Instructions
Clients come to MFTs because they want to change, whether the change is in cognitions, structure, insight, or something else. Therefore, it is important for you to understanding why, when, and how people change. This week, you will continue the exploration of core concepts related to systems theory and its application to MFT field concepts. You will review several concepts associated with change including homeostasis, first-order change, second-order change, continuous change, and discontinuous change.
Complete the provided worksheet template located in this week’s resources. Note: You will use the worksheet you complete this week as part of your work in Week 4.
For each item, be sure to address the following:
· Record a direct quotation that defines the concept or describes the assumption.
· Paraphrase the definition or description by explaining the information in your own words. As you are paraphrasing, keep in mind that concepts often involve several interrelated ideas. When you are paraphrasing, be sure to not oversimplify the concept.
· Provide an original example (not one you read about in the course resources) of the concept or assumption.
· Explain how your example reflects the definition. Refer to your paraphrased definition in order to compare the example to the concept.
Should you have questions or need clarification on any items, please contact your professor to discuss it.
Length: 1-2 pages (completed template). Additional resources/reference page is not required.
Your cheat sheet should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.
Upload your document, and then click the
Submit to Dropbox button.
Building Blocks to Conceptualizing Family: A Family System’s Perspective Valerie Q. Glass, PhD, LMFT
Background of Systemic Thinking
Systemic thinking, for some, means trying on a new and unique lens when considering “presenting problems” that arise in therapeutic settings. Most mental and emotional health backgrounds study individual cognitive and emotional processes, systemic thinking means a shift in looking at one person to looking at a whole system. Keeney (1983) calls this change in professional theory an epistemological shift. Epistemology, most basically, is the way one understands what is in front of them, and the root with which decisions are made. Helping fields all develop from different epistemologies. Psychiatry views medicine and biology as their epistemological construct of how or why people act the way they do. Much of the epistemological focus of social work fields embraces the necessity or connecting to resources and social support as a catalyst for change. Psychology explores the make-up of the individual’s mind and develops steps for change. Family systems, and.
Copyright Information (bibliographic) Document Type Book Ch.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Copyright Information (bibliographic)
Document Type: Book Chapter
Title of book: Family Therapy: An Overview (9th Edition)
Author of book: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Chapter Title: Chapter 4 Systems Theory and Systemic Thinking
Author of Chapter: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Year: 2017
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Place of Publishing: United States of America
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions
specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not
to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes
a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use
that user may be liable for copyright infringement.
LO 1 Describe potential problems with
using only the scientific method to
explain family functioning
LO 2 Explain systemic functioning using
a paradigm or descriptive model
LO 3 Discuss some characteristics of a
family system
LO 4 Apply systemic thinking to family
therapy
84
Family therapy is informed by systems theory and systemic
thinking in order to fully understand and provide psycho
therapy to couples and families (Stanton & Welsh, 2012).
A systemic approach stands in contrast to the individualis
tic thinking typical of most people raised in Western society
who were educated in the context of the Cartesian scientific
method espoused by Rene Descartes in 1738 (Capra, 2002).
1 Extending Beyond the
Scientific Method
The scientific method begins with a questioning mind that
does not accept anything as true unless there is clear evidence
of its truth and proceeds to break any problem under inves
tigation into pieces in order to understand the components
of the problem and tries to solve it. The reconnection of the
pieces proceeds from those easiest to understand to those most
complex without considering any natural connection between
the parts and concludes when thorough questioning ensures
nothing was left out of the solution. This method led to ma
jor scientific discoveries and the solution of many problems in
medicine, food production, and industry. Most of us in the
western hemisphere were educated to think according to this
method, and we now do so without even realizing we are do
ing so. However, as this method became the standard way of
thinking in Western societies, it resulted in extreme individ
ualism (loss of the natural relationship between parts of the
whole), reductionism (trying to understand complex problems
by looking at parts of them apart from the context around
SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMIC THINKING
them,.
Copyright Information (bibliographic) Document Type Book Ch.docxdickonsondorris
Copyright Information (bibliographic)
Document Type: Book Chapter
Title of book: Family Therapy: An Overview (9th Edition)
Author of book: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Chapter Title: Chapter 4 Systems Theory and Systemic Thinking
Author of Chapter: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Year: 2017
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Place of Publishing: United States of America
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions
specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not
to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes
a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use
that user may be liable for copyright infringement.
LO 1 Describe potential problems with
using only the scientific method to
explain family functioning
LO 2 Explain systemic functioning using
a paradigm or descriptive model
LO 3 Discuss some characteristics of a
family system
LO 4 Apply systemic thinking to family
therapy
84
Family therapy is informed by systems theory and systemic
thinking in order to fully understand and provide psycho
therapy to couples and families (Stanton & Welsh, 2012).
A systemic approach stands in contrast to the individualis
tic thinking typical of most people raised in Western society
who were educated in the context of the Cartesian scientific
method espoused by Rene Descartes in 1738 (Capra, 2002).
1 Extending Beyond the
Scientific Method
The scientific method begins with a questioning mind that
does not accept anything as true unless there is clear evidence
of its truth and proceeds to break any problem under inves
tigation into pieces in order to understand the components
of the problem and tries to solve it. The reconnection of the
pieces proceeds from those easiest to understand to those most
complex without considering any natural connection between
the parts and concludes when thorough questioning ensures
nothing was left out of the solution. This method led to ma
jor scientific discoveries and the solution of many problems in
medicine, food production, and industry. Most of us in the
western hemisphere were educated to think according to this
method, and we now do so without even realizing we are do
ing so. However, as this method became the standard way of
thinking in Western societies, it resulted in extreme individ
ualism (loss of the natural relationship between parts of the
whole), reductionism (trying to understand complex problems
by looking at parts of them apart from the context around
SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMIC THINKING
them,.
Draw Something Project
Objective:
· Create graphical JavaScript programs that draw shapes on the canvas
· Locate points on the graphics canvas using (x, y) coordinates
(Combo of checklist (lower level) + Rubric for key stuff)
You are tasked to draw something using shapes as well as using input or mouse clicked.
Criteria
Points
Yes/No
Uses at least 4 different shapes
1
Has a detailed main character. This can be a thing(car, building, etc). At least one thing drawn should be detailed.
2
Has a detailed background.
1
Functions were used
1
Comments were used to show how to run the program and describes sections of code
1
Mouse Event or User input is used.
1
Uses an additional set of code that was not discussed in class. You need to look up a command in the documentation area.
1
Total:
8
Student Examples
image1.png
image2.png
Systems Theory Terminology – Part 1
The core of the MFT field lies in systems theory. Therefore, it is imperative that you fully grasp this major concept and the crucial elements that comprise it.
Launch in a separate window
It is important to take your time with this week’s assignment as well as those for Weeks 3 and 4. This approach will help you begin to think in a systemic way—an approach that emphasizes the nature of people being intertwined within their existence with the multiple contexts they live in.
This week’s resources introduce you to systems theory, which inspired the pioneers in the MFT field and contributed to the development of a relational understanding of human interactions. You will be asked to review resources and prepare a written summary and reflection that focus on your understanding of systems theory concepts and assumptions.
Launch in a separate window
Review the resources listed below (and previously provided resources, as needed) to prepare for this week’s assignments. The resources may include textbook reading assignments, journal articles, websites, links to tools or software, videos, handouts, rubrics, etc.
There was a tree with leave with information on it to
complete the assignment. so, I got the in information from each leaf
A system concepts
A system refers to any group of interconnected parts for examples, include families, group of people who work together, whole communities, companies, and government, organizations. The human body can even consider a system because it includes many different parts that are all interconnected. The behavior each part is affected by and has been impact on the other part.
The found of MFT philosophy theory
1 Narrative therapy is founded on systems and social constructionism narrative therapy holds that people develop narratives/ stories to make sense of their lives, these narratives are influenced by culture and family, to move beyond the problem, clients need a new story, the narrative therapist meets the client as separate from the problem, and help the client understand that they are not the problem.
2 Collaborative th.
Copyright Information (bibliographic) Document Type Book Ch.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Copyright Information (bibliographic)
Document Type: Book Chapter
Title of book: Family Therapy: An Overview (9th Edition)
Author of book: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Chapter Title: Chapter 4 Systems Theory and Systemic Thinking
Author of Chapter: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Year: 2017
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Place of Publishing: United States of America
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions
specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not
to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes
a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use
that user may be liable for copyright infringement.
LO 1 Describe potential problems with
using only the scientific method to
explain family functioning
LO 2 Explain systemic functioning using
a paradigm or descriptive model
LO 3 Discuss some characteristics of a
family system
LO 4 Apply systemic thinking to family
therapy
84
Family therapy is informed by systems theory and systemic
thinking in order to fully understand and provide psycho
therapy to couples and families (Stanton & Welsh, 2012).
A systemic approach stands in contrast to the individualis
tic thinking typical of most people raised in Western society
who were educated in the context of the Cartesian scientific
method espoused by Rene Descartes in 1738 (Capra, 2002).
1 Extending Beyond the
Scientific Method
The scientific method begins with a questioning mind that
does not accept anything as true unless there is clear evidence
of its truth and proceeds to break any problem under inves
tigation into pieces in order to understand the components
of the problem and tries to solve it. The reconnection of the
pieces proceeds from those easiest to understand to those most
complex without considering any natural connection between
the parts and concludes when thorough questioning ensures
nothing was left out of the solution. This method led to ma
jor scientific discoveries and the solution of many problems in
medicine, food production, and industry. Most of us in the
western hemisphere were educated to think according to this
method, and we now do so without even realizing we are do
ing so. However, as this method became the standard way of
thinking in Western societies, it resulted in extreme individ
ualism (loss of the natural relationship between parts of the
whole), reductionism (trying to understand complex problems
by looking at parts of them apart from the context around
SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMIC THINKING
them,.
Copyright Information (bibliographic) Document Type Book Ch.docxdickonsondorris
Copyright Information (bibliographic)
Document Type: Book Chapter
Title of book: Family Therapy: An Overview (9th Edition)
Author of book: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Chapter Title: Chapter 4 Systems Theory and Systemic Thinking
Author of Chapter: Irene Goldenberg, Mark Stanton, Herbert Goldenberg
Year: 2017
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Place of Publishing: United States of America
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions
specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not
to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes
a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use
that user may be liable for copyright infringement.
LO 1 Describe potential problems with
using only the scientific method to
explain family functioning
LO 2 Explain systemic functioning using
a paradigm or descriptive model
LO 3 Discuss some characteristics of a
family system
LO 4 Apply systemic thinking to family
therapy
84
Family therapy is informed by systems theory and systemic
thinking in order to fully understand and provide psycho
therapy to couples and families (Stanton & Welsh, 2012).
A systemic approach stands in contrast to the individualis
tic thinking typical of most people raised in Western society
who were educated in the context of the Cartesian scientific
method espoused by Rene Descartes in 1738 (Capra, 2002).
1 Extending Beyond the
Scientific Method
The scientific method begins with a questioning mind that
does not accept anything as true unless there is clear evidence
of its truth and proceeds to break any problem under inves
tigation into pieces in order to understand the components
of the problem and tries to solve it. The reconnection of the
pieces proceeds from those easiest to understand to those most
complex without considering any natural connection between
the parts and concludes when thorough questioning ensures
nothing was left out of the solution. This method led to ma
jor scientific discoveries and the solution of many problems in
medicine, food production, and industry. Most of us in the
western hemisphere were educated to think according to this
method, and we now do so without even realizing we are do
ing so. However, as this method became the standard way of
thinking in Western societies, it resulted in extreme individ
ualism (loss of the natural relationship between parts of the
whole), reductionism (trying to understand complex problems
by looking at parts of them apart from the context around
SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMIC THINKING
them,.
Draw Something Project
Objective:
· Create graphical JavaScript programs that draw shapes on the canvas
· Locate points on the graphics canvas using (x, y) coordinates
(Combo of checklist (lower level) + Rubric for key stuff)
You are tasked to draw something using shapes as well as using input or mouse clicked.
Criteria
Points
Yes/No
Uses at least 4 different shapes
1
Has a detailed main character. This can be a thing(car, building, etc). At least one thing drawn should be detailed.
2
Has a detailed background.
1
Functions were used
1
Comments were used to show how to run the program and describes sections of code
1
Mouse Event or User input is used.
1
Uses an additional set of code that was not discussed in class. You need to look up a command in the documentation area.
1
Total:
8
Student Examples
image1.png
image2.png
Systems Theory Terminology – Part 1
The core of the MFT field lies in systems theory. Therefore, it is imperative that you fully grasp this major concept and the crucial elements that comprise it.
Launch in a separate window
It is important to take your time with this week’s assignment as well as those for Weeks 3 and 4. This approach will help you begin to think in a systemic way—an approach that emphasizes the nature of people being intertwined within their existence with the multiple contexts they live in.
