This ppt highlights the discussion pertaining to the drugs acting on endocrine system. This include the discussions on insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. This is based according to Vth semester syllabus.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
The document discusses pancreatic hormones and insulin. It describes the four main cell types in the islets of Langerhans and the hormones they secrete, including insulin secreted by beta cells. Insulin was discovered in 1921 and contains two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. Insulin regulates glucose levels by facilitating glucose transport and storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Various insulin preparations are discussed, from conventional insulin to highly purified pork insulin to human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology to analogues like insulin lispro and glargine which have altered pharmacokinetic properties.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin and requires insulin for treatment. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs:
Bioassay of Digitalis, d-tubocurarine , OxytocinHeena Parveen
This document summarizes several bioassay methods for determining the potency of digitalis, oxytocin, and d-tubocurarine (d-tb) extracts, including guinea pig, cat, and pigeon methods for digitalis; depression of blood pressure in chickens, contraction of rat uterus, and measurement of milk ejection pressure in lactating rats for oxytocin; and rabbit head drop and frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation methods for d-tb. Standard preparations and procedures for administering test and standard extracts and measuring responses are described for each method.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
The document discusses pancreatic hormones and insulin. It describes the four main cell types in the islets of Langerhans and the hormones they secrete, including insulin secreted by beta cells. Insulin was discovered in 1921 and contains two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. Insulin regulates glucose levels by facilitating glucose transport and storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Various insulin preparations are discussed, from conventional insulin to highly purified pork insulin to human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology to analogues like insulin lispro and glargine which have altered pharmacokinetic properties.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin and requires insulin for treatment. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs:
Bioassay of Digitalis, d-tubocurarine , OxytocinHeena Parveen
This document summarizes several bioassay methods for determining the potency of digitalis, oxytocin, and d-tubocurarine (d-tb) extracts, including guinea pig, cat, and pigeon methods for digitalis; depression of blood pressure in chickens, contraction of rat uterus, and measurement of milk ejection pressure in lactating rats for oxytocin; and rabbit head drop and frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation methods for d-tb. Standard preparations and procedures for administering test and standard extracts and measuring responses are described for each method.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
This document discusses antigout drugs used to treat gout. It begins by defining gout as a metabolic disease caused by increased uric acid levels in the blood. It then describes the mechanisms and classifications of various antigout drugs including allopurinol, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and colchicine. For each drug, it discusses their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, toxicity, and administration guidelines for treating both acute and chronic gout. The document provides an in-depth overview of different drug classes used to manage hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis.
Gout is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which can crystallize and deposit in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. It is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis in the joint at the base of the big toe. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs to reduce inflammation during acute attacks and allopurinol or probenecid for long-term prevention by lowering uric acid levels through inhibition of uric acid synthesis or reabsorption. Lifestyle changes and a diet low in purine-rich foods can also help prevent gout attacks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones
This document discusses oral contraceptives, including their definition, types, mechanisms of action, effects, and pharmacokinetics. The two main types are combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestogen, and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only pills work mainly by changing cervical mucus. Common side effects include nausea, weight gain, and changes in menstruation. Oral contraceptives are metabolized in the liver and can interact with certain drugs like antibiotics. Emergency contraception is also discussed.
Drugs acting on the uterus can affect the endometrium or myometrium. Uterine stimulants like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins increase uterine motility and are used to induce labor or treat postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine relaxants like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate decrease uterine motility and are used to suppress premature labor. While tocolytics can postpone delivery, they also increase maternal and fetal risks.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
This document discusses estrogens, progesterone, and contraceptives. It describes the roles and actions of estrogens and progesterone in the female reproductive system, CNS, blood, and metabolism. It discusses estrogen and progesterone preparations, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. The document also provides details about oral contraceptive pills, including formulations, mode of action, common adverse effects, and non-contraceptive benefits. Progesterone-only pills and mifepristone are also summarized. Finally, selective estrogen receptor modulators are introduced.
