JW House Fundraiser
Journey Through the Enchanted Forest Gala
Silent Auction
Table Decor
Specialized cocktails for Event
Three Screens will be Placed for Optimum Viewing by all Attendees
New House Announcement
Happy 30th Birthday, JW!
Auction
Isle down Center Allows Fundraising Auctioneer to Engage Audience
Balloon
Drop
S’mores Sponsored by Largest Corporate Donor
Finish the Evening with Dancing & Beverages
Image Sources
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https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/36/fa/fe/36fafee1408521530bfa23368e604d55.jpg
https://www.thegirlcreative.com
http://ballooncity.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/danceFloorFlipPNG.png
https://t3.rbxcdn.com/ea203ae8bb1787569f5e375cde0a93b2
http://jwhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/jwPortraitStory.jpg
http://royalcandycompany.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Smores-Buffet.jpg
https://lhueagleeye.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/crowd_20080505124150.jpg
www.socialtables.com
https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/0d/c8/a7/santa-clara-convention.jpg
https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.winspireme.com/LPP/Buy-it-Now-Logo.png
http://www.tastefultreats.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/g/o/gourmet-kosher-sweets-gift-basket.png
https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/piratesonline/images/b/b3/Chest.png/revision/latest?cb=20090707201032
http://pngimg.com/uploads/question_mark/question_mark_PNG126.png
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1. INTRODUCTION. Begin by stating what you will discuss and explain why is important.
2. CRITICAL SUMMARY. Summarize the relevant views and the arguments that you believe are important.
Usually in a critical discussion it is not sufficient to merely summarize the author’s view. Your attention should be
focused on the author's development of the view--that is, on his arguments, in the broadest sense of the word.
3. CARE IN CITATIONS. Make sure you accurately state the position of the author and always include page
references for each quotation or attribution to her/him if applicable.
4. CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE. At least half of your paper must be devoted
to a critical evaluation of the views of the author you are discussing from the perspective of the Christian thesis that
a Christian call in business may prop-up the role of the markets.
5. CONSIDER POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO YOUR OBJECTIONS. Whenever you offer an objection to an
author's position, explicitly consider whether the author has said anythin.
This article and its associated presentation of the same name outlines the activities of Cranmore Foundation and describes a five-part process through which professionals and the business community can translate the world’s wisdom traditions into practical and contemporary design principles. The foundation seeks to inspire and create sustainable solutions for the business community and society at large.
This seminar introduces the concepts, application, practice and strategies involved in determining the urgent need for business to operate through sustainable practices. In addition, it addresses ethical issues in a way that upholds and enhances the triple bottom line of a company: People, Planet, and Profit.
In addition, the seminar introduces the students to concepts in business ethics and how it influences the topic of sustainability. The seminar teaches practical solutions on how to embed sustainability within the business operations. Students will come away from the course understanding what embedded sustainability is and how to drive proactive solutions that bring social innovation to the forefront of the business as a key strategy for future business success.
How Brands Can Bridge The Gap Of Meaning: Using Semiotics Systemically To Mea...Ray Poynter
The rapid evolution of the market research industry and the new complex problems brands and organisations are facing today call for the development of new types of solutions to solve these challenges. Locally applied insights are no longer enough to produce ground-breaking results. Instead, we must apply insights holistically to respect the true nature of brands as ecosystems of cultural meaning. The answer to fixing problems in a lasting way that allows for a real transformation and creation of new value lies in adopting the systemic perspective. This means that we need to combine the detail and the high-level view, the outside-in and the inside-out perspective at once to understand these complex challenges in their real time and real world context.For this, we need to reframe how semiotics is used in the industry and what problems it serves to fix for clients. What semiotics lacks is a master narrative in business: what it does, what it’s used for and why, with what results and how else can it be applied to maximise value. The absence of a more systemic approach to meaning-making is the reason why semiotics is often relegated to the ad hoc/niche market research box, instead of being viewed as ‘the highway of meaning’ or ‘mental superstructure’ that cuts through all business, brand and organisational decisions – a position semiotics truly deserves as the meta-science of human cognition. To unlock the true power of semiotics, we much apply it systemically. This way, we can help clients bridge the gap of meaning between brands/organisations and culture/society where value gets lost once and for all.In this talk, I’ll demonstrate the systemic view on semiotics and meaning-making by showcasing several recent examples of brands misstepping their cultural mark, and thus eroding/distorting social relevance of important cultural concepts, such as diversity, masculinity, femininity or unity. I will also explain how a quantified cultural semiotics tool developed by Signoi now makes it possible to apply semiotics in such a systemic way to help clients transform their meaning and make sense of the cultural complexity they operate in daily.The goal of this talk is to illustrate the deepening divide between corporations and society today and explain how semiotics can fix this disconnect as the method to redefine and reframe meaning, which is – as we already know – what people actually consume in brands and what they value in their lives.
This article and its associated presentation of the same name outlines the activities of Cranmore Foundation and describes a five-part process through which professionals and the business community can translate the world’s wisdom traditions into practical and contemporary design principles. The foundation seeks to inspire and create sustainable solutions for the business community and society at large.
This seminar introduces the concepts, application, practice and strategies involved in determining the urgent need for business to operate through sustainable practices. In addition, it addresses ethical issues in a way that upholds and enhances the triple bottom line of a company: People, Planet, and Profit.
In addition, the seminar introduces the students to concepts in business ethics and how it influences the topic of sustainability. The seminar teaches practical solutions on how to embed sustainability within the business operations. Students will come away from the course understanding what embedded sustainability is and how to drive proactive solutions that bring social innovation to the forefront of the business as a key strategy for future business success.
How Brands Can Bridge The Gap Of Meaning: Using Semiotics Systemically To Mea...Ray Poynter
The rapid evolution of the market research industry and the new complex problems brands and organisations are facing today call for the development of new types of solutions to solve these challenges. Locally applied insights are no longer enough to produce ground-breaking results. Instead, we must apply insights holistically to respect the true nature of brands as ecosystems of cultural meaning. The answer to fixing problems in a lasting way that allows for a real transformation and creation of new value lies in adopting the systemic perspective. This means that we need to combine the detail and the high-level view, the outside-in and the inside-out perspective at once to understand these complex challenges in their real time and real world context.For this, we need to reframe how semiotics is used in the industry and what problems it serves to fix for clients. What semiotics lacks is a master narrative in business: what it does, what it’s used for and why, with what results and how else can it be applied to maximise value. The absence of a more systemic approach to meaning-making is the reason why semiotics is often relegated to the ad hoc/niche market research box, instead of being viewed as ‘the highway of meaning’ or ‘mental superstructure’ that cuts through all business, brand and organisational decisions – a position semiotics truly deserves as the meta-science of human cognition. To unlock the true power of semiotics, we much apply it systemically. This way, we can help clients bridge the gap of meaning between brands/organisations and culture/society where value gets lost once and for all.In this talk, I’ll demonstrate the systemic view on semiotics and meaning-making by showcasing several recent examples of brands misstepping their cultural mark, and thus eroding/distorting social relevance of important cultural concepts, such as diversity, masculinity, femininity or unity. I will also explain how a quantified cultural semiotics tool developed by Signoi now makes it possible to apply semiotics in such a systemic way to help clients transform their meaning and make sense of the cultural complexity they operate in daily.The goal of this talk is to illustrate the deepening divide between corporations and society today and explain how semiotics can fix this disconnect as the method to redefine and reframe meaning, which is – as we already know – what people actually consume in brands and what they value in their lives.
Tell your own story how can you become the next exponential catalyst? previewWeAreInnovation
Following our Loop#2, Round#6 discussion, we have come up with a new question to understand how to use technologies to reach a systemic, « exponential everything » impact. The expression is derived from the idea highlighted by experts that the IoT was driving knowledge and information sharing in an exponential way. I have therefore taken on board the investigation of our current analyses and strategic recommendations to determine how the rise of digital data could enable smart change makers to optimize innovation and drive sustainable, « exponential » growth. This is a preview version. Download the full report: https://gumroad.com/l/CczAI
ethics is a necessary element for any entrepreneur to start up his own business, this document will put on some light on modern-day entrepreneurship practices and ethics
Criticism Essay Example. Business paper: Examples of critique essaysSarah Jones
How To Write A Critique Essay Example – Telegraph. Excellent Literary Criticism Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Reader Response Criticism to Romeo and Juliet Essay Example .... How to write a critique essay on art - The Best Way to Write a Critique .... Critic Paper Sample / 9 Critical Essay Examples Pdf Examples : These .... 017 Critical Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. 003 Critique Essay Example Of Research Paper 131380 ~ Thatsnotus. What Is a Critical Analysis Essay? Simple Guide With Examples .... 009 Critical Review Essay Example Sample Analysis Paper ~ Thatsnotus. An Essay On Criticism / The Greatest Hacks On How to Become An Awesome .... 026 Review Essay Example Writing Critique Of Journal Article Apa .... Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. Literary Analysis Essay: Tips to Write a Perfect Essay - wuzzupessay. Sample New Criticism essay 1. How to Write a Critical Essay (with Sample Essays) - wikiHow - How to .... Business paper: Examples of critique essays. Speech Self-Critique Free Essay Example. Critical Response Essay : How to write a research paper for thesis. Art Critique Example Essay – Telegraph.
“Building a culture of collaboration and innovation” explains the key factors and strategies to drive cultural change throughout the stakeholder system in order to foster collaboration and innovation in the destination, as these are crucial to the success of Tourism 3.0.
Discussion Questions Chapter 31. Is profit the only important.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Questions:
Chapter 3
1. Is profit the only important goal of a business? What are others?
2. Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3. Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
4. What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
5. Is being socially responsible really necessary?
6. How can I trust a company is doing the right thing?
Chapter 4
7. What three important developments of globalization will probably affect me?
8. Why learn about international management, and what characterizes the successful international manager?
9. Why do companies expand internationally, and how do they do it?
10. What are the principal areas of cultural differences?
Research at least three (3) peer-reviewed articles about individual rights, morality, ethics, individual rights, duty, or codes of conduct for criminal justice professionals.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper
1. Thoroughly created a philosophy and approach for balancing the issues of individual rights and the public’s protection. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
2. Thoroughly determined a philosophy and approach for balancing the use of reward and punishment in criminal justice. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
3. Thoroughly selected a philosophy and approach that addresses the use of immoral means (e.g., torture or lying in interrogation) to accomplish desirable ends. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
4. Thoroughly explained what you believe the Ethics of Care and Peacemaking Criminology presented in your textbook should mean for law enforcement professionals.
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format (latest edition).
Include a cover page developed in accordance with the latest edition of APA, including a running head, page number, the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page, revision of the previous assignment, and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
3.2
The Community of Stakeholders Inside the Organization
Major Question: Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3.3
The Community of Stakeholders Outside the Organization
Major Question: Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
3.4
The Ethical Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
3.5
The Social Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: Is.
JP Morgan Chase The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maxim.docxpauline234567
JP Morgan Chase: The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maximizing Shareholder Wealth
Penelope Bender
William Woods University
BUS 585: Integrated Studies in Business Administration
Dr. Leathers
Abstract
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing wealth.
It is an exploratory study done through literature review.
Often financial institutions, like JP Morgan, put profits ahead of the interests of those they serve.
The paper contributes to better understanding of corporate culture.
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth. This exploratory study is done through a literature review to answer why financial institutions, specifically JP Morgan, often put profits ahead of those they serve. The study will provide evidence of the complex nature of balancing client interests over maximizing shareholder and individual wealth and the need for tighter internal and external oversight. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why corporate culture encourages profit over stakeholders’ interests.
2
Research Question
Why does JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth?
Employees of JP Morgan Chase and other large banks work in their best interests to increase wealth and succeed by meeting management goals. However, because of the complex nature of large banks, an individual(s), unethical behavior can go unchecked.
3
Problem Statement
JP Morgan Chase competes globally and faces competition from other large banks in the US and abroad.
JP Morgan Chase is part of a complex system of regulation, self-interests, and wealth creation.
The interests of shareholders and investors is sometimes overshadowed by agents working in their own best interests.
Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
The study is not meant to be a moral or ethical analysis but merely why the complex relationship exists and will continue to exist in capitalist society. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why capitalism or financialism’s (Clarke, 2014) fundamentals encourage wealth creation. Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
4
Literature Review
The literature review showed a connection between self-interests, regulators, competition, and risk, which all lead to a complex system of conflicting agendas.
5
How Self-Interests Influence Behavior
Ross (1973) explains that all employment relationships are agency relationships and moral hazards are generally .
Interpret a Current Policy of Three CountriesInstructionsAs .docxpauline234567
Interpret a Current Policy of Three Countries
Instructions
As a scholar in public administration, you are asked to present options based on three different countries' information for the next congressional meeting in your state. Be sure to include the following information:
• Perform a SWOT analysis of each immigration system presenting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each system. You are required to evaluate the United States' system but may choose two other countries besides Costa Rica and Ghana as these were already covered in your weekly resources. Topics such as ethics, history, actors, budgeting can be incorporated into your SWOT analysis.