This week’s resources introduce you to systems theory, which inspired the pioneers in the MFT field and contributed to the development of a relational understanding of human interactions. You will be asked to review resources and prepare a written summary and reflection that focus on your understanding of systems theory concepts and assumptions.
Launch in a separate window
Review the resources listed below (and previously provided resources, as needed) to prepare for this week’s assignments. The resources may include textbook reading assignments, journal articles, websites, links to tools or software, videos, handouts, rubrics, etc.
There was a tree with leave with information on it to
complete the assignment. so, I got the in information from each leaf
A system concepts
A system refers to any group of interconnected parts for examples, include families, group of people who work together, whole communities, companies, and government, organizations. The human body can even consider a system because it includes many different parts that are all interconnected. The behavior each part is affected by and has been impact on the other part.
The found of MFT philosophy theory
1 Narrative therapy is founded on systems and social constructionism narrative therapy holds that people develop narratives/ stories to make sense of their lives, these narratives are influenced by culture and family, to move beyond the problem, clients need a new story, the narrative therapist meets the client as separate from the problem, and help the client understand that they are not the problem.
2 Collaborative th.
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [Vit.docxsodhi3
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved fromhttps://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781136389993/
In-text citation: (Redmon, 2001)
Chapter 16
Ethics and Behavior Analysis in Management
Ethical issues seem to dominate the news these days, and they extend to all areas of human endeavor including, of course, business and psychology. This chapter explores the topic of ethical issues when behavioral methods are applied to industrial/organizational (I/O) settings. The goal is not to create ethical guidelines. Rather, it is to provide an overview of the types of ethical guidelines already available as well as the nature, relevance, and importance of ethical issues that underlie such guidelines.
WHAT ARE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES?
Philosophers have long debated ethical issues. Numerous competing schools each adhere to tenets that not only are different, but sometimes opposite (Macklin, 1982). Part of this debate concerns the basic issue of how to define an ethical principle.
Philosophers sometimes quibble over whether our perceptions are reliable indicators of reality, but this issue seems to be of less concern to scientists. Scientists start with the observable, or what can be defined in terms of the observable (operational definitions). In most cases, there is a strong consensus about what is really “out there,” a consensus that is in large part based upon the consistency among observations. Scientists then attempt to find relationships between these observable entities or events, an activity that produces factual statements called laws. Factual statements deal with what might be called objective reality, descriptions about how things are.
In addition to factual statements, there are statements of value. Value statements are assertions about what is “good,” “right,” or “wrong,” and how entities and events in the world should be, not the way they necessarily are. Value statements are a cornerstone of ethics. Ethical principles look beyond what is, and ask what should be.
Other chapters in this book describe principles that can be used in organizational settings to modify behavior. In effect, the authors are presenting laws describing relationships between antecedent conditions, behaviors, and consequences. The process of discovering and describing these laws is identical to the process of discovering and describing laws in all other sciences, and as such, is grounded in objective reality and statements of fact. This chapter goes beyond such objective considerations and deals with ethical issues associated with the discovery and use of such laws.
WHY WOULD ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT RAISE ETHICAL CONCERNS?
Organizational behavior management (OBM) utilizes information derived from the field of behavior analysis (Mawhinney, 1984). Behavior analysis attempts to find universal laws of behavior. As a scientist, the behavior analyst believes that human behavior is lawful in the same sense th ...
For this assignment, students will be expected to find and discuss.docxAKHIL969626
For this assignment, students will be expected to find and discuss online news articles published within the last 3 months on any 7 of the following topics:
1. Interracial relationships
2. Homosexuality, bisexuality, or transexuality
3. Family violence
4. Adoption (any aspect)
5. Extra-marital sexuality
6. Births outside of marriage
7. Marriage trends/statistics
8. Blended families
9. Disciplining children
These articles may be from any online news source. Please keep in mind that they must be news articles, not commentaries, editorials, letters to the editor, book reviews, opinion pieces, etc.
Provide the URL for each article you choose and clearly identify each topic you are addressing. Be certain that you note the source of each article including the APA-formatted citation for each article.
For each item, write a brief essay (approximately 400-500 words) in which you do the following:
1. Write a brief summary of the article. This should only be a short paragraph in length. The point is not to repeat everything the article says but to pick out important points and those that relate to information covered in class material.
2. Compare the information in your article with information on that subject covered in your textbook (include page numbers when appropriate). For example, does the information in the article contradict or agree with information presented in your text? How? Why? This is your chance to demonstrate that you know the information on this topic presented in your course material.
3. Discuss which theoretical perspective on the family, as discussed in Chapter 2, is represented/applied in the article. Analyze the topic using the related theory. (This is your opportunity to demonstrate that you understand and can apply the theoretical perspectives in your text.) CHAPTER 2 IS ATTACHED
4. Conclude with your own thoughts on the news article. You might include such thoughts as why this particular topic interested you, if you were surprised by the news, or how you think this issue should be handled by society and why. The point of this part of your essay is to demonstrate that you have reflected on this issue at some length.
As people struggle to understand family-related processes, they develop theories. A theory is a set of statements that explains why a particular phenomenon occurs. Theories drive research; help us analyze our findings; and, ideally, offer solutions for family problems.
One family sociologist compares theories to the fable of the six blind men who felt different parts of an elephant and arrived at different explanations of what elephants were like. The man who felt the side of the elephant compared it to a massive, immovable wall. The man who felt the trunk thought the elephant was like a rope that could move large objects. Similarly, different theories explain different aspects of the elephant—in this case, families (Burr, 1995).
Of the dozen or so most influential ...
The role of theory in researchProf Brian van WykPO.docxkathleen23456789
The role of theory in research
Prof Brian van Wyk
POSTGRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT (PET)
*
Outline for workshopWhat is theory?Characteristics of theoryFunctions of theory in researchHow to evaluate the quality of a theory (explanation)Theory in research OR research and theory?
*
What is theory?A model or framework for observation and understandingshapes both what we see and how we see it;allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete, the theoretical and the empirical, thought statements and observational statements.
Generalising statements that assert a connection between two or more types of phenomena
Explains and predicts the relationship between variables
A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world
*
Characteristics of theoryTheory guides research and organises its ideas. i.e. bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard: ‘facts’ of different shapes and sizes have no meaning unless they are drawn together in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Empirically relevant
Always tentative, never proven
Becomes stronger as more supporting evidence is gathered; provides a context for predictions
Has the capacity to generate new research.
*
Theory vs. hypothesisAn hypothesis is an educated guess. It usually predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
Hypotheses are more specific than theories.
Multiple hypotheses may relate to one theory.
*
Remember theory can operate on different levelsMicro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of the individual or family environment e.g. psychology – Frustration-Aggression hypothesis or Sternberg’s theory of love
Meso-level theory seeks to explain the interactions of micro-level organisms e.g. social institutions, organisations, communities
Macro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of large groups of people e.g. ethnicity, class, gender – Conflict Theory
*
How to evaluate a theoryIs the theory or explanation logical and coherent?Is it clear and parsimonious?Does it fit the available data?Does it provide testable claims?Have theory-based predictions been tested and supported?Has it survived numerous attempts by researchers to identify problems with it or to falsify it?Does it work better than competing or rival theories or explanations?
*
Is it general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person?
Can practitioners use it to control or influence things in the world a good theory of teaching helps teachers to positively influence student learning; a good theory of counseling helps counselors to positively influence their clients’ mental health
*
Theory and research OR
theory in research?There is a two-way relationship between theory and research.
Social theory informs our understanding of issues, which, in turn, assists us in making research decisions and making sense of the world.
The experience of.
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based ModelsOMerrileeDelvalle969
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based Models
Occupation-based models, although rooted in the occupational paradigm of occupational therapy’s founders, represent a relatively recent presence in the profession. Unlike frames of reference, which typically arise from a perspective of remediation and adaptation to disability, occupation-based models incorporate the entire spectrum of health and illness in their proposed interrelationships of person, environment, and occupation. This chapter focuses on the first of these to be developed, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO; Kielhofner, 2008), which mirrors many of Mary Reilly’s (1962) principles of occupational behavior. Other prominent models briefly reviewed here are Ecology of Human Performance (EHP; Brown, 2014; Dunn, Brown, & McGuigan, 1994), Occupational Adaptation (OA; Schultz, 2014; Schultz & Schkade, 2003), and the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model (Law et al., 1996; Law & Dunbar, 2007). The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP; Townsend & Polatajko, 2007), also an occupation-based model, was discussed in Chapter 3 because of its client-centered focus. The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance model (PEOP; Baum, Christiansen, & Bass, 2015) is added in this Fifth Edition. Finally, the Kawa model (Iwama, 2006), a culturally relevant model developed for Japanese occupational therapy practice, provides implications for group interventions from a different cultural perspective. Because each of these models is separate and distinct, this chapter makes no attempt to combine them, but describes separate sections for framework focus, basic assumptions, function/dysfunction, change/motivation, and group guidelines. For each model, separate group activity examples from the recent occupational therapy literature are described. Only the adaptations for group leadership at the end of the chapter refer to all the occupation-based models together. Generally speaking, all occupation-based models may also draw upon frames of reference when addressing specific disabilities and/or focusing upon specific parts of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Third Edition (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). For a more in-depth understanding of these models, please refer to Cole and Tufano’s Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach (2008).
Model of Human Occupation
The MOHO emerged around 1980 as a further definition of the theory of occupational behavior developed by Mary Reilly (1962). The central idea of occupational behavior theory is that engagement in activity or occupation in itself will produce and maintain health. Human achievement and daily occupation are identified as the focal point for the development of the MOHO (Kielhofner, 2008). White (1959) is credited with introducing the concept of the human need for competence and achievement. Kielhofner, Burke, and Igi (1980) expanded on these concepts ...
There are different theories of organization to predict and explain the process and also behavior patterns in an organizational setting. There are three different types of organizational theory: Classical Organization Theory, Neo-Classical Organizational Theory, and Modern Organizational Theory.
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Family Crucible Family Systems Theory
Introduction
This paper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authors family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker.
Family Systems Therapy
In The Family Crucible, Augustus Napier and Carl Whitaker s form of therapy was strongly influenced by family systems theory, a burgeoning theory of the time. General systems theory examines relationships between elements that constitute a whole (Andreae, 2011, p. 243). When applied to families, this theory views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit (The...show more content...91).
Narrative Therapy Family systems therapy has some interesting comparisons to make with narrative therapy. They are each commonly used in work with families. According to Kelly, narrative theory adopts a postmodern social constructionist lens (p. 316). Family systems theory originates from organismic biology and early psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and learning theories (Andreae, 2011, p. 244 245). Although these are very different theories, each emphasizes environmental factors and influences on behavior. With family systems theory, all members in the family unit must coexist with each other and other environments such as work, school, church, institutions, etc. (p. 247).
They also each place little emphasis on diagnosis within the medical model. Within narrative therapy, Michael White argues that diagnoses are totalizing techniques that actually maintain rather than solve the problems of
JW House FundraiserJourney Through the Enchanted Forest Ga.docxpauline234567
JW House Fundraiser
Journey Through the Enchanted Forest Gala
Silent Auction
Table Decor
Specialized cocktails for Event
Three Screens will be Placed for Optimum Viewing by all Attendees
New House Announcement
Happy 30th Birthday, JW!
Auction
Isle down Center Allows Fundraising Auctioneer to Engage Audience
Balloon
Drop
S’mores Sponsored by Largest Corporate Donor
Finish the Evening with Dancing & Beverages
Image Sources
http://springfields.net.au/media/catalog/category/_2_43.png
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https://www.thegirlcreative.com
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1. INTRODUCTION. Begin by stating what you will discuss and explain why is important.
2. CRITICAL SUMMARY. Summarize the relevant views and the arguments that you believe are important.
Usually in a critical discussion it is not sufficient to merely summarize the author’s view. Your attention should be
focused on the author's development of the view--that is, on his arguments, in the broadest sense of the word.
3. CARE IN CITATIONS. Make sure you accurately state the position of the author and always include page
references for each quotation or attribution to her/him if applicable.
4. CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE. At least half of your paper must be devoted
to a critical evaluation of the views of the author you are discussing from the perspective of the Christian thesis that
a Christian call in business may prop-up the role of the markets.
5. CONSIDER POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO YOUR OBJECTIONS. Whenever you offer an objection to an
author's position, explicitly consider whether the author has said anythin.
JP Morgan Chase The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maxim.docxpauline234567
JP Morgan Chase: The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maximizing Shareholder Wealth
Penelope Bender
William Woods University
BUS 585: Integrated Studies in Business Administration
Dr. Leathers
Abstract
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing wealth.
It is an exploratory study done through literature review.
Often financial institutions, like JP Morgan, put profits ahead of the interests of those they serve.
The paper contributes to better understanding of corporate culture.