This document discusses histamine, an amine that acts as a chemical messenger in many cellular responses. It is released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions and causes symptoms like congestion and itching. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor to reduce these symptoms. H2 blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the H2 receptor. Research continues on the roles and potential drug targets of other histamine receptors like H3, H4, and ligands that may treat conditions like sleep disorders, pruritus, and autoimmune disease.
1) Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that is secreted by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels.
2) Insulin secretion is regulated through chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms in response to glucose levels and other factors. It acts to promote glucose and lipid uptake and utilization and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
3) There are various insulin preparations including regular human insulin, lente/NPH insulin, and analogues like lispro, glargine, and detemir with different onset/duration profiles. Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat type 2 diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. It describes sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, meglitinide analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors. For each class, it provides details on representative drugs, how they work, considerations around use, and common adverse effects. The document aims to comprehensively cover oral and injectable pharmacologic options for managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Overview of Discussion-
Anti-rheumatoid drugs
Classification of anti-rheumatoid drugs
Pharmacology of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Pharmacology of adjuvant drugs
Digitalis is obtained from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea. It has positive inotropic effects on the heart by enhancing myocardial activity and contractility. This increases cardiac output and shifts the stroke volume-preload curve towards normal in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), improving cardiac function and relieving symptoms. Digitalis is used to treat CHF and cardiac arrhythmias, but it has contraindications like tachycardia, hypokalemia, and myocardial infarction.
Androgens and Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens.pptxFarazaJaved
Androgens, Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens summarizes various androgenic and anti-androgenic drugs. It describes how testosterone and its synthetic derivatives like methyltestosterone promote muscle and bone growth but can also cause masculinization in women. It then discusses several classes of anti-androgens like flutamide, bicalutamide and finasteride that block androgen receptors or inhibit testosterone synthesis. These are used to treat prostate cancer, excess hair growth, acne and other androgen-dependent conditions by preventing the biological effects of androgens.
The document discusses corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex and include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They regulate processes like stress response, immune response, and inflammation. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote muscle and bone growth. Both have important therapeutic uses but also carry health risks with prolonged or improper use such as infections, liver damage, and psychological side effects.
The document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms and effects. It describes loop diuretics like furosemide that inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, increasing excretion of sodium and chloride in urine. It also discusses thiazide diuretics that act in the early distal tubule by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and enhancing excretion of magnesium and potassium while inhibiting calcium and uric acid excretion. Finally, it mentions osmotic diuretics like mannitol that cause water retention in the proximal tubule through osmotic effects, resulting in water diuresis.
This document summarizes different drugs used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of various classes of drugs including insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin therapies like DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, amylin analogs, and newer dual PPAR agonists. It also compares standard versus intensive glucose treatment goals and monitoring for diabetes.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
This document discusses antigout drugs used to treat gout. It begins by defining gout as a metabolic disease caused by increased uric acid levels in the blood. It then describes the mechanisms and classifications of various antigout drugs including allopurinol, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and colchicine. For each drug, it discusses their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, toxicity, and administration guidelines for treating both acute and chronic gout. The document provides an in-depth overview of different drug classes used to manage hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis.
Gout is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which can crystallize and deposit in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. It is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis in the joint at the base of the big toe. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs to reduce inflammation during acute attacks and allopurinol or probenecid for long-term prevention by lowering uric acid levels through inhibition of uric acid synthesis or reabsorption. Lifestyle changes and a diet low in purine-rich foods can also help prevent gout attacks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones
This document discusses oral contraceptives, including their definition, types, mechanisms of action, effects, and pharmacokinetics. The two main types are combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestogen, and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only pills work mainly by changing cervical mucus. Common side effects include nausea, weight gain, and changes in menstruation. Oral contraceptives are metabolized in the liver and can interact with certain drugs like antibiotics. Emergency contraception is also discussed.