• Facilitate an immigration benefit analysis for each system to determine the best fit for your state (be sure to identify your state to provide context for your presentation).
• Prepare a plan for the implementation of your chosen immigration program.
Compare how the immigration system is treated in three countries (the U.S. and two other countries).
Length: 12 to 15 pages, not including title and reference pages
References: Include a minimum of seven scholarly references.
The completed assignment should address all the assignment requirements, exhibit evidence of concept knowledge, and demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the content presented in the course. The writing should integrate scholarly resources, reflect academic expectations, and current APA standards.
Respond to
two or more of your colleagues’ posts in one or more of the following ways:
(100 words each Colleague)
· Ask a question about or provide an additional suggestion for the risks that your colleague’s organization might face if it engaged in the capital investment project.
· Provide an additional perspective on the level of risk associated with the project your colleague identified for their selected organization or on how willing/capable the organization might be in taking on and managing the risks your colleague identified.
· Offer an insight you gained from your colleague’s summary of the trade-offs between risks and returns and/or their recommendation for their selected organization to move or not move forward with the project.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments your colleagues made.
1st Colleague to respond to:
The risks associated with a capital investment project for medical equipment for healthcare organizations such as hospitals, as discussed in Week 7, are listed below.
· An inadequate system of budget management caused by unethical conduct.
· The lack of a clearly defined internal process management framework
· Insufficient communication channels within the organization.
The information provided by the managerial accountant assists in making crucial business decisions. Thus, if such information is fabricat.
INTRODUCTIONWhen you think of surveillance, you may picture tw.docxpauline234567
INTRODUCTION
When you think of surveillance, you may picture two police officers camped out in an unmarked car, watching the comings and goings at a suspect’s apartment building. Or you may imagine an investigator trailing a car on the highway or tapping a suspect’s phone to listen in on potentially incriminating conversations. Surveillance is all these activities, but in the 21st century, it is also much more.
Consider video surveillance of local businesses, streets, and highways; cell phone data; and the reams and reams of digital information gathered on everyday activities—from social media and computer use to credit card transactions.
This week, you analyze concerns related to this new era of surveillance, such as privacy and legal requirements.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students will:
Analyze issues related to privacy and surveillance
Describe surveillance
Differentiate between legal and illegal surveillance
Analyze legal requirements for conducting surveillance
PRIVACY VERSUS PUBLIC SAFETY
The average citizen today may feel as though they are constantly being watched and their actions recorded. And perhaps rightly so. After all, social media sites market personalized products based on how you use the Internet, cell phones pinpoint your location, and fitness trackers transmit your health and fitness activities to the cloud. This sense of being “spied on,” however, does not negate the important use of surveillance techniques in solving and preventing crime.
For this Discussion, you analyze how to balance two sometimes opposing sides in surveillance work: the expectation of privacy and the goal of public safety.
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
YOU WILL FIND THE READING FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT IN THE ATTACHED READING MATERIALS PLEASE GO THERE AND READ BEFORE TRYING TO COMPLETE THIS ASSIGNMENT SO YOU WILL UNDERSTAND WHAT IS NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE WORK….
Post a response to the following:
When conducting surveillance, explain how to balance an expectation of citizen privacy with legitimate investigative procedure that has public safety as its goal.
Explain whether citizens should differentiate between government intrusion and private companies who use citizens’ online data to surveil their movements and activity.
.
Interviews and Eyewitness Identifications AP PhotoMat.docxpauline234567
Interviews and
Eyewitness
Identifications
AP Photo/Matthew Apgar
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you will be able to:
• Identify the evidence collected
by investigators in the BP
gas station robbery and
discuss its role in the
identification and apprehension
of the perpetrator.
• Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of using facial
identification software and
forensic sketches to create
composite pictures of
suspects.
• Identify and discuss the
rationale of the recommended
lineup procedures.
• Discuss the research that
has been conducted on the
accuracy of hypnotically elicited
testimony. • Identify the difference between
primary and secondary
witnesses and give an example
of each.
• Discuss the value of eyewitness
identifications in establishing
proof. • Compare and contrast the
cognitive interviewing approach
with standard police interviews.
• Identify and discuss the
methods of eyewitness
identifications.
• Identify the three phases of
human memory and discuss
how factors at each phase
may affect the retrieval of
information from witnesses.
• Discuss the contributions
of cognitive interviewing in
enhancing memory recall.
From the CASE FILE
BP Gas Station Robbery
The introduction to this chapter consists of a police
report (edited for length) of the investigation of an
armed robbery of a British Petroleum (BP) gas station
that occurred on August 22, 2011, in Germantown,
Wisconsin (a suburb of Milwaukee). The report serves
as an example of a criminal investigation case report
and also highlights issues discussed in this chapter,
such as the value of eyewitness identification. Issues
discussed in other chapters, including the important
role of patrol officers in investigations, crime scene
photographs, investigation of robbery and auto theft,
and the value of DNA, are also present in this report.
Incident Report Number: 11-014277,
Report of Officer Toni Olson
On Monday, August 22, 2011, I, Officer Olson, was
assigned to investigate and respond to a robbery, which
had just occurred at the County Line BP, located at 21962
County Line Road. Officers were advised that the c I erk at
the BP gas station had called the non-emergency number
reporting that a younger wh ite male came into the store and
hit him over the head with an unknown object before taking
money out of his cash drawer and leaving in a red SUV or
truck, northbound on Bell Road. A possible registration
of 583RIB was given out for the suspect vehicle. I, along
with Lt. Huesemann, Officer Brian Ball, and Officer Daniel
Moschea of the Germantown Police Department responded.
Upon arriving on scene, officers were advised that witnesses
reported the suspect veh icle leaving the scene of the
robbery northbound on Bell Road into a subdivision. The
witnesses also stated that they had not seen the suspect
vehicle leave the subdivision, which only has two ways to get
in and.
Interview Presentation: Questions
To prepare:
· Identify an interview subject with a different cultural background than you.
· Ask your interview subject the questions below. Be sure to record the interview and/or take good notes.
During the interview, ask the individual the following interview questions:
· Have you ever lived or visited outside of the United States? If so, where? Describe the experience.
· What do you identify as your culture?
· What are the most important values and beliefs of your family and community?
· What are the important events, traditions, celebrations, and practices in your family or community?
· How does your family or community define gender roles?
· How do you identify your:
· Race
· Ethnicity
· National origin
· Color
· Sex
· Sexual orientation
· Gender identity or expression
· Age
· Marital status
· Political belief
· Religion
· Immigration status
· Disability status
· How well do you fit within your family or community based on these other identities you hold?
· How do you think others outside your community view your culture?
· Have you experienced prejudice or discrimination? Please describe.
Social Media and Ethical Considerations
Walden’s MSW Social Media Policy
A student’s presence on and use of social media reflects on the MSW program and the social
work profession; therefore, behavior on social media will be held to the same professional
standards and student code of conduct expectations. Social Work professionals, including
students, are expected to adhere to the NASW Code of Ethics related to virtual communications.
Students should use social work values and principles, as well as specific agency policy, to guide
their social media interactions.
Students need to consider the ethical consequences of their own social media use, as well as use
of social media in practice. Be aware of and follow agency policies regarding the use of social
media. Before using social media communication tools on behalf of a field agency, students
must seek agency approval of any messages or posts.
Walden MSW students are expected to adhere to the ethical standards outlined in the NASW
Code of Ethics. Common ethical issues that social workers need to understand and manage when
utilizing social media include, but are not limited to, privacy and confidentiality (Section 1.07),
conflicts of interest and dual relationships (Section 1.06), and informed consent (Section 1.03).
There is significant risk of unintentionally sharing protected information when using social
media. Be cautious when posting information about an agency. Never post confidential or
private information about clients or colleagues, even using pseudonyms.
Students need to remain aware of professional boundaries even when participating in social
media in their personal time. Managing “friend” requests and maintaining privacy settings is
critical regardless of whether a student uses social me.
INT 220 Business Brief Template Course Project.docxpauline234567
INT 220 Business Brief Template
Course Project
Section One: Drivers for Global Entry
Going global would afford the company many benefits including increased sales and revenues. Japan is a developed market and thus the purchasing power of the consumers is high, which implies that many consumers will be able to purchase our products. Expanding to Japan will enable increased profits that can be reinvested in research and development of new technology and innovation that will create a competitive advantage for both domestic and international market. In addition, entering the foreign market will help the business to tap into new market segment. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Apple was the largest smartphone brand in 2020 in Japan with a 47.3 percent market share (Sudarshan, 2021). The data shows that Japan would be an ideal market for quality phone cell cases due to high purchase of smartphones. Therefore, the company will benefit from increased sales and profits.
Section Two: Market Profile
Cultural Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Commonly Spoken Languages
English
Japanese
Commonly Practiced Religions
Christianity
Shinto
Power Distance Index (PDI)
40
54
Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV)
91
46
Masculinity Versus Femininity (MAS)
95
62
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
92
46
Long-Term Orientation Versus Short-Term Normative Orientation (LTO)
88
26
Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR)
42
68
Political and Economic Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Political System
Representative democracy
Constitutional monarchy
Current Leaders
Joseph Biden president
Fumio Kishida prime minister
Economic Classification
Developed
Developed
Economic Blocs Impacting Trade
World trade organization
World trade organization
Gross Domestic Product
23 trillion USD
4.9 trillion USD
Purchasing Power Parity
22,996.08
100.412
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
69,287.54 USD
39,285.16 USD
Human Development Index
Very high 0.921
0.919
Human Poverty Index
$26,246 for a family of four
Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day
In terms of economic development, both countries have developed economy, thus making them ideal for business. Consumers have high purchasing power which means that they are able to purchase new products. US has a higher GPD compared to Japan, however, this can be attributed to the size and population of U.S. compared to that of Japan. Furthermore, both countries are members of World Trade Organization, which means that their trade operations with other nations are regulated and subject to WTO regulations. The culture in Japan is hugely different then the culture in America. Americans are self-motivated while the Japanese culture embraces more of a group mentality and looks for approval from their superiors before making big decision. Both cultures work long hours and take very little breaks. For the most part Japanese culture is more formal in the work place then in the U.S.
Section Three: Market Consideratio.
Instructor Name Point Value 30Student NameCATEGORY .docxpauline234567
Instructor Name: Point Value: 30
Student Name:
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Content Quality
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Student enhanced
points with examples and
questions that helped further
discussion. Discussion is well
organized, uses scholarly tone,
follows APA style, uses original
writing and proper paraphrasing,
contains very few or no writing
and/or spelling errors, and is fully
consistent with graduate-level
writing style. Discussion contains
multiple, appropriate and
exemplary sources
expected/required for the
assignment.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Discussion is mostly
consistent with graduate level
writing style. Discussion may have
some small or infrequent
organization, scholarly tone, or
APA style issues, and/or may
contain a few writing and spelling
errors, and/or somewhat less than
the expected number of or type of
sources.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with adequate content but
the content lacked either detail,
relevancy, or support. Discussion
is somewhat below graduate level
writing style, with multiple smaller
or a few major problems.
Discussion may be lacking in
organization, scholarly tone, APA
style, and/or contain many writing
and/or spelling errors, or shows
moderate reliance on quoting vs.
original writing and paraphrasing.
Discussion may contain inferior
resources (number or quality).
Content of student's post and
responses was not clear, relevant,
or supported. Discussion is well
below graduate level writing style
expectations for organization,
scholarly tone, APA style, and
writing, or relies excessively on
quoting. Discussion may contain
few or no quality resources.
Student did not submit a post or
response.
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Engagement
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates' posts.
Student response participation
exceeded the stated minimum
requirements.
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates'
posts.Student responses
contributed to classmates'
experience.
Student participated somewhat
actively as evidenced by posts
and responses that were adequate
but lacking strong reflective
thought.
Student did not participate actively
as evidenced by little reflective
thought in i.