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth. This exploratory study is done through a literature review to answer why financial institutions, specifically JP Morgan, often put profits ahead of those they serve. The study will provide evidence of the complex nature of balancing client interests over maximizing shareholder and individual wealth and the need for tighter internal and external oversight. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why corporate culture encourages profit over stakeholders’ interests.
2
Research Question
Why does JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth?
Employees of JP Morgan Chase and other large banks work in their best interests to increase wealth and succeed by meeting management goals. However, because of the complex nature of large banks, an individual(s), unethical behavior can go unchecked.
3
Problem Statement
JP Morgan Chase competes globally and faces competition from other large banks in the US and abroad.
JP Morgan Chase is part of a complex system of regulation, self-interests, and wealth creation.
The interests of shareholders and investors is sometimes overshadowed by agents working in their own best interests.
Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
The study is not meant to be a moral or ethical analysis but merely why the complex relationship exists and will continue to exist in capitalist society. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why capitalism or financialism’s (Clarke, 2014) fundamentals encourage wealth creation. Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
4
Literature Review
The literature review showed a connection between self-interests, regulators, competition, and risk, which all lead to a complex system of conflicting agendas.
5
How Self-Interests Influence Behavior
Ross (1973) explains that all employment relationships are agency relationships and moral hazards are generally .
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Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [Vit.docxsodhi3
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved fromhttps://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781136389993/
In-text citation: (Redmon, 2001)
Chapter 16
Ethics and Behavior Analysis in Management
Ethical issues seem to dominate the news these days, and they extend to all areas of human endeavor including, of course, business and psychology. This chapter explores the topic of ethical issues when behavioral methods are applied to industrial/organizational (I/O) settings. The goal is not to create ethical guidelines. Rather, it is to provide an overview of the types of ethical guidelines already available as well as the nature, relevance, and importance of ethical issues that underlie such guidelines.
WHAT ARE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES?
Philosophers have long debated ethical issues. Numerous competing schools each adhere to tenets that not only are different, but sometimes opposite (Macklin, 1982). Part of this debate concerns the basic issue of how to define an ethical principle.
Philosophers sometimes quibble over whether our perceptions are reliable indicators of reality, but this issue seems to be of less concern to scientists. Scientists start with the observable, or what can be defined in terms of the observable (operational definitions). In most cases, there is a strong consensus about what is really “out there,” a consensus that is in large part based upon the consistency among observations. Scientists then attempt to find relationships between these observable entities or events, an activity that produces factual statements called laws. Factual statements deal with what might be called objective reality, descriptions about how things are.
In addition to factual statements, there are statements of value. Value statements are assertions about what is “good,” “right,” or “wrong,” and how entities and events in the world should be, not the way they necessarily are. Value statements are a cornerstone of ethics. Ethical principles look beyond what is, and ask what should be.
Other chapters in this book describe principles that can be used in organizational settings to modify behavior. In effect, the authors are presenting laws describing relationships between antecedent conditions, behaviors, and consequences. The process of discovering and describing these laws is identical to the process of discovering and describing laws in all other sciences, and as such, is grounded in objective reality and statements of fact. This chapter goes beyond such objective considerations and deals with ethical issues associated with the discovery and use of such laws.
WHY WOULD ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT RAISE ETHICAL CONCERNS?
Organizational behavior management (OBM) utilizes information derived from the field of behavior analysis (Mawhinney, 1984). Behavior analysis attempts to find universal laws of behavior. As a scientist, the behavior analyst believes that human behavior is lawful in the same sense th ...
For this assignment, students will be expected to find and discuss.docxAKHIL969626
For this assignment, students will be expected to find and discuss online news articles published within the last 3 months on any 7 of the following topics:
1. Interracial relationships
2. Homosexuality, bisexuality, or transexuality
3. Family violence
4. Adoption (any aspect)
5. Extra-marital sexuality
6. Births outside of marriage
7. Marriage trends/statistics
8. Blended families
9. Disciplining children
These articles may be from any online news source. Please keep in mind that they must be news articles, not commentaries, editorials, letters to the editor, book reviews, opinion pieces, etc.
Provide the URL for each article you choose and clearly identify each topic you are addressing. Be certain that you note the source of each article including the APA-formatted citation for each article.
For each item, write a brief essay (approximately 400-500 words) in which you do the following:
1. Write a brief summary of the article. This should only be a short paragraph in length. The point is not to repeat everything the article says but to pick out important points and those that relate to information covered in class material.
2. Compare the information in your article with information on that subject covered in your textbook (include page numbers when appropriate). For example, does the information in the article contradict or agree with information presented in your text? How? Why? This is your chance to demonstrate that you know the information on this topic presented in your course material.
3. Discuss which theoretical perspective on the family, as discussed in Chapter 2, is represented/applied in the article. Analyze the topic using the related theory. (This is your opportunity to demonstrate that you understand and can apply the theoretical perspectives in your text.) CHAPTER 2 IS ATTACHED
4. Conclude with your own thoughts on the news article. You might include such thoughts as why this particular topic interested you, if you were surprised by the news, or how you think this issue should be handled by society and why. The point of this part of your essay is to demonstrate that you have reflected on this issue at some length.
As people struggle to understand family-related processes, they develop theories. A theory is a set of statements that explains why a particular phenomenon occurs. Theories drive research; help us analyze our findings; and, ideally, offer solutions for family problems.
One family sociologist compares theories to the fable of the six blind men who felt different parts of an elephant and arrived at different explanations of what elephants were like. The man who felt the side of the elephant compared it to a massive, immovable wall. The man who felt the trunk thought the elephant was like a rope that could move large objects. Similarly, different theories explain different aspects of the elephant—in this case, families (Burr, 1995).
Of the dozen or so most influential ...
The role of theory in researchProf Brian van WykPO.docxkathleen23456789
The role of theory in research
Prof Brian van Wyk
POSTGRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT (PET)
*
Outline for workshopWhat is theory?Characteristics of theoryFunctions of theory in researchHow to evaluate the quality of a theory (explanation)Theory in research OR research and theory?
*
What is theory?A model or framework for observation and understandingshapes both what we see and how we see it;allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete, the theoretical and the empirical, thought statements and observational statements.
Generalising statements that assert a connection between two or more types of phenomena
Explains and predicts the relationship between variables
A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world
*
Characteristics of theoryTheory guides research and organises its ideas. i.e. bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard: ‘facts’ of different shapes and sizes have no meaning unless they are drawn together in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Empirically relevant
Always tentative, never proven
Becomes stronger as more supporting evidence is gathered; provides a context for predictions
Has the capacity to generate new research.
*
Theory vs. hypothesisAn hypothesis is an educated guess. It usually predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
Hypotheses are more specific than theories.
Multiple hypotheses may relate to one theory.
*
Remember theory can operate on different levelsMicro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of the individual or family environment e.g. psychology – Frustration-Aggression hypothesis or Sternberg’s theory of love
Meso-level theory seeks to explain the interactions of micro-level organisms e.g. social institutions, organisations, communities
Macro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of large groups of people e.g. ethnicity, class, gender – Conflict Theory
*
How to evaluate a theoryIs the theory or explanation logical and coherent?Is it clear and parsimonious?Does it fit the available data?Does it provide testable claims?Have theory-based predictions been tested and supported?Has it survived numerous attempts by researchers to identify problems with it or to falsify it?Does it work better than competing or rival theories or explanations?
*
Is it general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person?
Can practitioners use it to control or influence things in the world a good theory of teaching helps teachers to positively influence student learning; a good theory of counseling helps counselors to positively influence their clients’ mental health
*
Theory and research OR
theory in research?There is a two-way relationship between theory and research.
Social theory informs our understanding of issues, which, in turn, assists us in making research decisions and making sense of the world.
The experience of.
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based ModelsOMerrileeDelvalle969
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based Models
Occupation-based models, although rooted in the occupational paradigm of occupational therapy’s founders, represent a relatively recent presence in the profession. Unlike frames of reference, which typically arise from a perspective of remediation and adaptation to disability, occupation-based models incorporate the entire spectrum of health and illness in their proposed interrelationships of person, environment, and occupation. This chapter focuses on the first of these to be developed, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO; Kielhofner, 2008), which mirrors many of Mary Reilly’s (1962) principles of occupational behavior. Other prominent models briefly reviewed here are Ecology of Human Performance (EHP; Brown, 2014; Dunn, Brown, & McGuigan, 1994), Occupational Adaptation (OA; Schultz, 2014; Schultz & Schkade, 2003), and the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model (Law et al., 1996; Law & Dunbar, 2007). The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP; Townsend & Polatajko, 2007), also an occupation-based model, was discussed in Chapter 3 because of its client-centered focus. The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance model (PEOP; Baum, Christiansen, & Bass, 2015) is added in this Fifth Edition. Finally, the Kawa model (Iwama, 2006), a culturally relevant model developed for Japanese occupational therapy practice, provides implications for group interventions from a different cultural perspective. Because each of these models is separate and distinct, this chapter makes no attempt to combine them, but describes separate sections for framework focus, basic assumptions, function/dysfunction, change/motivation, and group guidelines. For each model, separate group activity examples from the recent occupational therapy literature are described. Only the adaptations for group leadership at the end of the chapter refer to all the occupation-based models together. Generally speaking, all occupation-based models may also draw upon frames of reference when addressing specific disabilities and/or focusing upon specific parts of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Third Edition (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). For a more in-depth understanding of these models, please refer to Cole and Tufano’s Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach (2008).
Model of Human Occupation
The MOHO emerged around 1980 as a further definition of the theory of occupational behavior developed by Mary Reilly (1962). The central idea of occupational behavior theory is that engagement in activity or occupation in itself will produce and maintain health. Human achievement and daily occupation are identified as the focal point for the development of the MOHO (Kielhofner, 2008). White (1959) is credited with introducing the concept of the human need for competence and achievement. Kielhofner, Burke, and Igi (1980) expanded on these concepts ...
There are different theories of organization to predict and explain the process and also behavior patterns in an organizational setting. There are three different types of organizational theory: Classical Organization Theory, Neo-Classical Organizational Theory, and Modern Organizational Theory.
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Family Crucible Family Systems Theory
Introduction
This paper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authors family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker.
Family Systems Therapy
In The Family Crucible, Augustus Napier and Carl Whitaker s form of therapy was strongly influenced by family systems theory, a burgeoning theory of the time. General systems theory examines relationships between elements that constitute a whole (Andreae, 2011, p. 243). When applied to families, this theory views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit (The...show more content...91).
Narrative Therapy Family systems therapy has some interesting comparisons to make with narrative therapy. They are each commonly used in work with families. According to Kelly, narrative theory adopts a postmodern social constructionist lens (p. 316). Family systems theory originates from organismic biology and early psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and learning theories (Andreae, 2011, p. 244 245). Although these are very different theories, each emphasizes environmental factors and influences on behavior. With family systems theory, all members in the family unit must coexist with each other and other environments such as work, school, church, institutions, etc. (p. 247).
They also each place little emphasis on diagnosis within the medical model. Within narrative therapy, Michael White argues that diagnoses are totalizing techniques that actually maintain rather than solve the problems of
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JW House FundraiserJourney Through the Enchanted Forest Ga.docxpauline234567
JW House Fundraiser
Journey Through the Enchanted Forest Gala
Silent Auction
Table Decor
Specialized cocktails for Event
Three Screens will be Placed for Optimum Viewing by all Attendees
New House Announcement
Happy 30th Birthday, JW!
Auction
Isle down Center Allows Fundraising Auctioneer to Engage Audience
Balloon
Drop
S’mores Sponsored by Largest Corporate Donor
Finish the Evening with Dancing & Beverages
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1. INTRODUCTION. Begin by stating what you will discuss and explain why is important.
2. CRITICAL SUMMARY. Summarize the relevant views and the arguments that you believe are important.
Usually in a critical discussion it is not sufficient to merely summarize the author’s view. Your attention should be
focused on the author's development of the view--that is, on his arguments, in the broadest sense of the word.
3. CARE IN CITATIONS. Make sure you accurately state the position of the author and always include page
references for each quotation or attribution to her/him if applicable.
4. CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE. At least half of your paper must be devoted
to a critical evaluation of the views of the author you are discussing from the perspective of the Christian thesis that
a Christian call in business may prop-up the role of the markets.
5. CONSIDER POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO YOUR OBJECTIONS. Whenever you offer an objection to an
author's position, explicitly consider whether the author has said anythin.
JP Morgan Chase The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maxim.docxpauline234567
JP Morgan Chase: The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maximizing Shareholder Wealth
Penelope Bender
William Woods University
BUS 585: Integrated Studies in Business Administration
Dr. Leathers
Abstract
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing wealth.
It is an exploratory study done through literature review.
Often financial institutions, like JP Morgan, put profits ahead of the interests of those they serve.
The paper contributes to better understanding of corporate culture.