Drugs acting on the uterus can affect the endometrium or myometrium. Uterine stimulants like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins increase uterine motility and are used to induce labor or treat postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine relaxants like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate decrease uterine motility and are used to suppress premature labor. While tocolytics can postpone delivery, they also increase maternal and fetal risks.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
This document discusses estrogens, progesterone, and contraceptives. It describes the roles and actions of estrogens and progesterone in the female reproductive system, CNS, blood, and metabolism. It discusses estrogen and progesterone preparations, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. The document also provides details about oral contraceptive pills, including formulations, mode of action, common adverse effects, and non-contraceptive benefits. Progesterone-only pills and mifepristone are also summarized. Finally, selective estrogen receptor modulators are introduced.
This document discusses histamine, an amine that acts as a chemical messenger in many cellular responses. It is released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions and causes symptoms like congestion and itching. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor to reduce these symptoms. H2 blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the H2 receptor. Research continues on the roles and potential drug targets of other histamine receptors like H3, H4, and ligands that may treat conditions like sleep disorders, pruritus, and autoimmune disease.
1) Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that is secreted by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels.
2) Insulin secretion is regulated through chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms in response to glucose levels and other factors. It acts to promote glucose and lipid uptake and utilization and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
3) There are various insulin preparations including regular human insulin, lente/NPH insulin, and analogues like lispro, glargine, and detemir with different onset/duration profiles. Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat type 2 diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. It describes sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, meglitinide analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors. For each class, it provides details on representative drugs, how they work, considerations around use, and common adverse effects. The document aims to comprehensively cover oral and injectable pharmacologic options for managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Overview of Discussion-
Anti-rheumatoid drugs
Classification of anti-rheumatoid drugs
Pharmacology of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Pharmacology of adjuvant drugs
Digitalis is obtained from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea. It has positive inotropic effects on the heart by enhancing myocardial activity and contractility. This increases cardiac output and shifts the stroke volume-preload curve towards normal in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), improving cardiac function and relieving symptoms. Digitalis is used to treat CHF and cardiac arrhythmias, but it has contraindications like tachycardia, hypokalemia, and myocardial infarction.
Androgens and Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens.pptxFarazaJaved
Androgens, Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens summarizes various androgenic and anti-androgenic drugs. It describes how testosterone and its synthetic derivatives like methyltestosterone promote muscle and bone growth but can also cause masculinization in women. It then discusses several classes of anti-androgens like flutamide, bicalutamide and finasteride that block androgen receptors or inhibit testosterone synthesis. These are used to treat prostate cancer, excess hair growth, acne and other androgen-dependent conditions by preventing the biological effects of androgens.
The document discusses corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex and include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They regulate processes like stress response, immune response, and inflammation. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote muscle and bone growth. Both have important therapeutic uses but also carry health risks with prolonged or improper use such as infections, liver damage, and psychological side effects.
The document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms and effects. It describes loop diuretics like furosemide that inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, increasing excretion of sodium and chloride in urine. It also discusses thiazide diuretics that act in the early distal tubule by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and enhancing excretion of magnesium and potassium while inhibiting calcium and uric acid excretion. Finally, it mentions osmotic diuretics like mannitol that cause water retention in the proximal tubule through osmotic effects, resulting in water diuresis.
This document summarizes different drugs used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of various classes of drugs including insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin therapies like DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, amylin analogs, and newer dual PPAR agonists. It also compares standard versus intensive glucose treatment goals and monitoring for diabetes.
This document summarizes different types of anti-diabetic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes insulin and how it is synthesized, stored and secreted in the body. It also discusses oral anti-diabetic agents including insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; and how each group works to lower blood glucose levels. Complications from insulin therapy and factors affecting insulin absorption are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of anti-diabetic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes insulin and how it is synthesized, stored and secreted in the body. It also discusses oral anti-diabetic agents including insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; and how each group works to lower blood glucose levels. Complications from insulin therapy and factors affecting insulin absorption are also summarized.
2003 role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetesDr.Mudasir Bashir
The document summarizes key points about incretins, which are hormones that stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas in response to food intake. It discusses the two main incretins, GIP and GLP-1, including their synthesis, secretion, degradation, effects on insulin and glucagon levels, and role in type 2 diabetes. It also describes potential therapies for type 2 diabetes that aim to enhance the effects of incretins, such as GLP-1 analogs like exenatide, and DPP-4 inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1.
