. Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools- 2Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools- 2
MethodologiesMethodologies SourceSource
International Green Building Challenge, “GB Tool”International Green Building Challenge, “GB Tool” USDOE 2003USDOE 2003
Kaya IdentityKaya Identity Bruce et al 1996.Bruce et al 1996.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED)(LEED)
USGBC 2003USGBC 2003
Life Cycle Oriented Design Tool (LEGOE)Life Cycle Oriented Design Tool (LEGOE) Kohler andKohler and
Ludtkendorf 2002Ludtkendorf 2002
National Australian Building Environmental ratingNational Australian Building Environmental rating
Systems (NABERS)Systems (NABERS)
EnvironmentalEnvironmental
Australia 2001Australia 2001
Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine (SPeAR)Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine (SPeAR) Arup 2003Arup 2003
Sustainable Strategy modelSustainable Strategy model Leiper et al. 2003Leiper et al. 2003
Through Life Business model (TLEBM)Through Life Business model (TLEBM) Clements-Croome etClements-Croome et
al. 2003al. 2003

17. Building System Performance ParametersBuilding System Performance Parameters
Performance ParametersPerformance Parameters DescriptionDescription
AvailabilityAvailability Anticipated total system uptimeAnticipated total system uptime
ConformanceConformance Success in meeting design/clientSuccess in meeting design/client
requirementsrequirements
DurabilityDurability Usable LifeUsable Life
ExpandabilityExpandability Capacity for future growthCapacity for future growth
MaintainabilityMaintainability Length of system downtime as measuredLength of system downtime as measured
by mean time to repair (MTTR)by mean time to repair (MTTR)
ReliabilityReliability Component quality over time asComponent quality over time as
measured by Mean Time between Failuremeasured by Mean Time between Failure
(MTBF)(MTBF)
RiskRisk Business impact from loss of load; costBusiness impact from loss of load; cost
of downtimeof downtime
SimplicitySimplicity Ease of operation; elimination of humanEase of operation; elimination of human
errorerror
QualityQuality Fitness for PurposeFitness for Purpose
ValueValue Cost of Improvement & sustainabilityCost of Improvement & sustainability
issuesissues

18. SS
PP
ee
AA
RR

19. Design Quality IndicatorsDesign Quality Indicators
Quality IndicatorsQuality Indicators DescriptionDescription
Build QualityBuild Quality Engineering performance; durability;Engineering performance; durability;
integration of systems; construction.integration of systems; construction.
FunctionalityFunctionality Design of spaces for working in; use;Design of spaces for working in; use;
access.access.
ImpactImpact Effect of building on environs; doesEffect of building on environs; does
building create a sense of place? Formbuilding create a sense of place? Form
and materials; internal environment;and materials; internal environment;
innovation.innovation.

20. The DQI visualisation diagram (Construction Industry Council, UK)

21. Holistic Environmental ModelHolistic Environmental Model
Human
Management
Sustainability
Holistic
Environment
Human
Senses
Built
Form &
Services
Management
Pollution
Ergonomics
Well-being
Interior
design
Mission
workplacework flow
furniture
computer
ionisation
humidity
temperature
indoor
air quality
aesthetics
lighting
space
textures
colour
sound
electro-
magnetic
noise
chemical particulate
Ecological
design
energy materials
waste
recycling
water
Form
infrastructure
structures
utilities
intralinks
policies
resourcesstrategies
image
Businesses
systems
process
planning
monitoringfinance
Working
culture
integration
creativity
social
production
innovation