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth. This exploratory study is done through a literature review to answer why financial institutions, specifically JP Morgan, often put profits ahead of those they serve. The study will provide evidence of the complex nature of balancing client interests over maximizing shareholder and individual wealth and the need for tighter internal and external oversight. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why corporate culture encourages profit over stakeholders’ interests.
2
Research Question
Why does JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth?
Employees of JP Morgan Chase and other large banks work in their best interests to increase wealth and succeed by meeting management goals. However, because of the complex nature of large banks, an individual(s), unethical behavior can go unchecked.
3
Problem Statement
JP Morgan Chase competes globally and faces competition from other large banks in the US and abroad.
JP Morgan Chase is part of a complex system of regulation, self-interests, and wealth creation.
The interests of shareholders and investors is sometimes overshadowed by agents working in their own best interests.
Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
The study is not meant to be a moral or ethical analysis but merely why the complex relationship exists and will continue to exist in capitalist society. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why capitalism or financialism’s (Clarke, 2014) fundamentals encourage wealth creation. Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
4
Literature Review
The literature review showed a connection between self-interests, regulators, competition, and risk, which all lead to a complex system of conflicting agendas.
5
How Self-Interests Influence Behavior
Ross (1973) explains that all employment relationships are agency relationships and moral hazards are generally .
Interpret a Current Policy of Three CountriesInstructionsAs .docxpauline234567
Interpret a Current Policy of Three Countries
Instructions
As a scholar in public administration, you are asked to present options based on three different countries' information for the next congressional meeting in your state. Be sure to include the following information:
• Perform a SWOT analysis of each immigration system presenting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each system. You are required to evaluate the United States' system but may choose two other countries besides Costa Rica and Ghana as these were already covered in your weekly resources. Topics such as ethics, history, actors, budgeting can be incorporated into your SWOT analysis.
• Facilitate an immigration benefit analysis for each system to determine the best fit for your state (be sure to identify your state to provide context for your presentation).
• Prepare a plan for the implementation of your chosen immigration program.
Compare how the immigration system is treated in three countries (the U.S. and two other countries).
Length: 12 to 15 pages, not including title and reference pages
References: Include a minimum of seven scholarly references.
The completed assignment should address all the assignment requirements, exhibit evidence of concept knowledge, and demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the content presented in the course. The writing should integrate scholarly resources, reflect academic expectations, and current APA standards.
Respond to
two or more of your colleagues’ posts in one or more of the following ways:
(100 words each Colleague)
· Ask a question about or provide an additional suggestion for the risks that your colleague’s organization might face if it engaged in the capital investment project.
· Provide an additional perspective on the level of risk associated with the project your colleague identified for their selected organization or on how willing/capable the organization might be in taking on and managing the risks your colleague identified.
· Offer an insight you gained from your colleague’s summary of the trade-offs between risks and returns and/or their recommendation for their selected organization to move or not move forward with the project.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments your colleagues made.
1st Colleague to respond to:
The risks associated with a capital investment project for medical equipment for healthcare organizations such as hospitals, as discussed in Week 7, are listed below.
· An inadequate system of budget management caused by unethical conduct.
· The lack of a clearly defined internal process management framework
· Insufficient communication channels within the organization.
The information provided by the managerial accountant assists in making crucial business decisions. Thus, if such information is fabricat.
INTRODUCTIONWhen you think of surveillance, you may picture tw.docxpauline234567
INTRODUCTION
When you think of surveillance, you may picture two police officers camped out in an unmarked car, watching the comings and goings at a suspect’s apartment building. Or you may imagine an investigator trailing a car on the highway or tapping a suspect’s phone to listen in on potentially incriminating conversations. Surveillance is all these activities, but in the 21st century, it is also much more.
Consider video surveillance of local businesses, streets, and highways; cell phone data; and the reams and reams of digital information gathered on everyday activities—from social media and computer use to credit card transactions.
This week, you analyze concerns related to this new era of surveillance, such as privacy and legal requirements.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students will:
Analyze issues related to privacy and surveillance
Describe surveillance
Differentiate between legal and illegal surveillance
Analyze legal requirements for conducting surveillance
PRIVACY VERSUS PUBLIC SAFETY
The average citizen today may feel as though they are constantly being watched and their actions recorded. And perhaps rightly so. After all, social media sites market personalized products based on how you use the Internet, cell phones pinpoint your location, and fitness trackers transmit your health and fitness activities to the cloud. This sense of being “spied on,” however, does not negate the important use of surveillance techniques in solving and preventing crime.
For this Discussion, you analyze how to balance two sometimes opposing sides in surveillance work: the expectation of privacy and the goal of public safety.
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
YOU WILL FIND THE READING FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT IN THE ATTACHED READING MATERIALS PLEASE GO THERE AND READ BEFORE TRYING TO COMPLETE THIS ASSIGNMENT SO YOU WILL UNDERSTAND WHAT IS NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE WORK….
Post a response to the following:
When conducting surveillance, explain how to balance an expectation of citizen privacy with legitimate investigative procedure that has public safety as its goal.
Explain whether citizens should differentiate between government intrusion and private companies who use citizens’ online data to surveil their movements and activity.
.
Interviews and Eyewitness Identifications AP PhotoMat.docxpauline234567
Interviews and
Eyewitness
Identifications
AP Photo/Matthew Apgar
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you will be able to:
• Identify the evidence collected
by investigators in the BP
gas station robbery and
discuss its role in the
identification and apprehension
of the perpetrator.
• Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of using facial
identification software and
forensic sketches to create
composite pictures of
suspects.
• Identify and discuss the
rationale of the recommended
lineup procedures.
• Discuss the research that
has been conducted on the
accuracy of hypnotically elicited
testimony. • Identify the difference between
primary and secondary
witnesses and give an example
of each.
• Discuss the value of eyewitness
identifications in establishing
proof. • Compare and contrast the
cognitive interviewing approach
with standard police interviews.
• Identify and discuss the
methods of eyewitness
identifications.
• Identify the three phases of
human memory and discuss
how factors at each phase
may affect the retrieval of
information from witnesses.
• Discuss the contributions
of cognitive interviewing in
enhancing memory recall.
From the CASE FILE
BP Gas Station Robbery
The introduction to this chapter consists of a police
report (edited for length) of the investigation of an
armed robbery of a British Petroleum (BP) gas station
that occurred on August 22, 2011, in Germantown,
Wisconsin (a suburb of Milwaukee). The report serves
as an example of a criminal investigation case report
and also highlights issues discussed in this chapter,
such as the value of eyewitness identification. Issues
discussed in other chapters, including the important
role of patrol officers in investigations, crime scene
photographs, investigation of robbery and auto theft,
and the value of DNA, are also present in this report.
Incident Report Number: 11-014277,
Report of Officer Toni Olson
On Monday, August 22, 2011, I, Officer Olson, was
assigned to investigate and respond to a robbery, which
had just occurred at the County Line BP, located at 21962
County Line Road. Officers were advised that the c I erk at
the BP gas station had called the non-emergency number
reporting that a younger wh ite male came into the store and
hit him over the head with an unknown object before taking
money out of his cash drawer and leaving in a red SUV or
truck, northbound on Bell Road. A possible registration
of 583RIB was given out for the suspect vehicle. I, along
with Lt. Huesemann, Officer Brian Ball, and Officer Daniel
Moschea of the Germantown Police Department responded.
Upon arriving on scene, officers were advised that witnesses
reported the suspect veh icle leaving the scene of the
robbery northbound on Bell Road into a subdivision. The
witnesses also stated that they had not seen the suspect
vehicle leave the subdivision, which only has two ways to get
in and.
Interview Presentation: Questions
To prepare:
· Identify an interview subject with a different cultural background than you.
· Ask your interview subject the questions below. Be sure to record the interview and/or take good notes.
During the interview, ask the individual the following interview questions:
· Have you ever lived or visited outside of the United States? If so, where? Describe the experience.
· What do you identify as your culture?
· What are the most important values and beliefs of your family and community?
· What are the important events, traditions, celebrations, and practices in your family or community?
· How does your family or community define gender roles?
· How do you identify your:
· Race
· Ethnicity
· National origin
· Color
· Sex
· Sexual orientation
· Gender identity or expression
· Age
· Marital status
· Political belief
· Religion
· Immigration status
· Disability status
· How well do you fit within your family or community based on these other identities you hold?
· How do you think others outside your community view your culture?
· Have you experienced prejudice or discrimination? Please describe.
Social Media and Ethical Considerations
Walden’s MSW Social Media Policy
A student’s presence on and use of social media reflects on the MSW program and the social
work profession; therefore, behavior on social media will be held to the same professional
standards and student code of conduct expectations. Social Work professionals, including
students, are expected to adhere to the NASW Code of Ethics related to virtual communications.
Students should use social work values and principles, as well as specific agency policy, to guide
their social media interactions.
Students need to consider the ethical consequences of their own social media use, as well as use
of social media in practice. Be aware of and follow agency policies regarding the use of social
media. Before using social media communication tools on behalf of a field agency, students
must seek agency approval of any messages or posts.
Walden MSW students are expected to adhere to the ethical standards outlined in the NASW
Code of Ethics. Common ethical issues that social workers need to understand and manage when
utilizing social media include, but are not limited to, privacy and confidentiality (Section 1.07),
conflicts of interest and dual relationships (Section 1.06), and informed consent (Section 1.03).
There is significant risk of unintentionally sharing protected information when using social
media. Be cautious when posting information about an agency. Never post confidential or
private information about clients or colleagues, even using pseudonyms.
Students need to remain aware of professional boundaries even when participating in social
media in their personal time. Managing “friend” requests and maintaining privacy settings is
critical regardless of whether a student uses social me.
INT 220 Business Brief Template Course Project.docxpauline234567
INT 220 Business Brief Template
Course Project
Section One: Drivers for Global Entry
Going global would afford the company many benefits including increased sales and revenues. Japan is a developed market and thus the purchasing power of the consumers is high, which implies that many consumers will be able to purchase our products. Expanding to Japan will enable increased profits that can be reinvested in research and development of new technology and innovation that will create a competitive advantage for both domestic and international market. In addition, entering the foreign market will help the business to tap into new market segment. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Apple was the largest smartphone brand in 2020 in Japan with a 47.3 percent market share (Sudarshan, 2021). The data shows that Japan would be an ideal market for quality phone cell cases due to high purchase of smartphones. Therefore, the company will benefit from increased sales and profits.
Section Two: Market Profile
Cultural Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Commonly Spoken Languages
English
Japanese
Commonly Practiced Religions
Christianity
Shinto
Power Distance Index (PDI)
40
54
Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV)
91
46
Masculinity Versus Femininity (MAS)
95
62
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
92
46
Long-Term Orientation Versus Short-Term Normative Orientation (LTO)
88
26
Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR)
42
68
Political and Economic Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Political System
Representative democracy
Constitutional monarchy
Current Leaders
Joseph Biden president
Fumio Kishida prime minister
Economic Classification
Developed
Developed
Economic Blocs Impacting Trade
World trade organization
World trade organization
Gross Domestic Product
23 trillion USD
4.9 trillion USD
Purchasing Power Parity
22,996.08
100.412
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
69,287.54 USD
39,285.16 USD
Human Development Index
Very high 0.921
0.919
Human Poverty Index
$26,246 for a family of four
Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day
In terms of economic development, both countries have developed economy, thus making them ideal for business. Consumers have high purchasing power which means that they are able to purchase new products. US has a higher GPD compared to Japan, however, this can be attributed to the size and population of U.S. compared to that of Japan. Furthermore, both countries are members of World Trade Organization, which means that their trade operations with other nations are regulated and subject to WTO regulations. The culture in Japan is hugely different then the culture in America. Americans are self-motivated while the Japanese culture embraces more of a group mentality and looks for approval from their superiors before making big decision. Both cultures work long hours and take very little breaks. For the most part Japanese culture is more formal in the work place then in the U.S.
Section Three: Market Consideratio.
Instructor Name Point Value 30Student NameCATEGORY .docxpauline234567
Instructor Name: Point Value: 30
Student Name:
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Content Quality
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Student enhanced
points with examples and
questions that helped further
discussion. Discussion is well
organized, uses scholarly tone,
follows APA style, uses original
writing and proper paraphrasing,
contains very few or no writing
and/or spelling errors, and is fully
consistent with graduate-level
writing style. Discussion contains
multiple, appropriate and
exemplary sources
expected/required for the
assignment.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Discussion is mostly
consistent with graduate level
writing style. Discussion may have
some small or infrequent
organization, scholarly tone, or
APA style issues, and/or may
contain a few writing and spelling
errors, and/or somewhat less than
the expected number of or type of
sources.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with adequate content but
the content lacked either detail,
relevancy, or support. Discussion
is somewhat below graduate level
writing style, with multiple smaller
or a few major problems.