This document summarizes different types of hypoglycemic agents (drugs used to lower blood sugar) for treating diabetes mellitus. It discusses the main types of diabetes (types 1, 2, 3, and secondary) and classifications of hypoglycemic agents including hormones like insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents like sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. For each drug class, it provides details on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects.
The pancreas contains both exocrine cells that secrete enzymes for digestion and endocrine cells clustered in islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The beta cells within the islets secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells to promote glucose uptake and storage and regulate metabolism. Glucagon from alpha cells has opposing actions, raising blood glucose. Precise balance of insulin and glucagon maintains normal glucose homeostasis, while diabetes results from insufficient insulin.
Anti diabetic agents,Medicinal Chemistry,Mr.Jimmy Alexander ,Associate Profes...JIMMYALEX8
This document discusses antidiabetic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the three main types of diabetes and their causes. Treatment includes insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs. Insulin is produced naturally in the pancreas and can now also be produced through recombinant DNA technology. Various insulin preparations are discussed based on their onset and duration of action. Other classes of antidiabetic drugs mentioned include secretagogues, sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and peptide analogues; and their mechanisms of action are summarized.
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses insulin, the main types of which include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It also discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs that help control blood sugar levels, including sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin secretion, biguanides that overcome insulin resistance, and others such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. New drug classes are also mentioned, like GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors that enhance the body's own insulin response after meals. The document provides details on the mechanisms and examples of specific drugs within each class.
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from issues with insulin production or usage.
- Prevalence of diabetes in Sri Lanka has increased over time, with the latest study finding rates of 16.4% in urban and 8.7% in rural populations.
- Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests measuring glucose levels, including fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c levels.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to improve insulin sensitivity or secretion such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin.
The document discusses different types and treatments of diabetes. It describes:
1) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves tissue resistance to insulin combined with relative insulin deficiency.
2) Insulin preparations include rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting types to provide different onset and duration of action.
3) Common diabetes drug classes discussed are insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors; their mechanisms of action aim to increase insulin secretion or sensitivity.
This document summarizes different aspects of diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin. It defines DM as characterized by elevated blood sugar levels due to lack of insulin. It describes the two main types of DM, and discusses HbA1c levels, insulin secretion, the conversion of proinsulin to insulin, and the storage and metabolic effects of insulin. The document also outlines the mechanisms of insulin action in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, describes various insulin preparations and their durations of action, and discusses potential adverse effects and mechanisms to reduce blood sugar levels, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs, and D
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Complications include stroke, heart attack, kidney disease, eye disease, and nerve damage. Type 1 diabetes results from destroyed insulin-producing cells leading to insulin dependence, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs in 3-5% of pregnancies in the US. Testing and diagnosis involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes and may include insulin, oral medications that stimulate insulin production, increase insulin sensitivity, or slow starch digestion.
The document discusses insulin, its synthesis and secretion, mechanisms of action, and effects on metabolism. It also covers oral hypoglycemic agents and their mechanisms. Insulin is synthesized in the pancreas as proinsulin and processed into insulin and C-peptide. Insulin regulates glucose and lipid metabolism through effects on liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Insulin resistance and deficiency lead to hyperglycemia and other metabolic abnormalities.
The document discusses various classes of antidiabetic agents including insulin and its preparations, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, and glucosidase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, metabolism and effects of representative drugs from each class such as glimepiride, glargine, repaglinide, pioglitazone and metformin. The classes of drugs work by various mechanisms including stimulating insulin release, increasing insulin sensitivity, suppressing glucose production or slowing glucose absorption.
