We cover the inverses to the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, cosecant, and their derivatives. The remarkable fact is that although these functions and their inverses are transcendental (complicated) functions, the derivatives are algebraic functions. Also, we meet my all-time favorite function: arctan.
Successive Differentiation is the process of differentiating a given function successively times and the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives. The higher order differential coefficients are of utmost importance in scientific and engineering applications.
We cover the inverses to the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, cosecant, and their derivatives. The remarkable fact is that although these functions and their inverses are transcendental (complicated) functions, the derivatives are algebraic functions. Also, we meet my all-time favorite function: arctan.
Successive Differentiation is the process of differentiating a given function successively times and the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives. The higher order differential coefficients are of utmost importance in scientific and engineering applications.
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Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals
Indefinite Integral
Method of substitution
∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x)dx = ∫ f (u )du
Integration by parts
∫
f ( x) g ′( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ g ( x) f ′( x)dx
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions
n
∫ x dx =
x n +1
+C
n +1
1
∫ x dx = ln x + C
∫ c dx = cx + C
∫ xdx =
x2
+C
2
x3
+C
3
1
1
∫ x2 dx = − x + C
2
∫ x dx =
∫
xdx =
1
∫1+ x
∫
2
2x x
+C
3
dx = arctan x + C
1
1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C
∫ sec x dx = ln tan x + sec x + C
1
( x − sin x cos x ) + C
2
1
2
∫ cos x dx = 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C
∫ sin
2
∫ tan
∫ sec
x dx =
2
x dx = tan x − x + C
2
x dx = tan x + C
Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
n
∫ x ln x dx =
∫e
x
x n +1
x n +1
ln x −
+C
2
n +1
( n + 1)
dx = e x + C
x
∫ b dx =
bx
+C
ln b
∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
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2. Integrals of Rational Functions
Integrals involving ax + b
( ax + b )n + 1
∫ ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1)
n
1
( for n ≠ −1)
1
∫ ax + b dx = a ln ax + b
∫ x ( ax + b )
n
a ( n + 1) x − b
dx =
a
x
x
2
( n + 1)( n + 2 )
( ax + b )n+1
( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
b
∫ ax + b dx = a − a 2 ln ax + b
x
b
1
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = a 2 ( ax + b ) + a 2 ln ax + b
a (1 − n ) x − b
x
∫ ( ax + b )n dx = a 2 ( n − 1)( n − 2)( ax + b )n−1
( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
2
x2
1 ( ax + b )
dx = 3
− 2b ( ax + b ) + b 2 ln ax + b
∫ ax + b
2
a
x2
∫ ( ax + b )2
x2
∫ ( ax + b )3
x2
∫ ( ax + b ) n
1
b2
dx = 3 ax + b − 2b ln ax + b −
ax + b
a
dx =
1
2b
b2
ln ax + b +
−
ax + b 2 ( ax + b )2
a3
dx =
3−n
2− n
1−n
2b ( a + b )
b2 ( ax + b )
1 ( ax + b )
−
+
−
n−3
n−2
n −1
a3
1
1
∫ x ( ax + b ) dx = − b ln
1
ax + b
x
1
a
∫ x 2 ( ax + b ) dx = − bx + b2 ln
1
∫ x 2 ( ax + b )2
ax + b
x
1
1
2
ax + b
dx = − a 2
+ 2 − 3 ln
b ( a + xb ) ab x b
x
Integrals involving ax2 + bx + c
1
1
x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a arctg a
a−x
1
2a ln a + x
∫ x2 − a 2 dx = 1 x − a
ln
2a x + a
1
for x < a
for x > a
( for n ≠ 1, 2,3)
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2
2ax + b
arctan
2
4ac − b 2
4ac − b
1
2
2ax + b − b 2 − 4 ac
dx =
ln
∫ ax 2 + bx + c
b 2 − 4ac 2 ax + b + b 2 − 4ac
− 2
2ax + b
x
1
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax
2
+ bx + c −
for 4ac − b 2 > 0
for 4ac − b 2 < 0
for 4ac − b 2 = 0
b
dx
∫ ax 2 + bx + c
2a
m
2an − bm
2ax + b
2
arctan
for 4ac − b 2 > 0
ln ax + bx + c +
2
2
2a
a 4ac − b
4ac − b
m
mx + n
2an − bm
2ax + b
2
2
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax + bx + c + a b2 − 4ac arctanh b2 − 4ac for 4ac − b < 0
m
2an − bm
ln ax 2 + bx + c −
for 4ac − b 2 = 0
a ( 2 ax + b )
2a
∫
1
( ax
∫x
2
+ bx + c
)
n
1
( ax
2
+ bx + c
)
dx =
2ax + b
( n − 1) ( 4ac − b2 )( ax 2 + bx + c )
dx =
n−1
+
( 2 n − 3 ) 2a
1
dx
2 ∫
( n − 1) ( 4ac − b ) ( ax 2 + bx + c )n−1
1
x2
b
1
ln 2
− ∫ 2
dx
2c ax + bx + c 2c ax + bx + c
3. Integrals of Exponential Functions
cx
∫ xe dx =
ecx
c2
( cx − 1)
x2 2x 2
x 2 ecx dx = ecx
∫
c − c 2 + c3
∫x
n cx
e dx =
1 n cx n n −1 cx
x e − ∫ x e dx
c
c
i
∞ cx
( )
ecx
dx = ln x + ∑
∫ x
i =1 i ⋅ i !