Discussion may be lacking in
organization, scholarly tone, APA
style, and/or contain many writing
and/or spelling errors, or shows
moderate reliance on quoting vs.
original writing and paraphrasing.
Discussion may contain inferior
resources (number or quality).
Content of student's post and
responses was not clear, relevant,
or supported. Discussion is well
below graduate level writing style
expectations for organization,
scholarly tone, APA style, and
writing, or relies excessively on
quoting. Discussion may contain
few or no quality resources.
Student did not submit a post or
response.
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Engagement
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates' posts.
Student response participation
exceeded the stated minimum
requirements.
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates'
posts.Student responses
contributed to classmates'
experience.
Student participated somewhat
actively as evidenced by posts
and responses that were adequate
but lacking strong reflective
thought.
Student did not participate actively
as evidenced by little reflective
thought in i.
InstructionsThere are two high-level types of distribution cha.docxpauline234567
Instructions
There are two high-level types of distribution channels, direct and indirect. In the direct distribution channel, goods are moved directly from the Producer to the Consumer. In the indirect distribution channel, the producer will meet consumer demand through third -party wholesalers and/or retailers. Direct channels produce short supply chains, indirect channels produce long chains.
Research and report on two large producers, Costco and Apple, and describe in detail which distribution approach each company uses -- direct, indirect, or mixed – for at least two products in each company.
Your APA paper should be at least 1,000 words in length.
.
InstructionsNOTE If you have already reviewed this presentation.docxpauline234567
Instructions
NOTE: If you have already reviewed this presentation in a different class please enter class number and instructor’s name in the submission text box below.
____________________________________________________________________
If you have not reviewed this presentation in a previous class, please proceed.
Please review the curated presentations below. These presentations will prepare you for writing deliverables that meet the expectations of this course. We want you to be successful in all your courses so please refer back to this tool often. This presentation is located in the library and the Student Center. To view an presentation, please click on the button below. Be sure to review all five presentations for this week!
Presentation Four: The Research Process & Choosing a Topic
Presentation Five: Types of Sources
Presentation Six: Search Strategies & Techniques
Presentation Seven: Evaluating Information
Presentation Eight: Ready to Shine!
When you have finished reviewing all five presentations, please copy and paste the following statement into the submission box below:
STATEMENT: I HAVE REVIEWED WEEK TWO INFORMATIONAL PRESENTATION. I UNDERSTAND THIS PRESENTATION IS ALSO LOCATED IN THE LIBRARY AND STUDENT CENTER FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
.
InstructionsRead two of your colleagues’ postings from the Di.docxpauline234567
Instructions:
Read two of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question.
Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two of your colleagues.
Timia Brown (
She/Her)
In healthcare, whether long-term or acute care, interdisciplinary communication is necessary to provide patient-centered care. The two scenarios provided both effective and ineffective communication.
Scenario 1
Assuming the leader for the interdisciplinary rounds was the case manager, she introduced the nursing student, who was not paying attention. The case manager did not present other team members, so the student was left guessing. The pharmacist and the physical therapist were laughing and talking during the discussion. There was no engagement; the MD was on her phone, and everyone was preoccupied. Each team member individually knew the patient and his shortcomings, yet there was no preparation for the actual engagement with each other. Each team member projected issues onto the next member, using terms such as "somebody" or "someone" needed to do this. There was no responsibility for care. The team spoke unprofessionally to each other, using words like "yep" and "umm." In the end, the case manager assigned responsibility; however, the disciplines accepted the responsibility grudgingly. The team's disrespect for each other was portrayed to the student, who was disengaged throughout the meeting. The patient was not ready to be discharged from the sound of this scenario. The patient's pain was not controlled, nor was his anxiety; no equipment had been ordered for discharge. The patient's safety was not a priority in this meeting, which could lead to readmission or fall risk at home.
In scenario two, the team all appeared happy to be there, with smiling faces and excellent eye contact. The leader engaged the nursing student immediately by having the team introduce themself. The team was much more prepared and engaged. Each member respected the other's role in providing care and a safe, patient-centered discharge. The team took responsibility for what was needed from each of them now and at the time of release. The communication was more two-way communication. They did a recap of what was discussed, and everyone willingly took part in making sure the patient went home safely and confidently.
Effective communication between interdisciplinary teams must be present to provide the care needed for each patient. It starts with respecting each other's role in the patient's care and remembering the patient is the priority. The
Journal of Communication in Healthcare stated the leading cause of all sentinel events from 1995 to 2004 was ineffective communication. (2019, Altabba) Therefore effective communication could decrease the number of incidents, and lead to proper care.
References
Altabbaa G, Kaba A, Beran TN. Moving from structure.
InstructionsRespond to your colleagues. Respond with a comment .docxpauline234567
Instructions:
Respond to your colleagues. Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, supports, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues.
Reynaldo Guerra
As influencers in our society, that bring about social change in healthcare as all those we contact, the type of agent I would align with is a Purposeful Participant. Where "School or work are the primary motivations for involvement in positive social change." (
What kind of social change agent are you? n.d.) are what defines greatly the type of agent I am. Due to my desire to expand my education and grow, I have been allowed to not just see but know that I can contribute to various aspects of healthcare. At the hospital I currently am employed, many principles are introduced to us and help us with making a difference for our patients as all professionals alike by the way we interact and the relationship we create with everyone. Even if driven by these two motivators, they have opened my eyes and expanded my limitations in the change we can bring about.
This eye-opening experience has changed my perspective on how I can make a social change with all those around me. I now feel that a cascade effect comes from my changes as little as it might seem, it gets passed down and impact larger changes in the long run. How I speak with my patients and show the advocate I am for them in addressing their healthcare issues with importance, to the trust and relationship I have created with the primary care providers, goes to show these small social changes can in the end bring a great change for all. This has shown me that social change has a larger purpose in the end and even as small of a change we bring about, if we all come together and do the same, the results would be even more significant than what we perceived as a small change in the beginning. From our professional interactions with one another to our desire to help and better our care with all patients alike, these changes have a great purpose and impact on our future as everyone else.
Apart from that, social change has influenced my education by motivating me to seek ways to make a difference in a community project presented by my university. It has ignited a flame in me, so to speak, and piqued my interest in seeing what my university has to offer in making a social change. Whether this is by being part of projects, joining a committee, or being part of future alumni programs to help others. Also, being able to refine my nursing practice in our community as in the hospital has been a change for me. This, in turn, will be put forth in the interactions and relationships I create with my patients, colleagues, peers, and others I come in contact with, hopefully, bringing a social change in the end. This is what the principles of social change will bring about for me.
References
Walden University. (n.d.).
What kind of social change agent are you? Lin.
Instructions
Procurement Outsourcing (PO) Strategies:
PO strategies at the highest level involve either materials or traditional business processes such as HR, IT, Finance, Accounting, Travel/Entertainment services, Marketing/Print/Advertising, or Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Your task here is to choose a public business organization and report on what direct materials are being outsourced. Direct materials are categorized as strategic (high-impact), bottleneck items (low-profit impact and high-supply risk), leverage items (high-profit items and low-supply risk), or non-critical (low-profit impact and low-supply risk). Describe the outsource process in detail, who provided the outsourced services, and what direct materials were involved.
You are to prepare a PowerPoint presentation, with a minimum of twelve (12) slides, to include inline citations, a cover slide, and a slide of references. Your citations and references should be APA-compliant.
Level of writing: Exemplary
.
InstructionsPart Four of Applied Final Project,Playing with Ge.docxpauline234567
Instructions
Part Four of Applied Final Project,Playing with Gender: Understanding Our Gendered Selves:
"Understanding My Playing-with-Gender Act" (20% of course grade; due end of Week 7) Five (5) pages (1200-1500 words)
All parts of this project should be formatted in APA style (follow for both essay and citation styles):https://libguides.umgc.edu/c.php?g=1003870
Purpose: Act Analysis
In this part of the assignment, you will perform, describe, and analyze your act. After you perform your act, compose a 5-page (1200-1500 words) task specifying your experiences. The first section (one-third to one-half of your paper) should describe your act and your responses to it, and the second section should analyze your act in terms of the scholarship on gender:
Section One (minimum 500 words):
1. Describe your act:
2. What did you do?
3. Where did you do it?
4. How did you prepare for it?
5. What responses did you get while performing your act?
6. How did you feel while performing your act?
7. What would you do differently if you had to perform this same act again? Would you perform the act in the same location and at same time? Would you change your appearance during the act? Would you do anything else differently?
8. Please refer directly to the required reading on Participant Observation (Mack et al., 2005) in this section of the paper (Mack et al., 2005) (
PLEASE see attached for document):
Mack et al. (2005). "Module Two: Participant Observation," from
Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector's Field Guide, Family Health International. Read Module 2, pages 13-27. Retrieved from
https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collector's%20Field%20Guide.pdf
Section Two: (minimum 700 words):
(Please see attached for document listing the sources)
Referring directly to at least three academic sources for support (these may be pulled from the sources you identified and discussed in your Annotated Bibliography for Part 3
and/or the readings for this class), consider the potential impact of your act. Here are some questions to consider (you do not have to answer all of these questions; they are provided to help you to think about ways your act may have impact on society):
· Can you explain the range of reactions to your act? Did those reactions reflect any of the sociological scholarship found in the course readings or in your research? Did any of the reactions challenge that research?
· How do you think class, race, age, and sexuality came into play during the conception and performance of the act?
· Was performing this act an act of feminism? Why? and, if so, what type(s) of feminism?
· Was your act an act of activism? That is, could it help to create social change? If so, how?
Please see attached for Project 1, 2 & 3 for information and assistance.
Qualitative
Research
Methods:
A DATA CO L L E.
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA.docxpauline234567
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 3: Fall 2022
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
[email protected]
1
Internet of Things Enabling Technologies
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Overview
Introduction
Evolution of the Technology
Some significant statistics
IoT Technology
Risks of IoT Technologies
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
What are IoT Enabling Technology
Conclusion
References
2
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
Because of technological changes taking place in the world, IoT is gradually taking over all the fields, and the future of the IoT applications are increasing day by day.
Technological advances are fueling the growth of IoT.
Technology improved communications and network, new sensors of various kinds; cheaper, denser, more reliable, and power efficient storage both in the cloud and locally are converging to enable new types of IoT based products that were not possible a few years ago.
IoT technology will further develop to make our day-to-day operations much easier and more remotely controlled in the days to come.
3
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
Businesses need to constantly explore IoT applications within their domain to stay ahead in competitiveness and implementation.
The competition will primarily define in the coming decade as how companies take advantage of innovative technology.
However, it is the dominant technology that determines the future of many businesses attached to the future of the internet of things (IoT).
4
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
The emerging trends in IoT are majorly driven by technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G and edge computing.
We need to know more in detail about the elements that make up broad spectrum of technologies, we know as the Internet of Things.
Technological advances lies in the business value of IoT applications like smart wearables, smart homes and buildings, smart cities, autonomous cars, smart factories, location trackers, wireless sensors and much more.
5
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
Technology is changing the world.
It is changing the way we communicate, shop, learn, travel, play and of course the way we work.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/06/internet-things-could-really-change-way-live/
6
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
6
Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
7
Global gigabit subscriptions are expected to jump to 50 million in 2022, more than doubling from 24 million at the end of 2020, according to a new report from analyst firm Omdia.
High Speed Internet!
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Social Media is Changing societies!
8
Are you on social media a lot? When is the last time you checked Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram? Last n.
Insert Prename, Surname of all studentsWinter Term 202223Theo.docxpauline234567
Insert Prename, Surname of all students
Winter Term 2022/23
Theory Factsheet: Insert name of theory
Level of analysis
Insert levels of analysis, e.g., organisation, individual, social
Dependent construct(s)
Please insert the dependent construct(s) of the theory
Independent construct(s)
Please insert the independent construct(s) of the theory
Short description of the theory
Please describe the theory in full sentences.
Cause-Effect Model
Please insert a visual diagram of the cause-effect relationships or factor model of the theory (if available).
Applications of the theory
Please describe for which purposes / in which fields the theory has been applied.
Which relevance does the theory have for digitalization in organizations?
Criticism
Describe alternative views, potential critique, and open discussion on the theory.
References
Insert sources and references used in this factsheet in APA 7th style.
Students will write a 2-3 pages essay analyzing one of the topics addressed during the semester under the section of Contemporary Issues: Human Rights. The student will be free to choose any of the topics discussed during class as well as his/her opinion about it.
1. Choose a topic (death penalty, assisted suicide, abortion, death by euthanasia, bioethics… etc.)
2. First page: description of the problem (is is here Fl, or national or worlwide, statistics, etc)
Second page: YOUR ETHICAL POSITION ABOUT IT (why is this an ethical issue, where your argument os coming from, etc)
3. REFERENCES (could be ppt, movie, article, web, book)
The writing will be evaluated for clarity and proper handling of terms, phrases, and concepts addressed up to this date. APA or MLA style will be required
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/.