The document discusses different types and mechanisms of action of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the hormones produced by the pancreas. It provides details on various insulin preparations including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulins. Adverse reactions to insulin are also mentioned. The mechanisms and examples of common anti-diabetic drug classes are summarized, including insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors. Specific drugs like metformin, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, and saxagliptin are discussed in terms of
Parkinsonism which is also called as movement disorder is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In this ppt we will discuss about it with its pathophysiology and antiparkinsons drugs. Parkinsonism was first described by James Parkinson in 1817.
Market segmentation is the practice of dividing your target market into approachable groups. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on demographics, needs, priorities, common interests, and other psychographic or behavioral criteria used to better understand the target audience. Splitting up an audience in this way allows for more precisely targeted marketing and personalized content.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
fluorometry is used in pharmaceutical fields.An analytic method for detecting and measuring fluorescence in compounds that uses ultraviolet light stimulating the compounds, causing them to emit visible light. An important topic studied in instrumental analysis.
This ppt briefly summaries the major drugs used in the management of respiratory disease and are used in their treatment. We will also have a look at the moa, contraindications, pharmacokinetics of drugs used in their treatment.
Our body needs many minerals. A balanced diet usually provides all of the essential minerals. The ppt list minerals, what they do in the body their functions, and their sources in foods. It also included deficiencies and toxic effects.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization that are important in pharmaceutical applications. It describes heat sterilization methods including moist heat using steam and dry heat. Other methods discussed are gaseous sterilization using ethylene oxide or formaldehyde, liquid sterilization using peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide, radiation sterilization using gamma rays or UV light, and filtration sterilization using membrane filters. Tests for sterility including membrane filtration and direct transfer methods are also summarized along with considerations for evaluating sterilization methods.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceuticals calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, alligation method, proof spirits calculation, isotonicity adjustment.
The document discusses biodynamic agriculture, which is a form of organic farming developed by Rudolf Steiner. It treats soil, plants, and livestock as an interconnected ecological system. Biodynamic farming uses techniques like composting, crop rotation, and integrating natural pest predators. The document also provides guidelines for good agricultural practices in cultivating medicinal plants, covering topics from seed sourcing to harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage. It discusses integrated pest management using mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, with an emphasis on biopesticides that control pests naturally without toxic residues.
Anti-fungal medication is used to treat to fungal infections. They most commonly affect our skin, hair and nails .Nowadays skin problems are found very often.
Herb drug and herb food interaction ppt by nitesh kumarNITESH KUMAR
HERB DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTION IS AN IMPORTANT CHAPTER IN HERBLA DRUG TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYLLABUS OF B.PHARMACY 6TH SEM. IT GIVES A BETTER UNDERTANDING OF HERB FOOD INTERACTION AND RELATED DRUGS.
Posology refers to the dosing of drugs, including determining the appropriate quantity to administer to patients. Several factors influence the dose of a drug, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, time of administration, and environmental or emotional factors. Formulas are used to calculate drug doses for specific patient populations, such as children or elderly patients, based on these influencing factors to ensure safety and efficacy.
The document discusses thyroid hormones and their functions. It describes the thyroid gland and its production of the major thyroid hormones T4 and T3. It discusses the regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones as well as thyroid disorders. The physiological actions, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and drugs used to treat thyroid disorders are summarized. These include levothyroxine, anti-thyroid drugs like thioamides, radioactive iodine, and iodides. The document provides details on the mechanisms and adverse effects of these drugs.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. INSULIN, ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS AND GLUCAGON
• Insulin is an endocrine hormone produced by the beta cells of islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas.
• Regulates blood glucose levels, glycogenesis and lipid synthesis.
• Discovered by Frederick banting and Charles best.
• MW 6000 Daltons
• Consists of two amino acid chain A and B connected by two disulphide
bridges.
• Chain A – 21 AA Chain B – 30 AA
• Disulphide bridges are responsible for its biological activity.
BIOSYNTHESIS The three portions of proinsulin are
Pre- proinsulin. 1. Chain A – Carboxy terminal ( 21 AA )
Proinsulin 2. Chain B – Amino terminal ( 30 AA )
Insulin 3. Connecting peptide -- ( 35 AA )
1
2
3. 1. The signal peptides of pre-proinsulin is cleaved, forming proinsulin.