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Tell your own story how can you become the next exponential catalyst? previewWeAreInnovation
Following our Loop#2, Round#6 discussion, we have come up with a new question to understand how to use technologies to reach a systemic, « exponential everything » impact. The expression is derived from the idea highlighted by experts that the IoT was driving knowledge and information sharing in an exponential way. I have therefore taken on board the investigation of our current analyses and strategic recommendations to determine how the rise of digital data could enable smart change makers to optimize innovation and drive sustainable, « exponential » growth. This is a preview version. Download the full report: https://gumroad.com/l/CczAI
ethics is a necessary element for any entrepreneur to start up his own business, this document will put on some light on modern-day entrepreneurship practices and ethics
Criticism Essay Example. Business paper: Examples of critique essaysSarah Jones
How To Write A Critique Essay Example – Telegraph. Excellent Literary Criticism Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Reader Response Criticism to Romeo and Juliet Essay Example .... How to write a critique essay on art - The Best Way to Write a Critique .... Critic Paper Sample / 9 Critical Essay Examples Pdf Examples : These .... 017 Critical Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. 003 Critique Essay Example Of Research Paper 131380 ~ Thatsnotus. What Is a Critical Analysis Essay? Simple Guide With Examples .... 009 Critical Review Essay Example Sample Analysis Paper ~ Thatsnotus. An Essay On Criticism / The Greatest Hacks On How to Become An Awesome .... 026 Review Essay Example Writing Critique Of Journal Article Apa .... Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. Literary Analysis Essay: Tips to Write a Perfect Essay - wuzzupessay. Sample New Criticism essay 1. How to Write a Critical Essay (with Sample Essays) - wikiHow - How to .... Business paper: Examples of critique essays. Speech Self-Critique Free Essay Example. Critical Response Essay : How to write a research paper for thesis. Art Critique Example Essay – Telegraph.
“Building a culture of collaboration and innovation” explains the key factors and strategies to drive cultural change throughout the stakeholder system in order to foster collaboration and innovation in the destination, as these are crucial to the success of Tourism 3.0.
Discussion Questions Chapter 31. Is profit the only important.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Questions:
Chapter 3
1. Is profit the only important goal of a business? What are others?
2. Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3. Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
4. What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
5. Is being socially responsible really necessary?
6. How can I trust a company is doing the right thing?
Chapter 4
7. What three important developments of globalization will probably affect me?
8. Why learn about international management, and what characterizes the successful international manager?
9. Why do companies expand internationally, and how do they do it?
10. What are the principal areas of cultural differences?
Research at least three (3) peer-reviewed articles about individual rights, morality, ethics, individual rights, duty, or codes of conduct for criminal justice professionals.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper
1. Thoroughly created a philosophy and approach for balancing the issues of individual rights and the public’s protection. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
2. Thoroughly determined a philosophy and approach for balancing the use of reward and punishment in criminal justice. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
3. Thoroughly selected a philosophy and approach that addresses the use of immoral means (e.g., torture or lying in interrogation) to accomplish desirable ends. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
4. Thoroughly explained what you believe the Ethics of Care and Peacemaking Criminology presented in your textbook should mean for law enforcement professionals.
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format (latest edition).
Include a cover page developed in accordance with the latest edition of APA, including a running head, page number, the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page, revision of the previous assignment, and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
3.2
The Community of Stakeholders Inside the Organization
Major Question: Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3.3
The Community of Stakeholders Outside the Organization
Major Question: Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
3.4
The Ethical Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
3.5
The Social Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: Is.
JP Morgan Chase The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maxim.docxpauline234567
JP Morgan Chase: The Balance Between Serving Customers and Maximizing Shareholder Wealth
Penelope Bender
William Woods University
BUS 585: Integrated Studies in Business Administration
Dr. Leathers
Abstract
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing wealth.
It is an exploratory study done through literature review.
Often financial institutions, like JP Morgan, put profits ahead of the interests of those they serve.
The paper contributes to better understanding of corporate culture.
This paper investigates why JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth. This exploratory study is done through a literature review to answer why financial institutions, specifically JP Morgan, often put profits ahead of those they serve. The study will provide evidence of the complex nature of balancing client interests over maximizing shareholder and individual wealth and the need for tighter internal and external oversight. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why corporate culture encourages profit over stakeholders’ interests.
2
Research Question
Why does JP Morgan Chase and other financial institutions struggle to balance client interests over maximizing shareholder wealth?
Employees of JP Morgan Chase and other large banks work in their best interests to increase wealth and succeed by meeting management goals. However, because of the complex nature of large banks, an individual(s), unethical behavior can go unchecked.
3
Problem Statement
JP Morgan Chase competes globally and faces competition from other large banks in the US and abroad.
JP Morgan Chase is part of a complex system of regulation, self-interests, and wealth creation.
The interests of shareholders and investors is sometimes overshadowed by agents working in their own best interests.
Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
The study is not meant to be a moral or ethical analysis but merely why the complex relationship exists and will continue to exist in capitalist society. This paper contributes to a better understanding of why capitalism or financialism’s (Clarke, 2014) fundamentals encourage wealth creation. Financial markets are a complex web of interests, and because of opportunities for individual profits, regulating individual’s actions without stricter regulations and internal oversight is impossible.
4
Literature Review
The literature review showed a connection between self-interests, regulators, competition, and risk, which all lead to a complex system of conflicting agendas.
5
How Self-Interests Influence Behavior
Ross (1973) explains that all employment relationships are agency relationships and moral hazards are generally .
Interpret a Current Policy of Three CountriesInstructionsAs .docxpauline234567
Interpret a Current Policy of Three Countries
Instructions
As a scholar in public administration, you are asked to present options based on three different countries' information for the next congressional meeting in your state. Be sure to include the following information:
• Perform a SWOT analysis of each immigration system presenting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each system. You are required to evaluate the United States' system but may choose two other countries besides Costa Rica and Ghana as these were already covered in your weekly resources. Topics such as ethics, history, actors, budgeting can be incorporated into your SWOT analysis.
• Facilitate an immigration benefit analysis for each system to determine the best fit for your state (be sure to identify your state to provide context for your presentation).
• Prepare a plan for the implementation of your chosen immigration program.
Compare how the immigration system is treated in three countries (the U.S. and two other countries).
Length: 12 to 15 pages, not including title and reference pages
References: Include a minimum of seven scholarly references.
The completed assignment should address all the assignment requirements, exhibit evidence of concept knowledge, and demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the content presented in the course. The writing should integrate scholarly resources, reflect academic expectations, and current APA standards.
Respond to
two or more of your colleagues’ posts in one or more of the following ways:
(100 words each Colleague)
· Ask a question about or provide an additional suggestion for the risks that your colleague’s organization might face if it engaged in the capital investment project.
· Provide an additional perspective on the level of risk associated with the project your colleague identified for their selected organization or on how willing/capable the organization might be in taking on and managing the risks your colleague identified.
· Offer an insight you gained from your colleague’s summary of the trade-offs between risks and returns and/or their recommendation for their selected organization to move or not move forward with the project.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments your colleagues made.
1st Colleague to respond to:
The risks associated with a capital investment project for medical equipment for healthcare organizations such as hospitals, as discussed in Week 7, are listed below.
· An inadequate system of budget management caused by unethical conduct.
· The lack of a clearly defined internal process management framework
· Insufficient communication channels within the organization.
The information provided by the managerial accountant assists in making crucial business decisions. Thus, if such information is fabricat.
INTRODUCTIONWhen you think of surveillance, you may picture tw.docxpauline234567
INTRODUCTION
When you think of surveillance, you may picture two police officers camped out in an unmarked car, watching the comings and goings at a suspect’s apartment building. Or you may imagine an investigator trailing a car on the highway or tapping a suspect’s phone to listen in on potentially incriminating conversations. Surveillance is all these activities, but in the 21st century, it is also much more.
Consider video surveillance of local businesses, streets, and highways; cell phone data; and the reams and reams of digital information gathered on everyday activities—from social media and computer use to credit card transactions.
This week, you analyze concerns related to this new era of surveillance, such as privacy and legal requirements.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students will:
Analyze issues related to privacy and surveillance
Describe surveillance
Differentiate between legal and illegal surveillance
Analyze legal requirements for conducting surveillance
PRIVACY VERSUS PUBLIC SAFETY
The average citizen today may feel as though they are constantly being watched and their actions recorded. And perhaps rightly so. After all, social media sites market personalized products based on how you use the Internet, cell phones pinpoint your location, and fitness trackers transmit your health and fitness activities to the cloud. This sense of being “spied on,” however, does not negate the important use of surveillance techniques in solving and preventing crime.
For this Discussion, you analyze how to balance two sometimes opposing sides in surveillance work: the expectation of privacy and the goal of public safety.
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
YOU WILL FIND THE READING FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT IN THE ATTACHED READING MATERIALS PLEASE GO THERE AND READ BEFORE TRYING TO COMPLETE THIS ASSIGNMENT SO YOU WILL UNDERSTAND WHAT IS NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE WORK….
Post a response to the following:
When conducting surveillance, explain how to balance an expectation of citizen privacy with legitimate investigative procedure that has public safety as its goal.
Explain whether citizens should differentiate between government intrusion and private companies who use citizens’ online data to surveil their movements and activity.
.
Interviews and Eyewitness Identifications AP PhotoMat.docxpauline234567
Interviews and
Eyewitness
Identifications
AP Photo/Matthew Apgar
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you will be able to:
• Identify the evidence collected
by investigators in the BP
gas station robbery and
discuss its role in the
identification and apprehension
of the perpetrator.
• Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of using facial
identification software and
forensic sketches to create
composite pictures of
suspects.
• Identify and discuss the
rationale of the recommended
lineup procedures.
• Discuss the research that
has been conducted on the
accuracy of hypnotically elicited
testimony. • Identify the difference between
primary and secondary
witnesses and give an example
of each.
• Discuss the value of eyewitness
identifications in establishing
proof. • Compare and contrast the
cognitive interviewing approach
with standard police interviews.
• Identify and discuss the
methods of eyewitness
identifications.
• Identify the three phases of
human memory and discuss
how factors at each phase
may affect the retrieval of
information from witnesses.
• Discuss the contributions
of cognitive interviewing in
enhancing memory recall.
From the CASE FILE
BP Gas Station Robbery
The introduction to this chapter consists of a police
report (edited for length) of the investigation of an
armed robbery of a British Petroleum (BP) gas station
that occurred on August 22, 2011, in Germantown,
Wisconsin (a suburb of Milwaukee). The report serves
as an example of a criminal investigation case report
and also highlights issues discussed in this chapter,
such as the value of eyewitness identification. Issues
discussed in other chapters, including the important
role of patrol officers in investigations, crime scene
photographs, investigation of robbery and auto theft,
and the value of DNA, are also present in this report.
Incident Report Number: 11-014277,
Report of Officer Toni Olson
On Monday, August 22, 2011, I, Officer Olson, was
assigned to investigate and respond to a robbery, which
had just occurred at the County Line BP, located at 21962
County Line Road. Officers were advised that the c I erk at
the BP gas station had called the non-emergency number
reporting that a younger wh ite male came into the store and
hit him over the head with an unknown object before taking
money out of his cash drawer and leaving in a red SUV or
truck, northbound on Bell Road. A possible registration
of 583RIB was given out for the suspect vehicle. I, along
with Lt. Huesemann, Officer Brian Ball, and Officer Daniel
Moschea of the Germantown Police Department responded.
Upon arriving on scene, officers were advised that witnesses
reported the suspect veh icle leaving the scene of the
robbery northbound on Bell Road into a subdivision. The
witnesses also stated that they had not seen the suspect
vehicle leave the subdivision, which only has two ways to get
in and.
Interview Presentation: Questions
To prepare:
· Identify an interview subject with a different cultural background than you.
· Ask your interview subject the questions below. Be sure to record the interview and/or take good notes.
During the interview, ask the individual the following interview questions:
· Have you ever lived or visited outside of the United States? If so, where? Describe the experience.
· What do you identify as your culture?
· What are the most important values and beliefs of your family and community?
· What are the important events, traditions, celebrations, and practices in your family or community?
· How does your family or community define gender roles?
· How do you identify your:
· Race
· Ethnicity
· National origin
· Color
· Sex
· Sexual orientation
· Gender identity or expression
· Age
· Marital status
· Political belief
· Religion
· Immigration status
· Disability status
· How well do you fit within your family or community based on these other identities you hold?
· How do you think others outside your community view your culture?
· Have you experienced prejudice or discrimination? Please describe.
Social Media and Ethical Considerations
Walden’s MSW Social Media Policy
A student’s presence on and use of social media reflects on the MSW program and the social
work profession; therefore, behavior on social media will be held to the same professional
standards and student code of conduct expectations. Social Work professionals, including
students, are expected to adhere to the NASW Code of Ethics related to virtual communications.
Students should use social work values and principles, as well as specific agency policy, to guide
their social media interactions.
Students need to consider the ethical consequences of their own social media use, as well as use
of social media in practice. Be aware of and follow agency policies regarding the use of social
media. Before using social media communication tools on behalf of a field agency, students
must seek agency approval of any messages or posts.
Walden MSW students are expected to adhere to the ethical standards outlined in the NASW
Code of Ethics. Common ethical issues that social workers need to understand and manage when
utilizing social media include, but are not limited to, privacy and confidentiality (Section 1.07),
conflicts of interest and dual relationships (Section 1.06), and informed consent (Section 1.03).
There is significant risk of unintentionally sharing protected information when using social
media. Be cautious when posting information about an agency. Never post confidential or
private information about clients or colleagues, even using pseudonyms.
Students need to remain aware of professional boundaries even when participating in social
media in their personal time. Managing “friend” requests and maintaining privacy settings is
critical regardless of whether a student uses social me.