Reading listWinter semester 2022/23
Version 24.09.2022
Reading
Package
No.
Theories Papers
Information Systems Foundational Theories
Structuration Theory Orlikowski, W.J. (1992). The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations. Organization Science, 3 (3), 398-
427.
Structuration Theory Orlikowski, W.J. and Robey, D. (1991). Information Technology and the Structuring of Organizations. Information Systems Research, 2 (2),
143-169.
Structuration Theory Walsham, G. and Han, C.K. (1991) Structuration theory and information systems research. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis 17: 77-85.
Institutional Theory Barley, S.R and Tolbert, P.S. (1997). Institutionalization and structuration: studying the links between action and institution. Organization
Studies 18 (1): 93-118.
Institutional Theory Orlikowski, W. J., & Barley, S. R. (2001). Technology and institutions: What can research on information technology and research on
organizations learn from each other? MIS Quarterly, 25(2), 145.
Design Science Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28 (1), 75.
Informative SpeechCourse COM103 Public SpeakingCriteria.docxpauline234567
Informative Speech
Course: COM103 Public Speaking
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Introduction / 10
Material / 8
Transitions / 10
10 points
Introduction
contained a
strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
7 points
Introduction
contained 3 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
4 points
Introduction
contained 2 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
0 points
Introduction
contained 1 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
8 points
Material was
clear AND
well organized
5.6 points
Material was
either clear
OR well
organized
3.2 points
NA
0 points
Material was
neither clear
and well
organized
10 points
Transitions
were clear and
used after the
intro, between
each main idea
and before the
conclusion
7 points
Transitions
were clear, but
were not used
in all areas:
after the intro,
between each
main idea and
before the
conclusion
4 points
Transitions
used after the
intro, between
each main idea
and before the
conclusion,
but were not
effective
0 points
Transitions
were not used.
Rubric Assessment - COM103 Public Speaking - National University https://nationalu.brightspace.com/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_a...
1 of 4 12/6/22, 5:38 PM
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Conclusion / 8
Time limit / 8
Preparation
outline
uploaded
/ 8
8 points
The
conclusion
contained a
strong closing
AND the
speaker
signaled the
end of the
speech
5.6 points
The
conclusion
contained a
strong closing
OR the
speaker
signaled the
end of the
speech
3.2 points
The speaker
needs
improvement
signalling the
end of the
speech and a
stronger
closing.
0 points
The
conclusion
neither
contained a
strong closing
and the
speaker did
not signal the
end of the
speech
8 points
The length of
the speech
was between
5 and 6
minutes
5.6 points
NA
3.2 points
The length of
the speech
was shorter
than 5 minutes
or longer than
6 minutes
0 points
NA
8 points
The
preparation
outline was
uploaded with
the speech
5.6 points
The
preparation
outline was
uploaded after
delivering the
speech
3.2 points
The
preparation
outline was
not in a
preparation
outline format
0 points
The
preparation
outline was
not uploaded.
Rubric Assessment - COM103 Public Speaking - National University https://nationalu.brightspace.com/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_a...
2 of 4 12/6/22, 5:38 PM
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Eye Contact / 10
Delivery / 10
Non verbals / 10
Overall
preparation
/ 8
10 points
The speaker
had strong eye
contac.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
InstructionsClients come to MFTs because they want to change, .docx
1. Instructions
Clients come to MFTs because they want to change, whether the
change is in cognitions, structure, insight, or something else.
Therefore, it is important for you to understanding why, when,
and how people change. This week, you will continue the
exploration of core concepts related to systems theory and its
application to MFT field concepts. You will review several
concepts associated with change including homeostasis, first-
order change, second-order change, continuous change, and
discontinuous change.
Complete the provided worksheet template located in this
week’s resources. Note: You will use the worksheet you
complete this week as part of your work in Week 4.
For each item, be sure to address the following:
· Record a direct quotation that defines the concept or describes
the assumption.
· Paraphrase the definition or description by explaining the
information in your own words. As you are paraphrasing, keep
in mind that concepts often involve several interrelated ideas.
When you are paraphrasing, be sure to not oversimplify the
concept.
· Provide an original example (not one you read about in the
course resources) of the concept or assumption.
· Explain how your example reflects the definition. Refer to
your paraphrased definition in order to compare the example to
the concept.
Should you have questions or need clarification on any items,
please contact your professor to discuss it.
Length: 1-2 pages (completed template). Additional
resources/reference page is not required.
Your cheat sheet should demonstrate thoughtful consideration
of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing
new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Be sure
2. to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity
Policy.
Upload your document, and then click the
Submit to Dropbox button.
Building Blocks to Conceptualizing Family: A Family System’s
Perspective Valerie Q. Glass, PhD, LMFT
Background of Systemic Thinking
Systemic thinking, for some, means trying on a new and unique
lens when considering “presenting problems” that arise in
therapeutic settings. Most mental and emotional health
backgrounds study individual cognitive and emotional
processes, systemic thinking means a shift in looking at one
person to looking at a whole system. Keeney (1983) calls this
change in professional theory an epistemological shift.
Epistemology, most basically, is the way one understands what
is in front of them, and the root with which decisions are made.
Helping fields all develop from different epistemologies.
Psychiatry views medicine and biology as their epistemological
construct of how or why people act the way they do. Much of
the epistemological focus of social work fields embraces the
necessity or connecting to resources and social support as a
catalyst for change. Psychology explores the make-up of the
individual’s mind and develops steps for change. Family
systems, and the main focus of this paper, dive into the
epistemology of looking at families through the constructs with
which we might look at various systems. You are at the
beginning of a new epistemological journey. As part of that
journey, new concepts will be presented that allow you to
consider the role of systems in presenting problems and in
change. Mechanical and biological systemic terminology will be
used to highlight how families work like systems to both
maintain “presenting problems” as well as healing or changing
these “presenting problems.” This epistemological stance might
fit with your natural understanding of the world and how
3. problems arise or are maintained or these ideas may deviate
slightly from your perspectives on problems. Marriage and
family therapy, as a profession, holds a foundational
epistemological view that family systems play a major role in
how we view clients, presenting problems, the maintenance of
problems, and the keys to change and growth (Jackson &
Weakland, 2016). Davey et al. (2012) states: “the practice of
family therapy is based on the idea that individuals and their
problems are best understood and treated within a relational
context” (p. 75). 44 Biological and Mechanical Systems The
major representation of the idea of family systems is in the
construct of “system.” If you think about anything where a
bunch of separate parts work together to generate a working
system, this idea of a system can be visualized. Consider a
natural ecosystem where you have plants bringing in air and
growing from nutrients in the soil and sun. Then you have
animals eating the plants and bigger animals preying on the
smaller animals. Finally, you have dead animals decaying to
provide nutrients to the soil. This is an example of an ecological
system. If you view the one plant separate from the system, it
does not make sense, you cannot break apart how the plant
works and grows without including the other parts of the
system. Additionally, if the plant does not survive, it does not
do this alone; it is dependent on the system around it and their
role in the plant’s survival. A second example of a system could
be a mechanical system. Consider a car; it has a bunch of
different systems working together to help it run properly. If
you saw just a steering wheel by itself, that would not make
sense and would not function without the rest of the mechanical
system. Also, if one part of a car’s system does not work – let’s
say the tire is low on air – the rest of the system compensates
(the driver has to hold the steering wheel tighter in one
direction, the engine works harder, the other tires wear because
they are pushed in a different direction). We could name many
different systems (e.g., a human body, an air conditioning
system, a ship, a sports team, a traffic light, a computer) the list
4. is endless. The commonality is that systems need all the parts to
“function.” The parts can “function” independently. Using this
background of mechanical or biological systems, apply these
ideas to family functioning. A family works to maintain their
“normal” (or homeostasis which we will talk about later). Each
member in a family system has a job or a role in helping that
family function in the way that is normal to them. To see a
person independently, we cannot understand their role in that
family system without seeing or learning about the family
context. These systemic constructs help us view family
dynamics from this systemic perspective. They lead us to
consider how that system is working, what the system’s
“normal” is, and the identification of the strengths and
weaknesses in the entire system. Keeney (1982) shares that
change, which from the systemic perspective, involves
“facilitating alternative structures to maintain the family
organization” (p. 87). In other words, therapy helps the system
find a new (healthier) way of working. 45 Historical Backdrop
of Systemic Theory The process of looking at family through a
systemic lens is known as “systems theory,” “general systems
theory,” or “family systems theory.” Minuchin (1985) describes
a system as an “organized whole” (p. 289) or a group or parts
that organize around one idea or function. Considering theory is
important to your work as a family therapist, because your
identity as an MFT, from this point forward, will take into
account the very foundational idea that family is a whole system
and functions much like mechanical and biological systems.
There is not one major contributor to the idea of systemic
thinking and the application to families; however, there seemed
to be somewhat of a movement that began around 1950 and
solidified as a specific theory within the next 20 or so years.
We will only consider some of the names that were involved in
developing the metaphor of systems as they are applied to
thinking about family dynamics. Don Jackson. In the 1960s,
Jackson developed what he coined an “Interactional Theory”
where he explored the idea that families seem to want to
5. maintain a normality, or their sense of normality (called
homeostasis which will be defined later) (see Jackson, 1968a;
Jackson, 1968b). In addition, Jackson identified that working
with the family allowed clinicians to observe family systemic
interactions and utilize them as part of treatment. Harry Stack
Sullivan. Sullivan influenced some of Jackson’s ideas by stating
that clinicians cannot look at mental health of one individual
independently from the family context. He argued that mental
health is a result of both internal and external forces (Stack
Sullivan, 1939). Gregory Bateson. Bateson worked closely with
two other familiar names in MFT history: John Weakland and
Jay Haley (Ray & Brasher, 2010). Together, they solidified
some of the foundational research in the field of systemic
thinking by researching the role of homeostasis and
communication patterns in families. Bateson opened the door to
systemic thinking about how patterns were part of family
systems (Keeney & Thomas, 1986). Bateson also worked with
other founders of systemic thinking, such as Watzawick (see
below); they theorized the connection of cybernetics in family
patterns. Watzlawick, Fisch, and Weakland. Weakland expanded
on his work with Bateson and Haley to develop a theory of
family therapy with Watzlawick and Fisch titled MRI Brief
Therapy (Ray & Brasher, 2010). MRI Brief is often labelled as
the foundational theory of family systems therapy. One of the
major assumptions of the MRI group was that therapy should
explore the interactional patterns between people. In addition,
these therapists explored the roles of family members in
maintaining problems. 46 Ludwig Von Bertalanffy. Von
Bertalanffy was an Austrian biologist who eschewed the
reductive view of systems that had previously existed and
embraced the idea that scientific principles were bigger than the
one object or idea. He stressed that context had to be considered
to better understand the element (Bond, 2009). Von
Bertalanffy’s ideas about systemic thinking were applicable to
all areas of the world: ecology, biology, politics, or global
systems, humankind, or groupings of any kind. He argued the
6. global solutions could not be addressed without considering the
larger systemic context. Alfred Adler. Adler predated family
systems thinking; however, he did add to the construction of the
systemic thinking in the mental health and psychology fields
(Carich & Willingham, 1987). Adler argued that there was an
individual that was examined from a psychological context;
however, the psychologist should still remember their social
environment and the role this might play in who they are. In
addition, Adler discusses the role of causation in mental health.
He labeled causation as “circular processes” (similar to circular
causality that will be discussed later). This is the idea that
psychologists cannot just hone in on one specific cause for
mental health issues, he stated that there was a more complex
process involved that included the client’s context and social
interactions. The convergence of ideas or a shift in
epistemology, brought on by great thinkers from many fields,
led to the constructs of systemic thinking. The over-arching
ideas presented the foundation for many concepts that help
family systems theorists discuss and define family dynamics. In
the next section, many concepts that have emerged will be
presented, defined, and applied to families. Systemic Concepts
In the next few pages, this paper will define and explain many
constructs that are used in family systems theory. These
constructs link to the idea of mechanical and biological
systems, using metaphor to explain family functioning. Families
work as a whole unit and function wholly rather than as
individual members, according to family systems theory. Each
of these constructs help us identify, define, and expand on
family and how family interacts to as a systemic whole.
Homeostasis One of the most common concepts that is utilized
in the family therapy field is that of homeostasis. Homeostasis
is a systems natural restructuring to maintain the intended
function (Messer, 1971). In physics, the concept of equilibrium
means a constant state; homeostasis is the system’s ability to
return to that equilibrium. Consider an ocean and 47 the
constant ebb and flow of the waters at high and low tide; this is
7. the ocean’s homeostasis. If a powerful hurricane takes over the
seafront, the ocean tides rise over the land; however, after the
passing of the hurricane, the oceans will fall back into their
regular flow, returning to homeostasis. Homeostasis can
“move,” for example, if there were many hurricanes and the
constant force of the high waters destroyed and overtook part of
the land; that would be the “new” homeostasis. Homeostasis can
be used to describe family dynamics; more importantly,
homeostasis can be used to define healthy and unhealthy
dynamics within family systems. Each family has a homeostasis.