2. Proinsulin is folded in the ER, then transported to the Golgi apparatus
where the c-peptide is cleaved using type I and type II endoproteases
to form free C peptide and mature insulin.
FACTORS STIMULATING INSULIN RELEASE
-- Hyperglycemia -- Glucocorticoids
-- Thyroxine -- Gastrointestinal hormones
-- Estrogens -- Ach
FACTORS INHIBITING INSULIN RELEASE
-- Catecholamine's -- Hypoxia
-- Serotonin -- Sympathetic stimulation
-- Starvation
MOA Acts on insulin receptors on liver cells, fat cells and stimulates
glucose transport across membrane by ATP dependent transporters
like GLUT and GLUT 1.
4. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Administered Subcutaneously.
• Oral – Instant degradation.
• IM -- Rapid absorption.
• IV -- Only in emergencies.
• T ½ life –> 5-10 min.
• Metabolism by kidneys and liver.
• Insulin tightly bound to tissue receptors. So even through rapid
clearance.
• Daily secretion of insulin is 40 units.
• Insulin response to glucose is greater for oral ingestion than for IV
infusion.
• Most of the endogenous insulin i.e. about 60 % is degraded by the
enzyme insulinase is the liver.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1. ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
a. Liver -- Facilitates glucose uptake and increases glycogenesis.
-- Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
b. Muscles -- Facilitates glucose uptake through GLUT-4.
-- Increases glycolysis and glycogenesis
c. Adipose tissue -- Facilitates glucose uptake by adipocytes
-- Increases triglyceride synthesis .
2. ON PROTEIN METABOLISM
a. Liver – Inhibits proteolysis and oxidation of AA
b. Muscles -- Enhance protein synthesis and uptake of AA.
3. ON FAT METABOLISM
a. Liver – Enhance lipogenesis
b. Adipose tissue – Inhibit lipolysis, increase fatty acid and
triglyceride formation
6. 4. OTHER ACTIONS
• Enhance clearance of VLDL and chylomicrons by activating vascular
endothelial lipoprotein.
• Facilitates the transport of Ca 2+, K+ into the cell.
• Decreases fibrinolysis.
• Exerts vasodilatory effect.
INSULIN PREPARATION
1. CONVENTIONAL PREPARATION OF INSULIN
A. Soluble/Neutral insulin
-- Fast acting -- Peak plasma level – 2 hrs
-- Reduce within 4-8 hrs. -- Stabilized by zinc in buffered soln
B. Isophane insulin
-- Equimolar complex of protamine and insulin
-- Each ml provide 40, 80 or 100 units of insulin activity.
7. c. Lente insulin
-- 7:3 mixture of crystalline long acting and amorphous short
acting zinc preparation of insulin.
2. HIGHLY PURIFIED INSULIN PREPARATION
-- Advance purification is done.
-- pork insulin is used for purification
-- Carried out by ion-exchange chromatography.
a. Highly purified [MC] pork regular insulin
-- e.g.. Actrapid ( 40 U/ml inj ) [MC= Monocomponent]
b. Highly purified [MC] lente insulin
-- e.g.. Lantard, monotard ( 40 U/ml inj )
c. Highly purified [MC] pork isophane insulin
-- e.g.. Insulatard ( 40 U/ml inj).
3. HUMAN INSULIN
-- Produced by employing recombinant DNA technology in E.choli.
8. a. HUMAN REGULAR INSULIN
-- Quick onset of action. E.g. Actrapid
-- 100 U/ml
b. HUMAN LENTE INSULIN
-- E.g. Human monotard inj.
-- 40 U/ml, 100 U/ml.
c. HUMAN ISOPHANE INSULIN
-- Human insulated inj.
-- 40 U/ml
4.INSULIN ANALOGUES
-- Prepared by using recombinant DNA technology.
-- Greater stability and consistency
-- Superior pharmacokinetic profile upon SC inj.
9. a. INSULIN LISPRO
-- Produced by the exchange of proline and lysine at B28 and
B29 on carboxy terminus of human insulin .