INT 220 Business Brief Template Course Project.docxpauline234567
INT 220 Business Brief Template
Course Project
Section One: Drivers for Global Entry
Going global would afford the company many benefits including increased sales and revenues. Japan is a developed market and thus the purchasing power of the consumers is high, which implies that many consumers will be able to purchase our products. Expanding to Japan will enable increased profits that can be reinvested in research and development of new technology and innovation that will create a competitive advantage for both domestic and international market. In addition, entering the foreign market will help the business to tap into new market segment. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Apple was the largest smartphone brand in 2020 in Japan with a 47.3 percent market share (Sudarshan, 2021). The data shows that Japan would be an ideal market for quality phone cell cases due to high purchase of smartphones. Therefore, the company will benefit from increased sales and profits.
Section Two: Market Profile
Cultural Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Commonly Spoken Languages
English
Japanese
Commonly Practiced Religions
Christianity
Shinto
Power Distance Index (PDI)
40
54
Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV)
91
46
Masculinity Versus Femininity (MAS)
95
62
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
92
46
Long-Term Orientation Versus Short-Term Normative Orientation (LTO)
88
26
Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR)
42
68
Political and Economic Profile
CategoryUnited StatesJapan
Political System
Representative democracy
Constitutional monarchy
Current Leaders
Joseph Biden president
Fumio Kishida prime minister
Economic Classification
Developed
Developed
Economic Blocs Impacting Trade
World trade organization
World trade organization
Gross Domestic Product
23 trillion USD
4.9 trillion USD
Purchasing Power Parity
22,996.08
100.412
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
69,287.54 USD
39,285.16 USD
Human Development Index
Very high 0.921
0.919
Human Poverty Index
$26,246 for a family of four
Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day
In terms of economic development, both countries have developed economy, thus making them ideal for business. Consumers have high purchasing power which means that they are able to purchase new products. US has a higher GPD compared to Japan, however, this can be attributed to the size and population of U.S. compared to that of Japan. Furthermore, both countries are members of World Trade Organization, which means that their trade operations with other nations are regulated and subject to WTO regulations. The culture in Japan is hugely different then the culture in America. Americans are self-motivated while the Japanese culture embraces more of a group mentality and looks for approval from their superiors before making big decision. Both cultures work long hours and take very little breaks. For the most part Japanese culture is more formal in the work place then in the U.S.
Section Three: Market Consideratio.
Instructor Name Point Value 30Student NameCATEGORY .docxpauline234567
Instructor Name: Point Value: 30
Student Name:
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Content Quality
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Student enhanced
points with examples and
questions that helped further
discussion. Discussion is well
organized, uses scholarly tone,
follows APA style, uses original
writing and proper paraphrasing,
contains very few or no writing
and/or spelling errors, and is fully
consistent with graduate-level
writing style. Discussion contains
multiple, appropriate and
exemplary sources
expected/required for the
assignment.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with detailed, relevant,
supported initial posts and
responses. Discussion is mostly
consistent with graduate level
writing style. Discussion may have
some small or infrequent
organization, scholarly tone, or
APA style issues, and/or may
contain a few writing and spelling
errors, and/or somewhat less than
the expected number of or type of
sources.
Student participated in the
Discussion about the presented
topic with adequate content but
the content lacked either detail,
relevancy, or support. Discussion
is somewhat below graduate level
writing style, with multiple smaller
or a few major problems.
Discussion may be lacking in
organization, scholarly tone, APA
style, and/or contain many writing
and/or spelling errors, or shows
moderate reliance on quoting vs.
original writing and paraphrasing.
Discussion may contain inferior
resources (number or quality).
Content of student's post and
responses was not clear, relevant,
or supported. Discussion is well
below graduate level writing style
expectations for organization,
scholarly tone, APA style, and
writing, or relies excessively on
quoting. Discussion may contain
few or no quality resources.
Student did not submit a post or
response.
CATEGORY Excellent (12–11 points) Good (10–9 points) Fair (8–7 points) Poor (6–1 points) Did Not Complete (0 points) # of points
Engagement
40% of total Discussion
grade
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates' posts.
Student response participation
exceeded the stated minimum
requirements.
Student participated actively as
evidenced by strong reflective
thought in both the initial post and
in responses to classmates'
posts.Student responses
contributed to classmates'
experience.
Student participated somewhat
actively as evidenced by posts
and responses that were adequate
but lacking strong reflective
thought.
Student did not participate actively
as evidenced by little reflective
thought in i.
InstructionsThere are two high-level types of distribution cha.docxpauline234567
Instructions
There are two high-level types of distribution channels, direct and indirect. In the direct distribution channel, goods are moved directly from the Producer to the Consumer. In the indirect distribution channel, the producer will meet consumer demand through third -party wholesalers and/or retailers. Direct channels produce short supply chains, indirect channels produce long chains.
Research and report on two large producers, Costco and Apple, and describe in detail which distribution approach each company uses -- direct, indirect, or mixed – for at least two products in each company.
Your APA paper should be at least 1,000 words in length.
.
InstructionsNOTE If you have already reviewed this presentation.docxpauline234567
Instructions
NOTE: If you have already reviewed this presentation in a different class please enter class number and instructor’s name in the submission text box below.
____________________________________________________________________
If you have not reviewed this presentation in a previous class, please proceed.
Please review the curated presentations below. These presentations will prepare you for writing deliverables that meet the expectations of this course. We want you to be successful in all your courses so please refer back to this tool often. This presentation is located in the library and the Student Center. To view an presentation, please click on the button below. Be sure to review all five presentations for this week!
Presentation Four: The Research Process & Choosing a Topic
Presentation Five: Types of Sources
Presentation Six: Search Strategies & Techniques
Presentation Seven: Evaluating Information
Presentation Eight: Ready to Shine!
When you have finished reviewing all five presentations, please copy and paste the following statement into the submission box below:
STATEMENT: I HAVE REVIEWED WEEK TWO INFORMATIONAL PRESENTATION. I UNDERSTAND THIS PRESENTATION IS ALSO LOCATED IN THE LIBRARY AND STUDENT CENTER FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
.
InstructionsRead two of your colleagues’ postings from the Di.docxpauline234567
Instructions:
Read two of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question.
Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two of your colleagues.
Timia Brown (
She/Her)
In healthcare, whether long-term or acute care, interdisciplinary communication is necessary to provide patient-centered care. The two scenarios provided both effective and ineffective communication.
Scenario 1
Assuming the leader for the interdisciplinary rounds was the case manager, she introduced the nursing student, who was not paying attention. The case manager did not present other team members, so the student was left guessing. The pharmacist and the physical therapist were laughing and talking during the discussion. There was no engagement; the MD was on her phone, and everyone was preoccupied. Each team member individually knew the patient and his shortcomings, yet there was no preparation for the actual engagement with each other. Each team member projected issues onto the next member, using terms such as "somebody" or "someone" needed to do this. There was no responsibility for care. The team spoke unprofessionally to each other, using words like "yep" and "umm." In the end, the case manager assigned responsibility; however, the disciplines accepted the responsibility grudgingly. The team's disrespect for each other was portrayed to the student, who was disengaged throughout the meeting. The patient was not ready to be discharged from the sound of this scenario. The patient's pain was not controlled, nor was his anxiety; no equipment had been ordered for discharge. The patient's safety was not a priority in this meeting, which could lead to readmission or fall risk at home.
In scenario two, the team all appeared happy to be there, with smiling faces and excellent eye contact. The leader engaged the nursing student immediately by having the team introduce themself. The team was much more prepared and engaged. Each member respected the other's role in providing care and a safe, patient-centered discharge. The team took responsibility for what was needed from each of them now and at the time of release. The communication was more two-way communication. They did a recap of what was discussed, and everyone willingly took part in making sure the patient went home safely and confidently.
Effective communication between interdisciplinary teams must be present to provide the care needed for each patient. It starts with respecting each other's role in the patient's care and remembering the patient is the priority. The
Journal of Communication in Healthcare stated the leading cause of all sentinel events from 1995 to 2004 was ineffective communication. (2019, Altabba) Therefore effective communication could decrease the number of incidents, and lead to proper care.
References
Altabbaa G, Kaba A, Beran TN. Moving from structure.
InstructionsRespond to your colleagues. Respond with a comment .docxpauline234567
Instructions:
Respond to your colleagues. Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, supports, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues.
Reynaldo Guerra
As influencers in our society, that bring about social change in healthcare as all those we contact, the type of agent I would align with is a Purposeful Participant. Where "School or work are the primary motivations for involvement in positive social change." (
What kind of social change agent are you? n.d.) are what defines greatly the type of agent I am. Due to my desire to expand my education and grow, I have been allowed to not just see but know that I can contribute to various aspects of healthcare. At the hospital I currently am employed, many principles are introduced to us and help us with making a difference for our patients as all professionals alike by the way we interact and the relationship we create with everyone. Even if driven by these two motivators, they have opened my eyes and expanded my limitations in the change we can bring about.
This eye-opening experience has changed my perspective on how I can make a social change with all those around me. I now feel that a cascade effect comes from my changes as little as it might seem, it gets passed down and impact larger changes in the long run. How I speak with my patients and show the advocate I am for them in addressing their healthcare issues with importance, to the trust and relationship I have created with the primary care providers, goes to show these small social changes can in the end bring a great change for all. This has shown me that social change has a larger purpose in the end and even as small of a change we bring about, if we all come together and do the same, the results would be even more significant than what we perceived as a small change in the beginning. From our professional interactions with one another to our desire to help and better our care with all patients alike, these changes have a great purpose and impact on our future as everyone else.
Apart from that, social change has influenced my education by motivating me to seek ways to make a difference in a community project presented by my university. It has ignited a flame in me, so to speak, and piqued my interest in seeing what my university has to offer in making a social change. Whether this is by being part of projects, joining a committee, or being part of future alumni programs to help others. Also, being able to refine my nursing practice in our community as in the hospital has been a change for me. This, in turn, will be put forth in the interactions and relationships I create with my patients, colleagues, peers, and others I come in contact with, hopefully, bringing a social change in the end. This is what the principles of social change will bring about for me.
References
Walden University. (n.d.).
What kind of social change agent are you? Lin.
Instructions
Procurement Outsourcing (PO) Strategies:
PO strategies at the highest level involve either materials or traditional business processes such as HR, IT, Finance, Accounting, Travel/Entertainment services, Marketing/Print/Advertising, or Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Your task here is to choose a public business organization and report on what direct materials are being outsourced. Direct materials are categorized as strategic (high-impact), bottleneck items (low-profit impact and high-supply risk), leverage items (high-profit items and low-supply risk), or non-critical (low-profit impact and low-supply risk). Describe the outsource process in detail, who provided the outsourced services, and what direct materials were involved.
You are to prepare a PowerPoint presentation, with a minimum of twelve (12) slides, to include inline citations, a cover slide, and a slide of references. Your citations and references should be APA-compliant.
Level of writing: Exemplary
.
InstructionsPart Four of Applied Final Project,Playing with Ge.docxpauline234567
Instructions
Part Four of Applied Final Project,Playing with Gender: Understanding Our Gendered Selves:
"Understanding My Playing-with-Gender Act" (20% of course grade; due end of Week 7) Five (5) pages (1200-1500 words)
All parts of this project should be formatted in APA style (follow for both essay and citation styles):https://libguides.umgc.edu/c.php?g=1003870
Purpose: Act Analysis
In this part of the assignment, you will perform, describe, and analyze your act. After you perform your act, compose a 5-page (1200-1500 words) task specifying your experiences. The first section (one-third to one-half of your paper) should describe your act and your responses to it, and the second section should analyze your act in terms of the scholarship on gender:
Section One (minimum 500 words):
1. Describe your act:
2. What did you do?
3. Where did you do it?
4. How did you prepare for it?
5. What responses did you get while performing your act?
6. How did you feel while performing your act?
7. What would you do differently if you had to perform this same act again? Would you perform the act in the same location and at same time? Would you change your appearance during the act? Would you do anything else differently?
8. Please refer directly to the required reading on Participant Observation (Mack et al., 2005) in this section of the paper (Mack et al., 2005) (
PLEASE see attached for document):
Mack et al. (2005). "Module Two: Participant Observation," from
Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector's Field Guide, Family Health International. Read Module 2, pages 13-27. Retrieved from
https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collector's%20Field%20Guide.pdf
Section Two: (minimum 700 words):
(Please see attached for document listing the sources)
Referring directly to at least three academic sources for support (these may be pulled from the sources you identified and discussed in your Annotated Bibliography for Part 3
and/or the readings for this class), consider the potential impact of your act. Here are some questions to consider (you do not have to answer all of these questions; they are provided to help you to think about ways your act may have impact on society):
· Can you explain the range of reactions to your act? Did those reactions reflect any of the sociological scholarship found in the course readings or in your research? Did any of the reactions challenge that research?