∫e
cx
ln xdx =
1 cx
e ln x + Ei ( cx )
c
cx
∫ e sin bxdx =
cx
∫ e cos bxdx =
cx
n
∫ e sin xdx =
ecx
c 2 + b2
( c sin bx − b cos bx )
ecx
c 2 + b2
( c cos bx + b sin bx )
ecx sin n −1 x
2
c +n
2
( c sin x − n cos bx ) +
n ( n − 1)
2
c +n
2
∫e
cx
sin n −2 dx
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4. Integrals of Logarithmic Functions
∫ ln cxdx = x ln cx − x
b
∫ ln(ax + b)dx = x ln(ax + b) − x + a ln(ax + b)
2
2
∫ ( ln x ) dx = x ( ln x ) − 2 x ln x + 2 x
n
n
n −1
∫ ( ln cx ) dx = x ( ln cx ) − n∫ ( ln cx ) dx
i
∞ ln x
( )
dx
= ln ln x + ln x + ∑
∫ ln x
n =2 i ⋅ i !
dx
∫ ( ln x )n
=−
x
( n − 1)( ln x )
n −1
+
1
dx
n − 1 ∫ ( ln x )n −1
ln x
1
x m ln xdx = x m +1
−
∫
m + 1 ( m + 1) 2
∫ x ( ln x )
m
∫
( ln x )n
x
n
dx =
dx =
x m+1 ( ln x )
n
m +1
−
( ln x )n+1
)
( for m ≠ 1)
n
n −1
m
∫ x ( ln x ) dx
m +1
2
ln x n
ln x n
( for n ≠ 0 )
∫ x dx = 2n
ln x
ln x
1
∫ xm dx = − ( m − 1) xm−1 − ( m − 1)2 xm−1
∫
( ln x )n
xm
( for m ≠ 1)
( ln x )n
( ln x )n−1
n
dx = −
+
dx
( m − 1) x m−1 m − 1 ∫ x m
dx
∫ x ln x = ln ln x
∞
dx
∫ xn ln x = ln ln x + ∑ ( −1)
i =1
dx
∫ x ( ln x )n
∫ ln ( x
2
=−
i
( n − 1)i ( ln x )i
i ⋅ i!
1
( for n ≠ 1)
( n − 1)( ln x )n−1
)
(
)
+ a 2 dx = x ln x 2 + a 2 − 2 x + 2a tan −1
x
∫ sin ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) − cos ( ln x ) )
x
( for m ≠ 1)
( for n ≠ 1)
n +1
(
( for n ≠ 1)
∫ cos ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x ) )
x
a
( for m ≠ 1)
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5. Integrals of Trig. Functions
∫ sin xdx = − cos x
∫ cos xdx = − sin x
cos x
x 1
− sin 2 x
2 4
x 1
2
∫ cos xdx = 2 + 4 sin 2 x
1
3
3
∫ sin xdx = 3 cos x − cos x
1 3
3
∫ cos xdx = sin x − 3 sin x
∫ sin
2
xdx =
dx
cos 2 x
x
∫ sin x dx = ln tan 2 + cos x
∫ cot
2
xdx = − cot x − x
dx
∫ sin x cos x = ln tan x
dx
x
1
π
∫ sin 2 x cos x = − sin x + ln tan 2 + 4
dx
1
x
x
∫ sin x cos2 x = cos x + ln tan 2
x
∫ sin 2 x cos2 x = tan x − cot x
∫ sin x xdx = ln tan 2
dx
1
∫ sin 2 x dx = − sin x
dx
π
∫ cos x xdx = ln tan 2 + 4
dx
∫ sin 2 x xdx = − cot x
dx
∫ cos2 x xdx = tan x
sin( m + n) x sin( m − n) x
+
2( m − n)
∫sin mxsin nxdx = − 2( m+ n)
cos ( m + n) x cos ( m − n) x
−
2( m − n)
∫sin mxcos nxdx = − 2( m + n)
sin ( m + n) x sin ( m − n) x
+
2( m − n)
dx
cos x
1
x
∫ sin 3 x = − 2sin 2 x + 2 ln tan 2
∫ cos mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n)
dx
sin x
1
x π
∫ cos3 x = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan 2 + 4
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = −
1
∫ sin x cos xdx = − 4 cos 2 x
1 3
2
∫ sin x cos xdx = 3 sin x
1
2
3
∫ sin x cos xdx = − 3 cos x
x 1
2
2
∫ sin x cos xdx = 8 − 32 sin 4 x
n
∫ sin x cos xdx =
∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x
sin x
1
dx =
2
cos x
x
∫ cos
sin 2 x
x π
∫ cos x dx = ln tan 2 + 4 − sin x
∫ tan xdx = tan x − x
∫ cot xdx = ln sin x
2
cos n +1 x
n +1
sin n +1 x
n +1
∫ arcsin xdx = x arcsin x +
1 − x2
∫ arccos xdx = x arccos x −
1 − x2
1
∫ arctan xdx = x arctan x − 2 ln ( x
1
2
∫ arc cot xdx = x arc cot x + 2 ln ( x
2
)
+1
)
+1
m2 ≠ n2
m2 ≠ n2
m2 ≠ n2