--e.g. Humalog 100 U/ml
b. INSULIN ASPART
-- Produced by replacing the B28 proline of human insulin
with aspartic acid
-- E.g. Novolog 100 U/ml.
10. ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS
• These are agents that are given orally to reduce the blood
glucose levels in diabetic patients.
• They are effective orally and have longer duration of action than
insulin and its preparation.
Effective in following patients–
• Age > 40 years at onset of disease
• Fasting blood sugar < 200 mg/dl
• Obesity
• Disease duration < 5 yrs when initiating therapy
• Insulin requirement < 40 U/day
• No ketoacidosis or any other complication
12. 1. SULFONYL UREAS
--Promote the release of insulin from ß- cells.
-- Also called insulin secretogogues, chemically related to
sulfonamides.
MOA – Binds to SUR-1 receptors present on the ATP- sensitive K+
channels and block k+ efflux, causing membrane
depolarization and increased Ca2+ efflux. This activates
sensitive proteins resulting in release of stored insulin.
PHARMACOKINETICS
-- Well absorbed orally.
-- Highly protein bound.[ 1st generation are less protein bound ]
-- Metabolized in liver
-- Excreted in urine.
13. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Decrease blood sugar levels.
• Restore normal metabolic status
• Decrease elevated plasma FFA levels
• Correct the abnormalities of platelets and coagulation.
ADVERSE EFFECT
• Hypoglycemia, Weight gain, Hypersensitivity, Nausea and
vomiting, Headache and Hypoglycemia.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
• Phenylbutazone, salicylates, sulfinpyrazone and sulfonamides displace
sulfonylurea from protein binding sites and enhance their action.
• Cimetidine, acute alcoholism, sulfonamides, warfarin and
chloramphenicol inhibit metabolism of sulfonylureas and enhance their
action.
• Phenytoin, phenobarbitone, chronic alcoholism and rifampicin induce
the metabolism of sulfonyureas and decrease their action.
15. 2. BIGUANIDES [ Metformin ]
• CALLED AS INSULIN SENSITIZERS
MOA – The exact mechanism by which biguanides act is unclear.
They decrease hepatic and renal glucose output and increase
peripheral glucose uptake .
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Reduce elevated blood sugar levels in diabetes.
• Reduce glycogen content in hepatocytes.
• Reduce VLDL and LDL levels and increase HDL levels.
• Suppress appetite and hence unlike sulfonylureas do not cause
weight gain.
PHARMACOKINETICS
• Well absorbed orally.
• Plasma t 1/2 life – 1.5-4 hrs.
16. • Action persists for 6-10 hrs.
• Excreted unchanged in urine.
ADVERSE REACTION
• Anorexia, Nausea, Metallic taste, Mild diarrhea, abdominal pain
and tiredness
THERAPEUTIC USES
• Drug of choice in obese type-2 diabetes.
• Can be given along with sulfonylureas in secondary sulfonylureas
failure.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Metformin should not be given to patients with-
Renal failure,
Hepatic disease,
Hypoxic pulmonary disease and Heart failure or shock.
17. 3. MEGLITINIDES
- Also called Phenylalanine Analogues.
- Quick and short acting hypoglycemic activity.
- Drugs include Repaglinide and nateglinide.
MOA – Same as of sulfonylureas. They enhance insulin secretion by
binding to same ATP-sensitive K+ -channels in beta-cells.
Onset of action of 1 hr and duration of about is 4-5 hrs.
Given before a meal to control postprandial hyperglycemia and
do not cause serious hypoglycaemia.
Given orally, rapidly metabolized by liver enzymes.
A/E – Headache, weight gain, dyspepsia and arthralgia.
USES - Used to control postprandial glucose rise in type-2
diabetic patients either alone or along with metformin or
long acting insulin.
DOSE – Nateglinide – 180-540 mg and Repaglinide – 1-16 mg.
18. 4. THIAZOLIDINEDIONES / GLITAZONES
- Currently marketed Thiazolidinediones are Rosiglitazone and
Pioglitazone.