· How do you think class, race, age, and sexuality came into play during the conception and performance of the act?
· Was performing this act an act of feminism? Why? and, if so, what type(s) of feminism?
· Was your act an act of activism? That is, could it help to create social change? If so, how?
Please see attached for Project 1, 2 & 3 for information and assistance.
Qualitative
Research
Methods:
A DATA CO L L E.
InstructionsClients come to MFTs because they want to change, .docxpauline234567
Instructions
Clients come to MFTs because they want to change, whether the change is in cognitions, structure, insight, or something else. Therefore, it is important for you to understanding why, when, and how people change. This week, you will continue the exploration of core concepts related to systems theory and its application to MFT field concepts. You will review several concepts associated with change including homeostasis, first-order change, second-order change, continuous change, and discontinuous change.
Complete the provided worksheet template located in this week’s resources. Note: You will use the worksheet you complete this week as part of your work in Week 4.
For each item, be sure to address the following:
· Record a direct quotation that defines the concept or describes the assumption.
· Paraphrase the definition or description by explaining the information in your own words. As you are paraphrasing, keep in mind that concepts often involve several interrelated ideas. When you are paraphrasing, be sure to not oversimplify the concept.
· Provide an original example (not one you read about in the course resources) of the concept or assumption.
· Explain how your example reflects the definition. Refer to your paraphrased definition in order to compare the example to the concept.
Should you have questions or need clarification on any items, please contact your professor to discuss it.
Length: 1-2 pages (completed template). Additional resources/reference page is not required.
Your cheat sheet should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.
Upload your document, and then click the
Submit to Dropbox button.
Building Blocks to Conceptualizing Family: A Family System’s Perspective Valerie Q. Glass, PhD, LMFT
Background of Systemic Thinking
Systemic thinking, for some, means trying on a new and unique lens when considering “presenting problems” that arise in therapeutic settings. Most mental and emotional health backgrounds study individual cognitive and emotional processes, systemic thinking means a shift in looking at one person to looking at a whole system. Keeney (1983) calls this change in professional theory an epistemological shift. Epistemology, most basically, is the way one understands what is in front of them, and the root with which decisions are made. Helping fields all develop from different epistemologies. Psychiatry views medicine and biology as their epistemological construct of how or why people act the way they do. Much of the epistemological focus of social work fields embraces the necessity or connecting to resources and social support as a catalyst for change. Psychology explores the make-up of the individual’s mind and develops steps for change. Family systems, and.
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA.docxpauline234567
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 3: Fall 2022
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
[email protected]
1
Internet of Things Enabling Technologies
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Overview
Introduction
Evolution of the Technology
Some significant statistics
IoT Technology
Risks of IoT Technologies
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
What are IoT Enabling Technology
Conclusion
References
2
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
Because of technological changes taking place in the world, IoT is gradually taking over all the fields, and the future of the IoT applications are increasing day by day.
Technological advances are fueling the growth of IoT.
Technology improved communications and network, new sensors of various kinds; cheaper, denser, more reliable, and power efficient storage both in the cloud and locally are converging to enable new types of IoT based products that were not possible a few years ago.
IoT technology will further develop to make our day-to-day operations much easier and more remotely controlled in the days to come.
3
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
Businesses need to constantly explore IoT applications within their domain to stay ahead in competitiveness and implementation.
The competition will primarily define in the coming decade as how companies take advantage of innovative technology.
However, it is the dominant technology that determines the future of many businesses attached to the future of the internet of things (IoT).
4
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
The emerging trends in IoT are majorly driven by technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G and edge computing.
We need to know more in detail about the elements that make up broad spectrum of technologies, we know as the Internet of Things.
Technological advances lies in the business value of IoT applications like smart wearables, smart homes and buildings, smart cities, autonomous cars, smart factories, location trackers, wireless sensors and much more.
5
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
Technology is changing the world.
It is changing the way we communicate, shop, learn, travel, play and of course the way we work.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/06/internet-things-could-really-change-way-live/
6
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
6
Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
7
Global gigabit subscriptions are expected to jump to 50 million in 2022, more than doubling from 24 million at the end of 2020, according to a new report from analyst firm Omdia.
High Speed Internet!
/59
UoNA-ST560-FALL-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Social Media is Changing societies!
8
Are you on social media a lot? When is the last time you checked Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram? Last n.
Insert Prename, Surname of all studentsWinter Term 202223Theo.docxpauline234567
Insert Prename, Surname of all students
Winter Term 2022/23
Theory Factsheet: Insert name of theory
Level of analysis
Insert levels of analysis, e.g., organisation, individual, social
Dependent construct(s)
Please insert the dependent construct(s) of the theory
Independent construct(s)
Please insert the independent construct(s) of the theory
Short description of the theory
Please describe the theory in full sentences.
Cause-Effect Model
Please insert a visual diagram of the cause-effect relationships or factor model of the theory (if available).
Applications of the theory
Please describe for which purposes / in which fields the theory has been applied.
Which relevance does the theory have for digitalization in organizations?
Criticism
Describe alternative views, potential critique, and open discussion on the theory.
References
Insert sources and references used in this factsheet in APA 7th style.
Students will write a 2-3 pages essay analyzing one of the topics addressed during the semester under the section of Contemporary Issues: Human Rights. The student will be free to choose any of the topics discussed during class as well as his/her opinion about it.
1. Choose a topic (death penalty, assisted suicide, abortion, death by euthanasia, bioethics… etc.)
2. First page: description of the problem (is is here Fl, or national or worlwide, statistics, etc)
Second page: YOUR ETHICAL POSITION ABOUT IT (why is this an ethical issue, where your argument os coming from, etc)
3. REFERENCES (could be ppt, movie, article, web, book)
The writing will be evaluated for clarity and proper handling of terms, phrases, and concepts addressed up to this date. APA or MLA style will be required
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/.
Reading listWinter semester 2022/23
Version 24.09.2022
Reading
Package
No.
Theories Papers
Information Systems Foundational Theories
Structuration Theory Orlikowski, W.J. (1992). The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations. Organization Science, 3 (3), 398-
427.
Structuration Theory Orlikowski, W.J. and Robey, D. (1991). Information Technology and the Structuring of Organizations. Information Systems Research, 2 (2),
143-169.
Structuration Theory Walsham, G. and Han, C.K. (1991) Structuration theory and information systems research. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis 17: 77-85.
Institutional Theory Barley, S.R and Tolbert, P.S. (1997). Institutionalization and structuration: studying the links between action and institution. Organization
Studies 18 (1): 93-118.
Institutional Theory Orlikowski, W. J., & Barley, S. R. (2001). Technology and institutions: What can research on information technology and research on
organizations learn from each other? MIS Quarterly, 25(2), 145.
Design Science Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28 (1), 75.
Informative SpeechCourse COM103 Public SpeakingCriteria.docxpauline234567
Informative Speech
Course: COM103 Public Speaking
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Introduction / 10
Material / 8
Transitions / 10
10 points
Introduction
contained a
strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
7 points
Introduction
contained 3 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
4 points
Introduction
contained 2 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
0 points
Introduction
contained 1 of
the following:
a strong
attention
getter,
introduction of
the topic,
credibility
statement, and
previewed the
speech.
8 points
Material was
clear AND
well organized
5.6 points
Material was
either clear
OR well
organized
3.2 points
NA
0 points
Material was
neither clear
and well
organized
10 points
Transitions
were clear and
used after the
intro, between
each main idea
and before the
conclusion
7 points
Transitions
were clear, but
were not used
in all areas:
after the intro,
between each
main idea and
before the
conclusion
4 points
Transitions
used after the
intro, between
each main idea
and before the
conclusion,
but were not
effective
0 points
Transitions
were not used.
Rubric Assessment - COM103 Public Speaking - National University https://nationalu.brightspace.com/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_a...
1 of 4 12/6/22, 5:38 PM
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Conclusion / 8
Time limit / 8
Preparation
outline
uploaded
/ 8
8 points
The
conclusion
contained a
strong closing
AND the
speaker
signaled the
end of the
speech
5.6 points
The
conclusion
contained a
strong closing
OR the
speaker
signaled the
end of the
speech
3.2 points
The speaker
needs
improvement
signalling the
end of the
speech and a
stronger
closing.
0 points
The
conclusion
neither
contained a
strong closing
and the
speaker did
not signal the
end of the
speech
8 points
The length of
the speech
was between
5 and 6
minutes
5.6 points
NA
3.2 points
The length of
the speech
was shorter
than 5 minutes
or longer than
6 minutes
0 points
NA
8 points
The
preparation
outline was
uploaded with
the speech
5.6 points
The
preparation
outline was
uploaded after
delivering the
speech
3.2 points
The
preparation
outline was
not in a
preparation
outline format
0 points
The
preparation
outline was
not uploaded.
Rubric Assessment - COM103 Public Speaking - National University https://nationalu.brightspace.com/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_a...
2 of 4 12/6/22, 5:38 PM
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Criterion Score
Eye Contact / 10
Delivery / 10
Non verbals / 10
Overall
preparation
/ 8
10 points
The speaker
had strong eye
contac.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Table Decor
Specialized cocktails for Event
Three Screens will be Placed for Optimum Viewing by all
Attendees
New House Announcement
Happy 30th Birthday, JW!
7. position of the author and always include page
references for each quotation or attribution to her/him if
applicable.
4. CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM A CHRISTIAN
PERSPECTIVE. At least half of your paper must be devoted
to a critical evaluation of the views of the author you are
discussing from the perspective of the Christian thesis that
a Christian call in business may prop-up the role of the markets.
5. CONSIDER POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO YOUR
OBJECTIONS. Whenever you offer an objection to an
author's position, explicitly consider whether the author has
said anything that might indicate how s/he would
respond to the objection. If so, develop and evaluate the
author's response. If not, you should take the author's side
and formulate the best response that you can to the objection.
6. CONCLUSION. Conclude by summarizing your argument and
its significance for the well-being of the market-
based global economy.
7. ALL PAPERS SHOULD BE TYPED OR PRINTED
DOUBLE-SPACED AND NO MORE THAN FIVE
PAGES LONG.
8. AVOID PLAGIARISM. Whenever you turn in any assignment
in this course, the understanding is that what you
8. are turning in is your own original work, except to the extent
that you explicitly credit others for their contributions.
2
How Faith
Makes a Difference:
Business as a Calling or
the Calling of Christians
in Business?
JOHAN VERSTRAETEN
[email protected]
Abstract
REFLECTION ON THE CALLING OF BUSINESS and the role
of Christians
can easily lead to two misunderstandings: either to an
underestimation of the specific rationality
of business or to an ideological misuse of Christian ideas for
the justification of the status quo in
9. the business world.
In my paper I try to demonstrate that Christians are called to
affirm a difference in business
and that as such they become relevant as a source of moral
innovation and transformation
towards more humanity. It is precisely the narrative basis of
their traditions that enables them to
mobilize the necessary imagination for innovating moral
practices in business.
mailto:[email protected]
P A R T I I : B U S I N E S S A S A C A L L I N G
2
1. The specific rationality of business and the different
hermeneutic horizon
of the Christian interpretation of the world
Talking about the ‘calling’ of business can give the impression
that one can easily merge
the rationality of business with the ethico-religious language of
‘vocation’ or ‘calling’. This is quite
problematic since the world of business and the sciences related
10. to it (management theories,
business ethics) are affected by the differentiation process of
modernity.
As products of modernity, business and management are
differentiated fields determined
by a sort of system-immanent logic of the market in the
broadest sense of the word. Even when
the practice of business is understood as more than merely the
art of profit making, and even
when on acceptance that profit making is based on the more
fundamental end of producing
meaningful goods via the creation of work communities in
which people 'work with others for
the benefit of others'1, the ethical understanding of business is
still driven by market pressures.
Business is 'value' driven, but in real life, value is often reduced
to shareholder value (profit),
which remains the ultimate criterion. Good practices and ethical
considerations are accepted and
included in daily business as far as they are necessary and
efficient for the realization of the goals
of profit. Multinational companies pay attention to human rights
and moral values, but in many
cases only when they are, so to speak, coerced to do so as a
11. result of market pressures by
significant stakeholders such as NGO's with ethical agendas
(Amnesty International, Greenpeace,
the other-globalists), ethical investment funds, religious
communities engaged in shareholder
activism (cf. the interfaith centre for corporate responsibility),
consumer organizations, etc. As
soon as they can escape the market pressure via political
support, their ethical ‘vocation’ becomes
extremely shallow (cf. the refusal by the Bush administration to
implement the Kyoto norms).
Even business ethics as an academic discipline which pretends
to guide the business community
towards a more ethical behavior cannot escape the problem of
being caught in the iron cage of
modern rationality.
