Instinct & imprinting
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Instincts are innate behaviors that are genetically determined and independent of individual experience. They are passed down through generations and allow animals to behave in fixed ways in response to specific stimuli. Examples include social behaviors, parental care, and migration. Imprinting is a form of learned behavior that occurs during a critical period in development when exposure to stimuli produces a long-lasting attachment. Konrad Lorenz's studies of geese showed that young birds can imprint on surrogate parents like Lorenz himself.
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Ecosystems exhibit cybernetic properties through negative feedback loops that maintain stability. Living and non-living components interact through energy and nutrient cycles to self-regulate the ecosystem. For example, homeostasis in animals uses feedback to keep core body temperatures stable. Ecosystems also promote redundancy of species to perform functions and increase resilience to disturbances. However, human activities often disrupt natural feedback controls, and establishing new negative feedback will be important to sustain quality of life and environment.
Desmosomes & hemidesmosomes
Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes are cell junctions that connect adjacent cells or attach cells to the extracellular matrix. Desmosomes link the intermediate filaments of neighboring cells, forming strong bonds especially in tissues under mechanical stress like skin. They are composed of transmembrane proteins, plaque proteins, and intermediate filaments. Hemidesmosomes attach basal epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Loss of desmosome function can cause skin and mucous membrane fragility disorders like pemphigus.
Vaccines and whole organism vaccines
This document discusses different types of vaccines, including whole organism vaccines. It begins by defining what a vaccine is and how it works to stimulate immunity. It then discusses the history of vaccines, including Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1798. The document outlines the two main types of whole organism vaccines - live attenuated vaccines, which use a weakened live version of the pathogen, and inactivated vaccines, which use killed forms of the microbe. Examples of each type are provided.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in solution or solid samples. It works by vaporizing the sample into free atoms that can absorb light at specific wavelengths. The amount of light absorbed is measured and used to determine the concentration of elements in the sample. It has been used since the 1950s and can analyze over 70 elements. It provides a simple and reliable way to quantify metals in applications like environmental monitoring, food testing, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Endocrine disruptors
The document discusses endocrine disruptors and their effects. It defines endocrine disruptors as exogenous agents that interfere with the body's hormone systems and regulation of development. Common sources are personal care products containing phthalates, pesticides, and synthetic and natural hormones. Exposure can affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as humans. Effects in humans include reproductive issues, neurological and immune impacts, and increased cancer risks, especially when exposure occurs during development. Low doses may still have measurable effects, and sensitive periods of exposure can permanently alter endocrine system function. Preventive measures include reducing use of certain products and chemicals.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia that causes deterioration of the brain and its nerve cells. It develops due to a complex biological process in the brain over many years. Symptoms include memory loss, problems with language, disorientation, and mood/personality changes. While its exact causes are unknown, both genetic and environmental factors likely play a role. Treatments aim to improve cognitive symptoms with drugs and manage behavioral issues, but currently there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease.
Histological processes during regeneration
The document summarizes the histological processes that occur during regeneration in animals like salamanders and newts. It describes the key stages as: 1) wound healing through blood clotting and epithelial cell migration, 2) demolition and removal of damaged tissue through autolysis and phagocytosis, 3) de-differentiation of surrounding cells back to an embryonic state, 4) blastema formation through accumulation of de-differentiated cells under the wound epithelium, 5) growth of the blastema through cell division, and 6) re-differentiation of blastema cells to form the regenerated tissues, bones, muscles and other structures.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Instinct & imprinting
- 2. INSTINCT Innate Behavior, in bron, acquired, inherited behaviour Independent of the experience of individual It is determined by heredity & is a part of the animals original genetic make up. Genitically inherited charater that impel animals to behave a certain fixed ways is called instinct. Each instinct is initiated by a particular stimulus called Sign stimulus or releaser.
- 3. Instinct forms a kind of species memory passed on from each generation to its offsprings. Social behaviour,parental care,migration….etc… Instinct behaviour explained by Konrad Lorenz provided by the study of egg-rolling behaviour of the greylag goose.
- 4. Instict behaviour are often modified by experience. Thorpe observed that chaffinches reared in isolation or made deaf by destroying internal ear in young. Sing only rudimentary song, chaffinches reared by their parents, listening to the songs of parents & conspecific, develop up to mark song. The differences of rudimentary sons & up to mark song is not detectable to the human ear, but sound spectrogram clearly distinguishes rudimentary & up to mark song.
- 5. IMPRINTING Imprinting term first use OSKER HEINORTH (germen zoologist) Imprinting is a kind of learned behaviour Irreversible Learning is a process through which life experiences leave their mark in the form of memory on the individual. It is the imposition of a stable behaviour pattern in a young animal by exposure to particular stimuli during a critical period in the animals development.
- 6. Stimuli may be person ,an odour,moving object… The early sensitive period for imprinting varies species to species, it may few hours to few days to months & even years. It is a common observation that the younger birds & mammals. Circus animals are trained right from the young age. Konrad Larenz (1937) was first to study imprinting objectively & systematically.
- 7. He showed that baby ducks & goslings, which normally follow their mother away from the nest shortly after hatching, could be induced to follow a substitute. Lorenz reared the birds him self & newly hatched ducklings followed him. The baby bird formed an immediate attachment to Lorenz & followed him everywhere for days.