MOA – They bind to PPAR-ᵞ ( Peroxisome proliferator activator
receptor -ᵞ ) and increase the transcriptions of genes
essential for insulin sensitivity and carbohydrates and lipid
metabolism. These genes cause an increase in the uptake of
glucose and fatty acids, differentiation and proliferation of
adipocytes and enhance lipogenesis.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• They increase insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue, liver and muscle
and reduce hyperinsulinaemia.
• Inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis and promote glucose uptake in
muscles via GLUT-4 and thus reduce hyperglycaemia.
• Improve Beta cells and vascular function by reducing inflammation
19. • Reduce fat content in the liver and decrease dyslipidemia.
PHARMACOKINETICS
• They are completely absorbed.
• Their action persists for more than 24 hrs
• They are metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.
ADVERSE EFFECTS
-- Weight gain, Fluid retention and plasma volume expansion,
headache, myalgia and mild anaemia.
DRUG INTERACTION
• Ketaconazole inhibits the metabolism of pioglitazone.
• Pioglitazone increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and
decrease their action.
THERAPEUTIC USES
• First line drugs in type-2 DM and also used in non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis.
20. • Used in insulin resistant conditions such as polycystic ovary
syndrome.
DOSE – Pioglitazone – 15-30 mg
Rosiglitazone – 4-8 mg
5. α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
-- Acarbose and Miglitol belong to the class of these types.
ACARBOSE – An inhibitor of intestinal α- glucosidase is used in
type – diabetes
MOA – It delays carbohydrates absorption, reducing the postprandial
increase in blood glucose.
A/E – Flatulence, Abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, bloating.
USE – Helpful in type 2 patients and it can be co administered with
metformin. [ 1-3 gm ]
21. MIGLITOL
--Synthetic agent.
-- Natural oligosaccharides obtained from the microorganism
Actinoplanis utahensis.
MOA – It binds to α – glucosidase enzyme in the brush borders of
jejunum and prevents the breakdown and absorption of
carbohydrates in blood.
- Elimination half life – 2 hrs.
- Renal excretion
22. GLUCAGON
Glucagon is an animal hormone which is synthesized, stored and
secreted by the alpha (α ) cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas
in the body.
Glucagon possess hyperglycemic properties and plays an important
role in the carbohydrate metabolism.
. STRUCTURE
• Described by Kimball and Murlin in
1923 and its amino acid sequence
was described in the 1950s.
• Glucagon is a 29-amino acid containing
single chain polypeptide with a
molecular weight of 3485 Daltons
23. MOA
It increases blood glucose levels which is achieved by –
• Increasing the rate of glycogenolysis i.e., conversion of glycogen
to glucose especially in the liver and skeletal muscles.
• Increasing the rate of gluconeogenesis i.e., synthesis of glucose
from lactic acid, amino acid etc., in blood.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
• Glucagon reduces the uptake of glucose by the muscle and
adipose tissue.
• Glucagon inhibits gastric acid production and simultaneously
causes relaxation of gastric smooth muscles.
• Glucagon raises the concentration of free fatty acids and
ketoacids in the blood.
• On heart, glucagon exerts positive inotropic and chronotropic
effects.
24. • Glucagon increases the production of urea in the body.
• It acts as a stimulant for the secretion of insulin.
• Both the mechanisms ( glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis )
causes increases in the blood sugar level during hypoglycemic
conditions.
REGULATION
low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia )
ß-Cells of pancreatic islets
Release glucagon
Increased blood glucose levels
25. PHARMACOKINETICS
• It is rapidly absorbed following parenteral injections.
• Plasma half-life of 3-6 hrs.
• Gets destroyed by proteolytic enzymes when taken orally.
• Metabolized in kidney, liver and plasma.
THERAPEUTIC USES
• Administered in a dose of 1 mg by i.m. route to treat severe
hypoglycaemia.
• It is given by i.v. route to treat hypoglycaemia coma caused by
insulin in type 1 diabetes.