Already more than 16 years ago Dennis McCann convincingly
diagnosed that business
ethics, although it has rightfully contributed to criticizing the
myth of amoral business life, has
enclosed itself in the same illusion as amoral business itself in
so far as it has taken over the
presupposition which accords this myth its plausibility and
which protects it against critique,
12. namely, the belief in the typical rationality of management and
the acceptance of the manipulative
power that is linked to it. In other terms: business ethics does
not escape from the manipulative
3
modern rationality of which management is the expression par
excellence.
Like any other sort of expert ethics, business ethicists often
nurture the illusion that they
possess a collection of specialized knowledge with which they
can objectively and professionally
solve the problems of business life and thus can improve the
praxis of management. The ethical
expertise view has been defended by Th. Van Willigenburg in a
dissertation on Inside the Ethical
Expert (1991).2 According to this view, an ethicist is an expert
who possesses within a certain
domain an amount of specialized knowledge and skills which
are obtained only after thorough
study and training. Aside from the ability to clarify problems
and to analyze concepts and
13. arguments, he or she is also capable, as an expert, to make use
of the specific skills of moral
reasoning in such a way that he or she can come to an weighing
of values and norms, so that he
or she can offer advice if necessary.
Taken on itself, expert ethics is a legitimate project. But in
order to become the
acknowledge dialogue partner of management, it has to pay a
price. And this price is the
acceptance of the modern presuppositions which determine the
hermeneutic horizon in which
management operates. In doing so the ethical experts in
business are not as such capable of
offering other perspectives than those determined by this
hermeneutic horizon of modernity and
its forms of manipulative rationality. They do not allow real
innovation in moral behavior.
The acknowledgment that business can have on itself no other
"calling" than to apply the
know-how of instrumental rationality does however not mean
than no innovation would be
possible.
Business is not only a field dominated by instrumental
14. rationality, but also a dynamic field
of human interaction. Business organizations are not only
visible organizations, but also complex
institutions, and this implies the possibility of change: "in our
life with other people we are
engaged continuously, through words and actions, in creating
and recreating the institutions that
make this life possible (…) We form institutions and they form
us every time we engage in a
conversation that matters…".3
As much as institutions and structures influence the individuals
working on behalf of
business organizations, these same individuals also interact in
such a way that they permanently
reshape by way of their innovative behavior the business
context.
In this perspective I prefer to speak in terms of the 'calling' of
people in business rather
than of the calling of business itself.
P A R T I I : B U S I N E S S A S A C A L L I N G
4
15. In it are individual persons (acting as members of a community
with a different
hermeneutic horizon) interacting with others who make the
difference, who retell and reinterpret
the story of business and who give meaning to it.
In a Christian perspective it consequently becomes interesting
to raise the question: what
is the ‘calling’ of Christians in business? Does their presence
make a difference?
The answer is clearly ‘yes’ and this in more than one regard.
Christian life leads to a hermeneutic interruption of business
since Christians are not only
"citizens" of the world of business and its hermeneutic horizon,
but they have also access to
another horizon of interpretation which is quite different. The
point is not, as McCann has
suggested, that they have access to a hermeneutical horizon
which is “older” than the horizon of
modernity with its instrumental rationality4, but that it is
different. Because Christians cultivate an
hermeneutic relationship to an interpreting community and an
ethos that is different than that of
modernity and its forms of instrumental and managerial
16. rationality, they able to discover ethical
and meta-ethical perspectives that can break through the
dominance of this type of rationality
and social organization which is coupled with it, as well as it
enables them to break through the
narrow angle of "problem solving" (seeking solution on the
basis of the analysis of problems
instead of on the basis of innovative new perspectives).
As a consequence of the creative interplay between the rational
and the narrative aspect
of Christian practice and thinking, the Christian community is
able to introduce a sort of counter
point, a different interpretation in business.
An aspect of this is the introduction of another vision. This is
crucial, since, as Elsbernd
and Bieringer have demonstrated, without vision there is no
transformation of life possible. 5
The transformation by way of vision takes place
(i) by engaging the imagination, which can be interpreted as
follows: the journey into
metaphor and story moves the actors beyond classical problem
solving since it
enables them to disclose new worlds of meaning (and this is the
17. source of real
innovation);
(ii) by opening ways of challenging the status quo and by
offering the potential for
alternatives to the present reality;
(iii) vision moreover engages all who share the same vision in
changing realities,
(iv) and it integrates diverse components into a whole.
5
2. Although the ethos of capitalism has its roots in Christian
thinking, it is
not the calling of Christians to justify the market.
Nobody will deny that there has been, in one or other regard, a
link between Christian
ethics and the emergence of the capitalist work ethic. This does,
however, not justify a simplistic
use of Christian ideas for the justification of the market or as
new ‘window dressing’ for
18. capitalism.
It is indeed one of the striking characteristics of the history of
modernity that the manner
in which theologians have interpreted the relationship of human
beings with God has influenced
the development of the cultural framework wherein modern
business life could come to unfold.
Capitalist society is not only founded, as Marx claimed, on the
material substrate of
relations of production and means of production. It is also based
on a spiritual foundation, more
specifically, on a mentality generated by a certain form of
religious thought. In his famous work
Protestantism and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber
demonstrates that a link can be made between
modern capitalism and a labor ethos rooted in the Protestant
tradition of thought. In this ethos
the systematic pursuit of profit goes hand in hand with
methodical diligence, soberness and a
sense of individual responsibility with regard to the profession
one practices.
An important first step towards this ethos was, according to
Weber, Luther’s translation
of the text of Jesus Sirach 11:20-21: “Stand by your obligations,
19. go on with your work until you
are old, trust in the Lord and keep at your job (Beruf).” In this
text, Luther attributes to the word
Beruf (vocation), which refers to a spiritual calling, the
meaning of professional work. According
to Luther, people must praise and serve God not by means of a
contemplative life but ‘in
vocatione’, in the performance of the daily labor to which a
person is called.
Much more influential than Lutheran theology was the
Calvinistic tradition. Like Luther,
Calvin attached much importance to the duty of glorifying God
‘per vocationem’, by means of
meticulously devoting oneself to the ordained fulfillment of
one’s professional tasks. In this the
doctrine of predestination plays a crucial role even though at
first sight it does not seem to
promote harder work because, according to this doctrine, a
believer cannot absolutely justify
himself or herself by good works. The decision over a person’s
salvation or damnation is totally
dependent on God’s arbitrary and sovereign predestination, his
‘decretum horribile’ that leads
believers into a state of inner loneliness and uncertainty. Weber,
20. however, has very keenly
observed that Calvinistic pastoral theology has found a solution
to this: The one who is chosen
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6
by God must also consider oneself as predilected, and the one
who fails to do so shows a lack of
trust, and therefore he or she is not in a state of grace. One must
clearly bear witness of the
‘certitudo salutis’ by an attitude of self-confidence and one can
best externalize this by an ascetic life
coupled with an industrious and, most preferably, successful
professional labor. This has to be
kept up in a systematic way during one’s whole life. Weber
described this as ‘inner-woldly ascetism’.
It is this systematic inner-worldly ascetic way of life which has
set forth, according to him, the
rationalization process that determines modern economy to this
day.
Weber also points out that later, in the preaching of vulgarized
Calvinism, economic
21. success (earning money) was considered to be a sign of divine
predestination. In English
Puritanism, moreover, much emphasis was placed on hard work
as an ascetic means against the
temptations of an impure life, and aversion to labor was
interpreted as a sign of the absence of
grace. Religious leaders were also very well aware that the
Protestant work ethic did not only
bring a new spirit, but also a real accumulation of capital. To
put it in the words of the Methodist,
John Wesley: “religion” entails “necessary thriftiness and
diligence” and “that can do nothing else
but bring forth wealth”.
Weber’s theses were criticized by a number of commentators.
They have, among others,
questioned the fact that he practically links the ethos of
capitalism exclusively with the Protestant
tradition. A thorough reading of Weber’s work shows
nevertheless that he certainly does not
exclude influences “of a different nature”. In Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft he refers to the methodical
organization of life in the monastic tradition, and at the same
time he emphasizes the continuity
of this form of asceticism with the inner-worldly ascetism of the
22. Calvinists. And yet the Catholic
contribution, or better, the contribution of pre-reformation
Christianity, to the development of
the modern work ethic is very much underestimated. Along
with Mumford and Toynbee one
can, nevertheless, refer in this context to the influence of the
‘ora et labora’ of the Benedictines.
This device establishes a link between monastic life and the
ethos of capitalism, especially by the
way of internalizing the motivation to work. According to him,
“the Benedictine rule” achieved
“what was never achieved by the land reforms of the Gracces or
the imperial alimenta because
they did not function as an operation imposed by the state from
above, but rather from below by
inciting the (economic) initiative of the individual through the
channeling of his or her religious
enthusiasm”.6
As to whether the proponents of the Catholic or those of the
Protestant thesis are right,
7
23. we leave that aside for now. Neither do we intend to comment
on the historical correctness of
Weber’s interpretation in itself. His thesis, however, remains
important in so far as it
demonstrates that there can be a link between theological views
and the development of the
modern economic mentality. For Weber, this link was in fact no
more than a scientific
hypothesis, or, to put it more precisely, only a careful
affirmation of a certain affinity between
Protestantism and capitalism. After Weber, however, this point
of view has evolved into a
legitimation theory wherein theological views are considered as
means of justifying or supporting
capitalism. How could it have come to this?
According to Oliver Williams, it was Daniel Bell, a typical
representative of the present-
day neo-conservative culture criticism in the United States, who
started making an ideological use
of the thesis of Weber.7 In The Cultural Contradictions of
Capitalism (1976), Bell states that business
life has come to a deep moral crisis. According to him, the true
cause of this crisis is not the
24. failure of the economic system, but the breakdown of the
religious frame of reference within
which the ethos of business life was originally embedded. In
this regard Bell associates himself
with the warning that Weber had already issued himself at the
end of his essay on Protestantism,
namely, that when the inner-worldly ascetism is alienated from
its religious roots, only a secular
utilitarianism and materialism is left. Through the dissolution of
the religious background,
materialism, originally nothing more than a “light cloak that
could be taken off at any moment”,
was changed into an “iron cage”. And Weber adds: “When
capitalism reaches its highest
development, the pursuit of profit, devoid of any religious and
ethical significance, becomes
associated with pure mundane passions, through which it not
seldom acquires the character of a
sports event: earning money in itself becomes a performance;
and to earn even more means to
extend the limits of achievement”. In this way a culture arises
of “specialists without a soul,
sensualists without a heart; this nullity makes itself believe it
has attained a stage of civilization
25. never attained before”.
From the conclusion of Weber and Bell, that the disappearance
of the original theological
frame of reference leads to a rude materialism, a further step
towards a theological justification is
not large. Henceforth, it was claimed that the crisis of the
capitalist ethos had to be averted by
restoring its theological foundations. In this way theology
became a ‘useful’ science for
economics. With that a remarkable development arose. Not only
did the American business
community begin to support, especially in Latin America, the
radically Calvinist church
communities and sects, but at the same time it also directed its
attention to Catholic social ethics
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8
and theology. This shift is evidenced in a symptomatic way
from the title of Novak’s book which
echoes Weber: The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(1993).8
26. In such books the theory of Weber is in a way reinterpreted as a
means in the struggle
against any type of market unfriendly ways of thinking such as
it has been the case in liberation
theology. Catholic theology is used as the alternative ‘hired
legitimist' of capitalism. A significant
example of this is the moment when Michael Novak once
summoned the business community
not only to remain competitive in the market, but also in what
he called the ‘battlefield of ideas’.
In his apologetics for democratic capitalism, Novak ventured
into a thorough and more market-
economy-friendly reinterpretation of the social teaching of the
Church and even of classical
dogmatic concepts like the Holy Trinity (as model of a
community which does not destroy
individuality), Incarnation (as model for realism), the combat
against evil (as model for
competition), original sin (as warning against the illusion to
change society by the way of
structural reforms and as legitimization for the role of self-
interest), creation (as model for co-
creation and economic inititative), etc.
In reinterpreting Christian dogmatic concepts and catholic
27. social teaching, Novak
sometime displays a clear lack of scientific sense for nuances.
An example will suffice to
demonstrate this.
In a passage from Toward a Theology of the Corporation, where
he refers to the suffering
servant in Deutero Isaiah, he even turns the whole matter upside
down: “For many years, one of
my favorite biblical texts was Is 53,2-3: ‘He had no form or
majesty that we should look at him,
nothing in his appearance that we should desire him. He was
despised and rejected by others.’ I
would like to apply these words to modern enterprise, an
incarnation of God’s presence in the
world that is very much disapproved of”.9 This association of
the powerless, non-violent,
suffering servant with the powerful organizations of the world,
the multinational companies, does
not do any justice at all to the original meaning of the biblical
text, and not one single fraction of
its prophetic eloquence remains.