Sometimes these homeostatic states are working, are functional
and “healthy,” and other times they are not (Messer, 1971). If a
“healthy” family experiences stressful scenarios, then that
family might adjust and develop a new “unhealthy” (or less
functional) homeostasis. Consider for a moment that family that
we have all met, the family that seems to remain in a constant
chaotic state. The family may seem to resolve one issue, yet
there seems to be another, just as serious, right behind it. This
state of chaos is that family’s homeostasis, they seem to retreat
to this place of functioning that is consistent and comfortable
for the system. On the flip side of this example, consider what
you might call a more functioning homeostasis in a family – a
“healthy” family. Maybe this family experiences the sudden
death of someone in their family system. The family
experiences a great deal of grief and go through that process;
however, somehow they are able to bounce back to their
“healthy” functioning – their healthy homeostasis. Family
systems theorists research and theorize about what makes for a
more functional or dysfunctional homeostasis; however, as the
root of family systems thinking is the idea that there is some
systemic regularity going on in families. Systemic therapists
understand that de-regulating this homeostasis can lead to
change. Naïve Realism Naïve realism implies that people
generally only see part of the whole (Keeney, 1983).
Psychologists in the early 1900s, for example, viewed mental
health in women as being linked to hormones or the uterus. As a
8. result, many unnecessary hysterectomies and ovarian removals
took place to “cure” women. These psychologists only viewed a
small part of the picture, they understood mental health in
women through this naïve realism. They did not take into
account other elements of the woman’s life (i.e., family
dynamics, social expectations, addiction, abuse, genetics, the
list goes on). Early systemic thinkers embrace the idea that
mental health is more than what we “see” and that there are
systems involved in people’s lives that play a role in their
emotional, mental, and physical health. 48 System As discussed
earlier, a system is defined as separate parts that work together
to create a whole (Hanson, 1995). Wholeness is an important
part of the system because, even though there are parts in the
system, the system is viewed as a whole. Every element within
the system interconnects to create the larger system. Another
important aspect of a system is the complexity around what
happens when a part that is not interconnected enters the
system. An example might be a fiancé of a family member
whose context and role does not fit with the larger family unit.
We have all seen this dynamic. There can be a shunning or
fakeness that overtakes the family system. Eventually maybe the
fiancé finds her way into the family rules, the “whole,” or
maybe she leaves the system altogether. Either way, the system
does seek to maintain homeostasis and return to “normality.”
Subsystem. Up to now, the idea of systems, particularly family
systems, as a united “whole” has started to build your own
epistemological shift. Likely, you can guess what the concept of
subsystem might mean. Subsystems are parts of the larger
system that have a “distinct dynamic, but are nonetheless
connected in hierarchical arrangements with systems that
contain them” (Minuchin, 1999, p. 12). If you examine an
extended family system, grandparents might be one subsystem,
parents another, and siblings another sub-system. Some family
therapists (e.g., structural family therapist Salvador Minuchin)
felt that problems arose when these subsystems were off-
balance, for example, when the parental subsystem was not
9. clear (Cox & Paley, 1997). For example, maybe a grandmother
and mother aligned against a husband’s behavior. Maybe a child
and a father were an aligned subsystem and left the other child
and parent disconnected. Some family therapists focus a great
deal of therapeutic attention on the idea that subsystems should
be both independent and dependent – for example, parents
should be focused on parenting children; however, they should
not be overly involved in sibling dynamics. These different
subsystems “should have” specific rules to guide healthier
family interactions. In the structural model, fixing family
dynamics within the system can provide structure and lead to
improving the presenting problem. Open system. An open
system is a system that is not completely independent (Day,
2007). An open system interacts with systems around it and is
influenced by systems around it. Consider a family that is
having challenges and will be influenced by peers at work (their
work systems), their extended family systems, their church
community systems, their neighbors, their therapist, and so on.
An open family system can build on elements of the systems
around them and are open to these systems. They might
incorporate some of their Rabbi’s teachings into their parenting
challenges or seek advice from work friend. 49 Closed system.
On the flip side of the open system, is a closed system. A closed
system is a system that is not interacting or engaging with
external systems (Day, 2007). The functioning of a closed
family system is not influenced by external systems. An
example of a closed system is a family that has deep secrets and
challenges and these are only known within the family. They do
not seek outside feedback or assistance for their challenges.
Cox and Paley (1997) discuss the reciprocal relationships
between family systems and their external systems independent
of these being closed or open systems. Families undoubtedly are
involved and connected to multiple systems at multiple levels.
From a systemic perspective, the connections between all of
these external systems could equate to a much larger defined
system. For example, a neighborhood is a system, a school is a
10. system, and so on; the family is just a “sub-system” of these
larger systems. Through systemic metaphors, there could be
influences from these systems on the family and vice versa that
could lead to a need for either to re-balance their equilibrium. If
a family is struggling with a dynamic at their child’s school,
maybe the teacher and child have a difficult relationship in
class; this challenge influences the family system and,
conversely, the parent’s frustration and response to the school
influences the school homeostasis. These interactions of
systems play a role in family functioning; therefore, family
systems clinicians should be aware of these multiple systems
and the context (which will be described later) of families’
experiences. Complementary Systems. Bateson introduces three
systems: complementary systems, symmetrical systems, and
reciprocal systems (see below), These three types of systems
identify how systems negotiate conflict (Smith-Acuna, 2011). A
complementary system of communication is one that
communicates differently; they “mirror” each other
(Heatherington & Friedlander, 1990; Watzlwavick, Bavelas, &
Jackson, 1967). For example, one person is the authoritarian
and the other is submissive; or, one person is the substance
abuser, the other person is the enabler. These communication
patterns are typically noted by external forces of understanding
and hierarchies in social structures – for example, patriarchal
messages that the “man of the house” should be in charge
influences both a husband and wife’s sense of who they are in a
married relationship. Another example would be an
authoritative parent setting down specific rules for the child.
Ultimately, the child will rebel and break the rules behind the
parent’s back – this would be a complementary system.
Symmetrical Systems. In a symmetrical system, there is
contention for the same relational role (Heatherington &
Friedlander, 1990; Watzlwavick, et al., 1967). Bateson (1979)
explains that symmetrical systems are when one part of a system
does things one way, another part of the system will follow suit
and do the same thing. A way to think of 50 symmetrical
11. systems is that two or more members are competing for control.
If you have a mother and child and an introduction of a
stepparent, then the child and the new stepparent may attempt to
work against each other in getting the mother’s attention.
Reciprocal Systems. Converse to both complementary and
symmetrical systems, reciprocal systems are more balanced
(Heatherington & Friedlander,1990). Think of reciprocal
systems as families that encourage healthy competition, where
relationships are on equal playing fields, and there is a sense of
both connection and independence within the system. Change
Thinking about how systems work, how a family (or any other
system) works to maintain homeostasis, it seems
counterintuitive to even begin to have hope that changing
systems is possible. First order change and second order change
define what change can look like from a systemic perspective.
In addition, the role of the therapist can be explained through
these constructs. First order change. One important construct is
first order change. First order change is defined as a small
change or immediate change that is typically temporary and
does not make major changes to the larger system and how it
works (Chae, 2017). First order change typically focuses on the
immediate situation at hand rather than looking at lasting
impact (Davey et al., 2012). An example might be a therapy
session where a couple starts to yell at one another; they are
clearly agitated and are not calm enough to process. The
therapists employ some techniques that allow for the couple to
catch their breath and calm down to continue the session. This
change occurs in the moment for the moment, but when the
couple returns home, the agitation picks back up. There was a
change, but overall, it did not lead to lasting or significant
change. Most notably, there was not a lasting shift in the
systemic homeostasis. First order change in therapy can be
important during moments of crisis because stabilization for
that moment can be essential. Second order change. Second
order change is a restructuring of the system and its patterns of
interaction (Chae, 2017). Second order change shifts
12. homeostasis so that the family finds a “new” homeostasis
(hopefully a healthier homeostasis). Second order change is
more permanent and requires a system change. Consider that in
a family homeostasis there are specific roles and rules for the
family to function the way it does, second order change creates
a shift in these roles and rules and ultimately the family
equilibrium (Davey et al., 2012). Second order change is
ultimately the goal of family systems therapy, family therapists
want there to be a healthier shift in the family 51 homeostasis.
Because of the systemic dynamics, there is an inability to
actually define the specific “one change” in homeostasis, rather,
second order change is about a shift within the system on many
levels. Davey et al. (2012) pinpoint that second order change is
a result of three elements: a change in some of the rules within
the family, the introduction or rethinking of certain ways the
system views their interactions, and a resetting of the new
equilibrium around these new ideas and processes. Continuous
Change. Continuous change is taking things step by step. Also
known as incremental change, the idea is that change occurs
progressively over time in smaller minor changes (Ford &
Lerner, 1992). Consider someone who wants to quit smoking
and goes from 12 cigarettes a day to 11, stays at 11 for a week,
then, goes down to 10 for a week, and so on. This is continuous
change because the addictive qualities (homeostasis) are
decreasing gradually. In a family therapy dynamic continuous
change may develop through the introduction of new skills or
new communication that is practiced and contributes to the
larger change eventually. Discontinuous Change. Opposite of
continuous change is discontinuous change (Smith-Acuna,
2011). Discontinuous change is a sudden, more pronounced
change. An example might be a family’s first baby, there is a
sudden need to adapt to this change. In a homeostatic system,
discontinuous change can add an interesting dynamic because
the change is inevitable and homeostasis typically restructures
to some degree after the system gets over the shock. Causality
Consider for a moment how you feel “presenting problems”
13. arise. Causality has been explored through systemic thinking.
As stated before, if there is a difficult or stressful element in
the family, this can cause homeostasis to shift into a more
nonfunctional homeostasis. Causality in systemic thinking
implies that one person is not the “cause” of the problem, rather
there is a systemic response to specific challenges (Flaskas,
2010). As a family therapist, quite frequently, parents bring
children in hoping for a quick fix. A systemic therapist would
view the family as a system and not the child as the singular
patient. Causality, therefor, is not as simple as exploring the
risk factors or individual aspects of the presenting problem.
Linear Causality. To better explain systemic causality, consider
what it is not. Linear causality is when one aspect causes
another aspect (Flaskas, 2010). Simply put, it is when A causes
B. For example, a rock in your path “causes” you to trip or
exposure to a virus causes you to get sick. Linear causality is
limited to two things: the one thing that led to the event and the
event. In the mental health fields, historically, the linear
causality lens has been employed (Nichols, 2013). For example,
depression is “caused 52 by” chemical imbalances in the brain.
Systemic elements are not really considered in linear thinking
and there is a sense of clarity and definitiveness in the
understanding of that causality. Bateson (1979) argued that
anytime one considers anything in a linear causality, they are
doomed to find a mistake in the expectation because no
causality exists without intervening sources. Circular Causality.