Moreover, such a concept of the role of Christian or Catholic
thinking with regards to
28. business is nothing more than an affirmation of the status quo of
conventional thinking about
the market in the business community. It does not really offer a
new and humanizing
hermeneutic horizon, since it stays within the interpretative
framework of business itself. It does
fail to appreciate Christianity as innovative force or as source
of semantic and practical
9
innovation and defends too unilaterally the established order
(what Mounier would have called
the ‘established disorder’, since it is in fact an order which
leads to many victims).
3. The vocation of Christians in business:
introducing semantic and practical innovation
A more concrete description of what the calling of Christians in
business can mean
elucidated from the perspective of narrative ethics (and ethic
based on the reading of the bible as
part of participating in a broader tradition10).
29. I point to the narrative aspect of Christian calling in business in
order to avoid another
misunderstanding.
A possible complaint about the specific calling of Christians
could be that they want to
introduce into business supererogatory principles such as
“caritas” (that a principle is
supererogatory means that it allegedly asks too much of the
economic actors). This interpretation
is typical for a discourse of ‘experts’ who are of the opinion
that one should make a careful
distinction between principles that ‘are acceptable’ within the
sphere of a functionally
differentiated role of responsibility and principles that do not
belong within that segment of
reality or that, at most, are intended for private use. Christian
principles such as Christian love
are, according to them, only acceptable in private life, not in
business.
This 'privatization' of the Christian caritas is inadequate and
typical for the first
misunderstanding that we have already described. It fails to take
into account that Christian
30. morality is not primarily about abstract principles, but about a
practice which can be fully
understood in the light of the concrete narrative contexts in
which these ‘principles’ appear.
Without their original narrative context, moral principles are
but abstractions or skeletons.
In this regard the commandment of love is not an abstract
principle, but a
commandment, the meaning of which only comes to full light in
narratives like the parable of the
good Samaritan. It is not an abstract exposition on love, but
rather a narrative set within a
concrete context. It grants the listener the possibility of gaining
insight into what he or she should
do within his or her own decision making context. The parenetic
(exhortative) character of the
narrative plays an important role in this (see further): the
confrontation with the story is not
noncommittal. The listener is offered a choice; he or she is held
responsible, even for that which
does not strictly belong within the domain of professional
deontology.
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31. 10
In a certain sense, one encounters this narrative structure also in
the many stories of
business life itself (e.g., in the well-known success stories),
wherein principles such as efficiency
and efficaciousness are touched upon. But this call to imitation
remains rather limited to the
economic sphere.
The fact that members of the business community are
confronted with stories from
different narrative traditions can sometimes cause them
unbearable tension. One tradition
initiates them towards a praxis in agreement with the rationality
of business life, whilst other
traditions urge them on towards a responsibility that surpasses
their specific role obligations.
Thanks to this area of tension, moral actors can look at business
life in a new way, from a
different horizon of knowledge other than that of managerial
rationality alone. Thus a familiarity
with the biblical narrative tradition can actually contribute
towards the creation of a space of
32. freedom that makes it possible to make choices that are
reinvigorating and more human.
Let us now explore some concrete aspects of the calling of
Christians in business from
the perspective of narrative ethics.
3. 1. The indirect effect of reading the bible on the
transformation of Christians in
business and of business by Christians.
3. 1 . 1 . The effect of the scriptures as poetic texts.
Referring to a specifically poetic ‘world’, the biblical text
generates a metamorphosis in its
readers which enables them (and their communities) to interpret
their life and the world in a new
light. Biblical poetry does not offer in the first place new moral
norms (although some texts are
explicitly normative), nor does it lead to immediate conclusions
for concrete problems; rather, it
puts the common morality in a new and particular perspective,
that of (1) an abundant economy
of grace and love11 and (2) the fundamental obligation to a
merciful justice in response to the
33. 'surabondance de la grace'12 one has received from God (cf. the
framing of the decalogue in a
broader perspective of human liberation according to the model
of God who liberates his people
from the slavery of Egypt). Moral norms get a new formal
meaning, and ethics passes thereby
from the level of formal obligation (obedience to the moral law
imposed by reason) to the level
of radical loving obedience.13
There is more, however. The point is that not only the formal
meaning of norms is
11
changed, but also the moral life of those who read the biblical
texts. Persons who have read the texts
and appropriated them imaginatively undergo a ‘metanoia’; they
are radically changed. In this
sense one might say that the transformative biblical ‘poesis’ is
more concerned with a new way of
being than with new way of acting. Precisely because the
metanoia is the starting point, Christians
mark a difference and it is in and through the incarnation of that
34. difference in real business life
that they act as moral innovators. The world of business is not
moved towards more
humanization by way of misusing Christian concepts for the
maintenance of the status quo or of
the typical presuppositions of the business community, but by
way of implementing new life and
new practices, which at first sight are particular, but can be
acknowledged as universal after they
humanness has been proved by life.
An important aspect of this transformative poesis is that the
biblical connection of meta-
ethics and ethics is not a ‘heteronomous’ obstacle to freedom
but an empowerment of the human
capacity to act in a morally responsible way. The biblical
poesis, with its perspective of an
abundance of grace, transforms a human person into a homo
capax, and this in a much broader sense
than merely a regeneration of the will, because all the creative
human faculties are affected, such as, for example, the
moral imagination.14 The bible speaks about what God enables
and not only about what he requires
human persons to do under the natural, historical and social
conditions in which they live.
35. 3. 1 .2 . The crucial role of bibl ical texts with regard to the
constitution of
the human person as a moral subject
Morality is not only a matter of right moral decisions and
isolated acts; it concerns, in the
first place, the integration of decisions and acts in a person’s
life as a whole.15 Moral subjects bear
a unique responsibility for the moral quality of the whole of
their lives as persons.
The problem is that business is too much oriented towards
problem solving and this is
reflected in the textbooks of business ethics which refer to
concrete cases which need to be
‘solved’. But however meaningful this case-method may be in
itself, it disregards an important, if
not the most important, aspect of moral life. Morality is not
only a question of particular
decisions and separate acts, but also and in the first place a
continuing actualization of a
fundamental ethical life intention which finds its significance in
a meta-ethical or religious
fundamental option. The moral decisions of persons are also
about what Peter Kemp calls ‘a
36. narrative configuration of true life’, the configuration of oneself
as a narrative unity.16 People also bear
a unique responsibility in business life, not only for their
professional choices, but also for the
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totality of their lives. Professional decisions which are
fundamentally in contradiction with a
fundamental ethical life choice will not only have negative
consequences for others (which is an
important element in moral judgement), but also lead to self-
alienation. Managers cannot escape
from the problem that their professional decisions
fundamentally influence their dignity as moral
subjects. That an unbearable conflict can break out between the
kind of persons they want to be
and the kind of persons they actually are professionally is
beyond dispute. One does not solve
this, however, by means of a cynical division of a person into a
private sphere and a professional
sphere. There is but one person and therefore one is responsible
37. whether one likes it or not. In
relation to this problem, the moral theologian can perhaps play
a meaningful and even
comforting role. On the one hand, he or she cannot do otherwise
than accentuate the tension
between role morality and a fundamental personal responsibility
for the whole of one’s life.
The unity of the human person cannot, however, be adequately
understood without
taking the role of narrative configuration into account.
According to Mark Johnson “narrative is
our most comprehensive form of synthetic understanding; ...the
unity of the self and its acts is, in
the broadest context, a narrative unity”17. What this means and
how it is related to reading the
bible is explained in a masterly way by Paul Ricoeur. In his
book Soi-même comme un autre he
demonstrated that a moral subject is not merely a completely
autonomous or self-sufficient
identity, not only a sameness (idem-identity), but also a more
dynamic identity (a self, ipse) that is
configured in a permanent interaction with an otherness. This
otherness is not only represented
by the real otherness of the concrete other,18 but also the
38. otherness of the texts (in the broad
sense of the word: bible, but also liturgy or the great texts of a
tradition) that enable a person to
configure and re-configure himself or herself by way of an
imaginary elaboration of the
possibilities of being and meaning that are offered by those
texts. For Ricoeur “comprendre s’est
se comprendre devant le texte”.
A person as interpreted ‘self’ is a distillation, as it were, and an
imaginative elaboration of
the metaphoric and poetic texts (religious texts as well as
expressions of arts and culture) that he
or she has experienced. With regard to the issue at hand, we can
say that Christians who have
developed a lively relationship with the biblical texts through
reading and worshipping are in a
relationship which does not merely provide them with moral
insights; it also provides them with
a narrative identity as Christian moral subjects. In other words
the texts with their manifold
“plots” offer the opportunity for an imaginative appropriation of
possibilities that can be
39. 13
transformed into meaningful patterns, not only for concrete acts
(which can be interpreted as a
stories with a plot), but primarily for the narrative configuration
or reconfiguration of oneself as a
person.19 Such a narrative configuration or reconfiguration of
the person as mediated by the bible
enables Christians to overcome both the “deflated pretensions
of an essentialistic or egocentric
self, on one hand, or alternately the aberration of the de-centred
post-modern subject” with its
total loss of structures of inner plausibility.20
For Christians, the development of a culture of reading the bible
is a necessary condition
for the formation of their moral identity, an absolute must
(although it is not exclusive - cf. the
role of reason).
3.2. The direct influence of the bible on the concrete actions of
Christians
3.2 . 1 . First of all we must acknowledge the parenetic
character of biblical narratives. This
40. exhortative aspect is sometimes interpreted - as seems to be the
case with Bruno Schüller - in an
overly minimalist way. According to Schüller, the bible and
especially the gospel does not provide
us with “an adequate determination of what is morally right”
since it is exhortative rather than
“normative”. Exhortation in itself does not convey any new
moral insights and therefore
parenetic texts should be judged primarily in terms of their
influence on the reader rather than in
terms of their informative normativity.21
The problem remains, however, that Schüller’s interpretation,
which is a typical example
of the thesis of the autonomous morality school, does
insufficient justice to the radical character
of biblical parenesis. In this regard Luc Ankaert’s interpretation
is more in line with the bible.
Taking into account the ‘ternary’ relationship of the reader with
the referent of the world of the
text (God), the exhortative nature of the text radicalizes human
responsibility. Limited forms of
human autonomy and of limited types of 'role responsibility' are
broken open towards a more
41. universal responsibility, even a limitedness responsibility for
the whole world which is
represented concretely by the face of the individual who appeals
to us.22
In this way, the biblical perspective introduces the difference
between the role based
'doing things right' and 'doing the right thing', which is more
fundamental.
Such a radical ‘universalization’ of human responsibility, to
which the readers of the bible
are called, is particularly relevant with respect to professional
ethics. A ternary relation to the
biblical texts surpasses limited and functionally differentiated
‘role-obligations’ and moves
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14
towards an ethics of real and global responsibility in which one
reckons with the ‘neighborhood-
effects’ and long-term effects of professional decisions and in
which one expresses a deeply
human concern for the concrete victims whose tears are often
disregarded by a bureaucratic or
42. technocratic mentality.
An example are the engineers who worked for IBM in Nazi-
Germany and maintained the
new machines allowing the Nazi's to manage more efficiently
the registration of the Jews in view
of their extermination. From the perspective of limited role
responsibility it can be interpreted
with some goodwill as 'doing things right' (their technical
support was indeed of high quality and
useful), but from the perspective of the bible it was
fundamentally wrong, since in the context of
a broader concept of responsibility, they actively participated in
making the holocaust more
efficient!
Another example that shows how much a perception of reality
based on faith can be
relevant for business life is described by Oliver Williams.23 It
is about the story of Mr. Hewlett,
founder of Hewlett Packard, one of the most trend-setting
companies in the computer science
sector and at the same time a company characterized by a very
humane management style. This
manager had, in the 40s, coincidentally been personally
43. confronted with the fact that an employee
became incapacitated due to a serious disease and then landed
in bitter poverty along with his
family. The consequences of disease or accident to the family
were obviously much worse than
he could ever have imagined, especially in the American context
of that time wherein social
security was still practically non-existent. After this shocking
experience, he resolved to work out
a social business policy that was for its time extraordinary. It
included system of employment
security and health insurance. This very socially moved
decision was not made on grounds of
denatured principles or on grounds of the generally recognized
role obligations of business
people at that time. What he did actually did not fit into the
usual framework. It was a
groundbreaking decision which, as it were, spontaneously grew
out of the contrast between his
confrontation with the suffering of a concrete employee and the
demands of evangelical love. His
deeply rooted familiarity with the gospel stories allowed him to
intuitively make an ethical choice.
The Christian narrative tradition, as such, had taken possession
44. of his deepest self so that in a
new and concrete decision making context, namely that of a
manager in a specific situation, he
was capable of making himself a neighbor to his employees just
as much as the good Samaritan
did in the well-known story.
15
The example of Mr. Hewlett is also interesting because it shows
that there is a distinction
between the rational justification of a decision which usually
happens afterwards and the taking
of a decision on grounds of an intuitive ‘seeing’ or ‘knowing’.
Obviously, the former element is
likewise important because it is necessary in order to evaluate
whether the given solution,
objectively speaking, is the most adequate answer to the given
situation. But the loving power in
the taking of such a decision is at least just as important. A
fundamental ethical decision is taken
intuitively out of the entire personality of an actor. This brings
me to a third consideration.
45. 3.2 .2 . The role of imagination
In my description of the meta-ethical role of biblical ‘poesis’ I
noted that telling and
reading stories creates the possibility for the development of an
imaginative space for
experiments of thought in which one’s moral judgment can
exercise itself in an hypothetical way.
Biblical imagination influences concrete acts as “first
laboratories for moral judgment”.24
Indeed, ethical acting is not only a matter of an act of the will
or an act of obedience to
moral norms on the basis of rational insight, it is also the result
of a more spontaneous and
creative process in which persons are moved by a re-productive
and productive imagination.
Such an imagination makes it possible to develop fundamental
inner dispositions and new models
for action.
A least one aspect of the biblical imagination requires a special
attention at this juncture:
its role with regard to the imitation of Jesus Christ.
46. For the Christians the three sections of the Hebrew bible
(Torah, Prophets and Wisdom)
find their accomplishment – not, of course, their abolition – in
Jesus Christ who is the ultimate
Christian model and norm. Acting in the spirit is made possible
by biblical imagination. Such an
imagination enables Christians to look at the world and at life
through his eyes (“voir comme”) and
it enables them also to discover new ways of being and new
models of action (“agir comme”).
When Christians have identified themselves imaginatively with
Christ, they can transform the
‘self’ into a ‘christomorphic self’. This has nothing to do with
servile imitation or a mimesis as
described by Rene Girard. What really matters here is that such
Christians enter into the same
type of experience as that of the first disciples who gradually
discovered Christ as their ‘interior
master’. The moral life of Christians can not be practiced
without discipleship.25 This
imaginatively mediated mystical ‘acting as he would’ leads not
only to a radicalization and
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47. 16
humanization of Christian attitudes, but also to an acceptance of
the scandal of the cross and to
self-sacrificing love.
This is relevant in business: in being confronted with resistance
against the humanization
of work, against re-balancing work and leisure, against
implementing standards of justice in the
market, Christians experience this negativity as a cross. Not a
cross that leads to mere acceptance
of facts, but of suffering because of what is not yet possible,
because of what does not go into
the direction of the Kingdom announced by Christ. In taking up
this cross one inserts oneself in
the process of redemption and liberation of the world.
At this level of the imitation of Christ, the heart of the
christomorphic self can have
reasons that secular reason can not yet easily understand. This
does not mean, however, that the
mystic-ethical imitation of Christ must be irrational. A deeper
reflection on the meaning of a life
that accepts the scandal of the cross can lead to a deeper
48. understanding of the mystery of the
person and of his or her universal nature “under the conditions
of a kenotic existence”.26 To put
it in the words of Hans Urs von Balthasar: “Christ is the
categorical imperative in concrete form,
insofar as... by his suffering... he empowers us in our inner self
to do the Father’s will along with
him (cum ipso).”27
Accepting the cross also requires that we open ourselves to the
concrete suffering of
others, the immediate others as well as the distant others who
can or do become victims of
professional or institutional decisions.
Leaders in business should open themselves to the suffering of
the victims of history. So
instead of focusing unilaterally on the success stories of
business, they must also look at the
consequences of decisions for those who are often unjustly
considered as losers, or for those
who are victimized by well-intended profit-oriented decisions.
3.3. The universal meaning of the calling of Christians in
business
49. In modern and post-modern political and social ethics there is a
tendency to privatize
religious perspectives, norms, commitments and practices or to
accept it consider them only on
the condition that they can be understood as a comprehensive
moral theory which needs to be
‘thinned out’ into abstract universal procedures and
principles28 in order to be publicly acceptable
and relevant.
17
This opinion is symptomatic of an un-historical conception of
moral norms. What is
accepted or acceptable at a given moment in history as universal
moral reference framework for
public life is not merely the product of a synchronic consensus,
but also, and in equal measure,
the result of a permanent process in which generally accepted
norms are broadened and enriched
by moral convictions and by the moral practice of particular
narrative and rational traditions.
50. Many norms or customs that we accept today as ‘universal’ are
the historical product of a
complex process of enculturation upon which the Judeo-
Christian, and thus biblical, moral
tradition had a humanizing influence.29 In this context one can
say that biblical-semantic and
practical innovation, translated into well-considered convictions
and justified praxis, will
continually contribute to a substantial enrichment of public
debate and to a public ethos which is
expressed in a more substantial way than merely by formal rules
and procedures, a public ethos in
which substantial public virtues are cultivated (e.g. a real sense
of justice and solidarity).
One can illustrate the relevance of the dialectic between the
specifically biblical and the
universal aspects of ethics by way of a hermeneutic of the
‘golden rule’ in light of the dialectic
between love and law.
At first sight there is a clear difference between biblical love
and the deontological rule of
reciprocity. Even the language-form is different: poetic,
hymnic, metaphoric language as
opposed to prosaic and procedural language. There is also a
51. tension between the logic of
abundance (love your enemy) and the well-balanced logic of
proportion (golden rule). Inspired by
Ricoeur, Thomasset states that this difference should not be
interpreted as a separation. The
golden rule has always a double meaning. It can be the
expression of a kind of enlightened self-
interest or a utilitarian calculus (do ut des as a sort of market
logic), but it can also be understood
from a perspective that transcends self-interest. In this way it
becomes an expression of the
economy of grace. Both aspects influence each other: the
commandment of love brings the
golden rule to generosity and the golden rule protects the logic
of love against chaotic adventures
while still allowing love to be incarnated in social life. In this
sense the dialectic the generally
accepted rule of reciprocity becomes a mediator of love, and
love becomes a source of inspiration
for business rules.30 It introduces in a world of scarcity
(economy) the logic of abundance.
This socially relevant dialectic brings me to a last reflection on
the influence of biblical
poesis on business. The semantic richness of the world of the
52. bible, with its potential to generate a
new imagination, is not only relevant for the members of
Christian churches, but also for the
whole of society. The biblical world makes it possible to
rediscover paradigm-changing root-
P A R T I I : B U S I N E S S A S A C A L L I N G
18
metaphors, new perspectives for a better understanding of our
time. These root-metaphors
enable society to live with paradoxes once again.31 They bring
self-interest and the mechanism of
the invisible hand in tension with the perspective of solidarity
and the invisible handshake. They
humanize contracts by the commitment of a social covenant.
They orient people to a common
good, but not without a preferential option for the poor, and
they enable individuals to break
through the closed horizon of a one-dimensional technocratic
and economist culture. In short,
the metaphors offered by the bible can enable society to de-
mythologize and overcome its
53. ideological distortions.32
It is not by pure coincidence that the paradigm-changing force
of the biblical imagination
is particularly appreciated in the report of the World
Governance Commission on new values for
a globalised world.33 Using the words of Barbara Ward the
document writes: “the most important
change that people can make is to change their way of looking
at the world. We can change
studies, jobs, neighborhoods, even countries and continents, and
still remain much as we always
were. But change our fundamental angle of vision and
everything changes - our priorities, our
values, our judgments, our pursuits. Again and again in the
history of religion, this total upheaval
in the imagination has marked the beginning of a new life... a
turning of the heart, a metanoia, by
which men see with new eyes and understand with new minds
and turn their energies to new
ways of living.”
In dialogue with other traditions, the biblical, meta-ethical
poesis is indeed capable of
changing the world of business and to make it conscious of the
unique calling of its constituents
54. to humanize the world.
19
1John Paul II, Centesimus annus, ch. 4
2 Van Willigenburg, Theo, Inside the Ethical Expert. Problem
Solving in Applied Ethics (Kampen: Kok, Pharos, 1991)
3 Bellah, Robert, The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1992),
11-12.
4 McCann, Dennis, P., Umpire and Batsman: Is it Cricket to Be
Both? Journal of Business Ethics, 5 (1986), pp. 445-452.
5 Elsbernd, Mary, and Bieringer, Reimund, When Love Is Not
Enough. A Theo-ethic of Justice. (Collegeville: The Liturgical
Press, 2002)
157
6 Toynbee, A.J., A Study of History. (London: Oxford
University Press, 1947) 226
7 Williams, O.F., Introduction, in: O.F. Williams, J. Houck
(eds.), The Judeo-Christian Vision and the Modern Corporation.
(Notre
Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1982) 9.
8 Novak, Michael, The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism. (New York: The Free Press, 1993)
9 Novak, Toward a Theology of the Corporation (Washington:
AEI Press, 1991)
10 Verstraeten, Johan, Rethinking Catholic Social Thought as
Tradition in: J.S. Boswell; F.P. McHugh, J. Verstraeten,
Catholic Social
Thought. Twilight or Renaissance? (BETL, CLVII), (Leuven:
55. University Press/Peeters, 2000) 59-77.
11 Thomasset, Alain, Paul Ricoeur. Une poétique de la morale
(B.E.T.L. CXXIV). (Leuven: University Press/Peeters, 1996),
459. (When
the text refers to Thomasset 1995, it is the same text, but in the
original form of a doctoral dissertation)
12 Ricoeur, Paul. Soi-même comme un autre (l’ordre
philosophique). (Paris: Seuil, 1990)
13 Thomasset, Alain, Paul Ricoeur. Une poétique de la morale
(B.E.T.L. CXXIV). (Leuven: University Press/Peeters, 1996),
326
14 cf. Paul Ricoeur as interpreted by Thomasset, 1995, 204
15 Demmer, Klaus, Die Wahrheit Leben. Theorie des Handelns.
(Freiburg: Herder, 1991)
16 Kemp, Peter, Ethique et narrativité. A propos de l'ouvrage
de Paul Ricoeur, 'Temps et récit', in: Aquinas, 29 (1986), 211-
231.
17 Johnson, Mark, Moral Imagination. Implications of
Cognitive Science for Ethics. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1993), 164
18 Levinas
19 Morny, Joy. Reflections on Ricoeur’s ‘Soi-même comme un
autre’, in: R.C. CULLEY and W. KLEMPA, The Three Loves:
Philosophy,
Theology and World Religions. Essays in Honor of J.C.
McLELLAND, (McGill Studies in Religion, 23, 1994), 85.
20 Ibid.
21 Schüller, Bruno. The Debate on the Specific Character of
Christian Ethics: Some Remarks, in: Charles CURRAN, Richard
A.
McCORMICK, The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics
(Readings in Moral Theology, 2). (New York: Paulist Press,
1980), 216-217
22Anckaert, Luc. God, wereld en mens in het tweestromenland.
Tussen westerse wijsbegeerte en bijbelse wijsheid. Een
filosofische, ethische en theologische dialoog met het ternaire
56. denken van Franz Rosenzweig. (Leuven: unpublished doctoral
dissertation, 1994), LXXXV-497
23 Oliver Williams, O.F., Can Business Ethics Be Theological?
What Athens Can Learn from Jerusalem, Journal of Business
Ethics, 5 (1986),
473-484.
1986, 473-484
24 Ricoeur, Paul. Soi-même comme un autre (l’ordre
philosophique). (Paris: Seuil, 1990) 167, 200.
25 Thomasset, Alain, Paul Ricoeur. Une poétique de la morale
(B.E.T.L. CXXIV). (Leuven: University Press/Peeters, 1996),
208.
26 Demmer, Klaus, Naturrecht und Offenbarung, in: Marianne
Heimbach-Steins, Andreas Lienkamp, Joachim Wiemeyer
(Hrg.),
Brennpunkt Sozialethik. Theorien, Aufgaben,
Methoden.(Freiburg: Herder, 1995), 42.
27 Schüller, Bruno, The Debate on the Specific Character of
Christian Ethics: Some Remarks, in: Charles CURRAN, Richard
A.
McCORMICK, The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics
(Readings in Moral Theology, 2). (New York: Paulist Press,
1980), 218
28 cf. J. Rawls
29 cf. Demmer, Klaus, Naturrecht und Offenbarung, in:
Marianne Heimbach-Steins, Andreas Lienkamp, Joachim
Wiemeyer (Hrg.),
Brennpunkt Sozialethik. Theorien, Aufgaben,
Methoden.(Freiburg: Herder, 1995), 41.
30 cf. Thomasset, Alain, Paul Ricoeur. Une poétique de la
morale (B.E.T.L. CXXIV). (Leuven: University Press/Peeters,
1996), 463.
31 cf. Handy, Charles. The Empty Raincoat. Making Sense of
the Future. London: Hutchinson, 1994.
32 Verstraeten, Johan. Narrativity and Hermeneutics in Applied
Ethics. Some Introductory Considerations. Ethical Perspectives
57. 1
(1994): 51-56.
33 Our Global Neighborhood. The report of the Commission on
Global Governance. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
2JOHAN VERSTRAETEN