Systemic thinkers refer more specifically to the idea of circular
causality, which is a construct that has led to redefinition and
debate (Bateson, 1979). Traditionally, circular causality
embraces the idea that multiple factors “cause” results (Flaskas,
2010). Consider you are working with a family and their
teenager , who has been sneaking out at night and drinking with
friends. Using a linear thinking, someone might state, “oh, he is
an adolescent and that is what they do.” Circular causality takes
into account the many other elements of causation. Maybe the
parents have been arguing, maybe he was bullied by peers,
14. maybe his sister got a great deal of attention, maybe genetically
he is predisposed to addiction, maybe he is rebelling, maybe his
mother is pressuring him to play sports, or maybe all of these
things at once are going on. The idea around circular causality
is that there is no one at “fault”, rather it is the system as a
whole that is “defective.” Alternatively, circular causality is
related to the circular or reciprocal causation patterns. Rather
than the A leads to B example of linear thinking, circular
causality is more recursive, A leads to B, which leads back to A
and so on (Watzlawick, Beavin, Bavels, & Jackson, 1967). In
addition, in a systemic scenario there might be more than just
“A” and “B,” but for simplification purposes, reflect on an
example of this recursive process with just two people in a
system. If there is a family of two, a mother and her teenaged
son. The mother shares that she tries and tries to get her son to
take some responsibility around the house. The son shares that
he gets overwhelmed and depressed because his mother is
always yelling at him, therefore, he does not feel like doing
anything. The reciprocal relationship here is stuck in a pattern
that has no origin (no “A”). The old adage “which comes first
the chicken or the egg” explains this definition of circular
causation. An evolution of the construct of circular causality
has occurred. Some systemic thinkers have challenged the idea
that cause and effect should be ignored and replaced with seeing
the family systems dynamic only (Nichols, 2013). For some
family systems clinicians, they embrace the idea that family
members should be aware of their actions and the causes of
their actions within the family system. The metaphor of circular
causality as it is applied to families is not without debate in the
family systems field. Some family dynamics and power
dynamics within family systems lend themselves to look less at
this construct of circular causality. For example, 53 consider a
family violence scenario; to explore this within the construct of
circular causality places the system at “fault” rather than the
perpetrator (Murray, 2006). Some have noted that not holding
individuals accountable can be both disrespectful to power
15. imbalances and unproductive. The debate on this concept (and
others) still continues to develop and refine among systemic
thinkers and researchers. Nonsummativity Nonsummativity is
the idea that the whole of the system is more than each piece of
the system individually. Family systems therapists might say
“the whole is more than and different from the mere sum of its
parts” (Fraser, 2018, p. 70). Consider the car example; if you
have a car and all the parts are on the lawn, there is not much to
it. You might even be able to put together the carburetor and get
it functioning; however, without putting it with the rest of the
“car system” it does not do you much good. Taking a step back,
if you look at a person without their system, it also does not
make much sense. Putting it together defines the function of
each part and how it contributes to the “whole.” Take a person
out of the system, the whole will look completely different. The
idea behind nonsummativity is that there is a functioning system
that is a complete “whole” and the interactions between two
members of that whole, or one person’s behavior does not
account for the whole and, therefore, the whole family system
and the context of the whole must be part of the change
(Hanson, 1995). If your car gets into an accident where there is
engine damage, frame damage, and axel damage and you only
fix the frame or look at the problems in the frame, the car won’t
work. You have to consider all the parts of that system – the
whole. Equifinality The construct of equifinality also
contributes to the understanding of causality. Equifinality
describes how many possible variables could lead to one
specific result (Fraser, 2018). Consider you were doing a
research study on drug use in adolescents. You studied 100
teens who reported abusing substances and asked them “do you
spend more than 20 hours a week on electronics – social media,
TV, computer games, etc.?” For this example, assume 99 of
them did. Your research result would be “the use of electronics
leads to drug abuse among teens.” What was not figured in with
the multitude of risk factors that you did not consider that might
have also led to drug use (e.g., poverty, peer pressure, substance
16. abuse in the home, family violence, mental health, etc.) The
idea relates to family therapy in many ways, however, one way
that commonly evolves in therapeutic environments is when a
family reports “every time I mention the garbage, we have a
fight.” The therapist can begin to explore the equifinality (the
possible variables) that could lead to the fight besides the
garbage. 54 Multifinality. Multifinality occurs when there are
multiple possible “endings” from one action (Hanson, 1995).
Consider a divorce, which can have multiple effects on the
system: children have to adapt, the parents develop
independence and identity, there can be a sense of grief in all
parts of the system, as well as a variety of other “endings.”
Double bind A double bind is an intense message that has
contradictory content (Hanson, 1995). It is a difficult situation
within a family systems context where there is a request or
statement that has two meanings and there is not a way the
person receiving the meaning can get out of the situation.
Consider the old adage “between a rock and a hard place.”
Using an example of a couple, Partner A yells to Partner B,
“you never clear the dishes, I wish you would stop being so lazy
and do this some time!” The next day, Partner B takes initiative
and starts doing the dishes. Partner A comes over and looks at
the dishes and yells “you just can’t do anything right, these look
terribly done, just give them to me and let me do them!” Partner
B did not have any choice in this dynamic and would get yelled
at no matter what they did; they are in a double bind. One
common example that I have seen often in couples’ therapy is
when one partner wants or asks for something from the other
partner (i.e., “romance”); however, they will also give the
message that the partner is not able to “do” this correctly. This
situation leaves the partner unclear about how to proceed.
Double bind messages connect to the idea of basic
communication between people and recognizing that in
communication, words do not always represent the message
being conveyed (Jackson & Weakland, 2016). Often in therapy,
themes of double binds arise in family systems. Helping the
17. family see these patterns and subsequent expectations that
cannot be met can assist in correcting these double bind
patterns. Don Jackson felt that double binds were typically part
of the family homeostasis; for example, there was not typically
one incident of a double bind (Ray, Stivers, & Brasher, 2011).
Cybernetics Cybernetics is the way that any system will keep
correcting itself as a way to maintain “normality” (Keeney,
1983). A major element of cybernetics is feedback and how
feedback causes the family system to recalibrate to maintain
their equilibrium – how the family roles adjust to the feedback
to maintain homeostasis (Keeney & Thomas, 1986). Hanson
(1995) states that cybernetics is “…the observed ability of
systems to steer themselves…” and the “process by which
systems self-regulate” (p. 40). The system responds to
fluctuations and ultimately will return to homeostasis. An
important distinction in cybernetics and the resulting
homeostasis (or equilibrium) is that these processes are natural
and part of the human systems’ desire to maintain a place of
comfort and familiarity (Keeney & Thomas, 1986). A commonly
used example for 55 cybernetics is a heater/air conditioning
system. If you place the temperature on 70 degrees, the heating
system will shut on if it gets below 70 degrees, and the air will
come on if it gets above 70 degrees. Seventy degrees represents
the “normal” for the system and any fluctuation within the
environment causes that system to adjust to maintain this
“normal.” Consider how grief might be handled in some
families. A person dies and there is a lot of grief present in the
home. Sometimes, members will take on other roles or maybe
new members step into the system. There might be expressions
of emotion or grief. In the end, the system becomes whole again
and the patterns that were part of the whole before the death of
the family member remain intact. Second Order
Cybernetics/Cybernetics of Cybernetics. Cybernetics identifies
that there is some role that the “observer” of the system plays in
the systemic processes (Keeney, 1983). If you were an animal
behavior scientist studying wolf pack behavior, how would your
18. observation and control of the environment play a role in that
system? About 20 years ago, wolves were introduced back to
Yellowstone National Park because they were an endangered
species and scientists noted the ecological system at
Yellowstone needed predators. In a controlled way, the
environment was structured and wolves were bred for the area.
What might happen if the humans that created this system and
environment for wolves just disappeared? Consider the role of
the humans in generating the system (i.e., making sure there
were appropriate livable conditions and genetic differences in
the wolf packs). The wolf pack system could not exist originally
without this “intervention”— this is cybernetics of cybernetics.
Removing human intervention could mean the wolf pack
system’s “normal” would be threatened. They might die off,
they might over-populate, or they might create a danger as they
seek for the things the human intervention provided them. In
therapy, this can happen in a similar way. In second order
cybernetics, the therapist starts to become part of the family’s
cybernetic processes. An example of cybernetics of cybernetics
in the therapy room is when the therapist may feel anger toward
the reactions of a father and despite her personal work on this
outside of the therapy room; this puts the therapist on a side
against the father, unintentionally. As a result, the family
dynamics (the family homeostasis) shifts because of the
therapist’s reactions and responses. Additionally, at times, the
therapist comes into the family system and creates a healthier
system; but this is dependent on the therapist’s weekly
connection to the client. It is important for the therapist to be
aware of their role in the system and what that might look like
as they exit the system at the end of therapy. The idea of
cybernetics of cybernetics also takes into account the power of
the therapeutic relationship. Feedback. Feedback is an essential
component to understanding cybernetics (Keeney, 1983).
Feedback is when the system takes in information to “feed into”
the whole and adjusts as needed to that feedback (Hanson,
1995). A family example might 56 be a family that is in the
19. public eye and has an expected public image. One of the
children misbehaves in public. The media sends the message
that the family is not what it wants to present. This social
feedback goes into the family as input and the family adjusts by
teaching the child the expectations and putting a different
punishment and reward expectation in place. If you consider a
car, as a machine, we can take it apart and understand all the
systemic components within the car and how it runs. What
makes for a “better” car is if the car can adapt to the external
environment. Think about the evolution of “shocks” as a way
for tires to meet the uneven pavement, slick pavements, and
bumps in the road. These elements within the car’s environment
is considered “feedback” – these elements cause the “system” to
change in order to maintain its’ speed, adjust to bumps in the
road and still function, as well as create a comfortable, stable
environment for the passengers. This feedback leads to the car
(the system), adjusting to change in the environment. Positive
Feedback. In general, positive feedback leads to some kind of
change (Hanson, 1995). Using the car example, if the car hits a
bigger rock, maybe the engine or the powertrain kicks in to help
it get over the rock (the rest of the system comes in to maintain
stability). Or, maybe after hitting the big rock, the car cannot
maintain cybernetics and maybe a tire pops or the axel is
ruined. Negative Feedback. Negative feedback is when whatever
happens does not lead to any change in the system (Hanson,
1995). Car manufacturers spend millions of dollars researching
ways to keep cars from being influenced by environmental
factors of all kinds. They seek negative feedback so that cars
run smoothly, maintaining the system’s integrity at all times.
Putting all this together, how do these systemic concepts used to
describe feedback and cybernetics as a science of machines
apply to family systems? Let us explore a family example.
Think of a scenario where there is a heterosexual couple (a mom
and a dad), a teenage son, and an elementary-aged daughter.
The mother has an addiction to alcohol and often finds herself
drunk, not going to work, and leaving the kids to fend for
20. themselves. For many years, the father works harder at work to
bring in more money because she gets fired from her jobs, he
cares for her when she is sick from drinking too much, and he
over-indulges the children in response to feeling guilty toward
their lack of connection to their mother. The son excels in
school; it seems to take the attention of the dynamics at home.
And the daughter frequently is in trouble, gets poor grades, and
is seen as a jokester. This is the family’s “normal.” If the
daughter starts to get good grades and behave, the natural
system will want to adjust back to the family’s normal; this
process is cybernetics. Almost machine-like and sub- 57
consciously, things adjust in the system to bring it back to the
system’s normal. Maybe the mother ends up in the hospital one
night, causing the daughter’s behavior to shift back and her
grades to sink again. Consider what might happen if the mother
spent 30 days in an inpatient alcoholic treatment center. She
returns home and the family’s normal is askew. The mother
could relapse, which naturally puts the dynamics back in place.
Another possibility is that the son begins to develop an
addiction. This keeps the family chaos in a place where the
family understands the normality, even with the shift in
people’s roles. In this example, positive feedback might occur if
the entire family gets therapy and there is an understanding that
their “normal” needs to shift and they are given the tools to
adjust this through family therapy. Negative feedback would be
a relapse because no change occurs in how the system is
functioning. Context In looking at systems and how family
systems in particular interact, context is essential (Smith-
Acuna, 2011). Context is what is around the family system or
even the individual, the extended systems that are part of the
family’s experience (Cox & Paley, 1997). Bateson (1979) called
context “a piece of the world of ideas limited and isolated by
closing the door” (p. 14), meaning each system’s context is
“isolated” and “different” than another system’s context. The
system understands and develops related to how it perceives the
meaning of the context around them. Consider if you entered the
21. home of an Amish family. Understanding the context around
their definition of family, their understanding of their roles
within the family, and their “problem” identification would
likely center around church and community. There would be
clear gender roles and expectations within the family. In
addition, children’s education and development would be
viewed through religious context. This would be this family’s
context and would lead to how the system develops within this
larger community system. What can be a challenge, when
considering context, is when family systems are created when
the members come from different contexts. Having different
rules, roles, and understandings can influence how the new
system develops and the expectations of the individuals within
that system. Context can lead to confusion and communication
issues within families. A common presenting problem with
couples is challenges with intimacy. One member of the couple
shares they cannot feel sexual without romance and the other
individual cannot get romantic without sex. This difference
might have to do with their context and their understanding of
intimacy, the messages of intimacy around them all their lives,
and the role they feel their partner plays in this context. 58
Another aspect to focus on is the role of social inequities on the
lives of the family system (Cox & Paley, 1997). Consider the
system of family in a context that devalues that family system’s
race, religion, culture, financial status, sexual orientation,
gender identity, or any other identity. The family system has
developed within this context and this context has influenced
their functioning and the resulting homeostasis. These
interacting systems are complex, yet, essential to the
understanding of how the system operates. Summary For
systemic therapists, these foundational constructs become part
of the understanding of how a presenting problem is maintained.
Our role as systemic therapists is to help families find new
equilibriums, to help families figure out what is reinforcing the
unhealthy homeostasis, or to assist families in defining and
developing second order change (Keeney & Thomas, 1986).
22. Since the origins of systemic thinking and the application to
families in the mid-1900s, subsequent clinicians and theorists
have added to these constructs to determine methodology and
direction for making these homeostatic shifts. Some theorists
feel that more directive and specific interventions can lead to
systemic change, other theorist focus on collaborative
relationships and their functioning in change dynamics. In
addition, there was limited research on these constructs initially
and more recently researchers have begun to build in research
related to these constructs to continue to define them as a
discipline (e.g., Davey et al., 2011). Regardless, MFTs, as a
whole, work from and visualize families through these
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