The document discusses inspection and maintenance of reinforced concrete and steel bridges. It describes the importance of regular bridge inspection using various instrumentation to detect cracks, corrosion, and other issues. Bridges require maintenance to address damage over time from factors like weather, traffic loads, and corrosion. Common repairs include replacing expansion joints, repairing cracks, and addressing structural issues. Proper inspection and maintenance are needed to preserve bridge integrity and safety.
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
CSR Consultant and Associates undertake Building Surveys, BUILDING AUDITS, prepare Building health reports, provide Waterproofing treatments, Re-plastering and Painting work estimates, society Civil maintenance, RCC Structural reinforcement systems, prepare Civil repair budgets, Repair estimate, Project Management Consultancy, PMC for Civil repair projects to ensure that the project is being carried as per Client’s requirements within the best value proposition and budget. CSR technical management team establishes the effective centralized Cost Management and Change Monitoring system for the Society members during the course of project.
RESTORATION OF EXISTING MAJOR BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER BHADAR ON NATIONAL HIGHWAY ...IEI GSC
By S.K.Patel, P C Gandhi S R Shah J N Prajapati
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
CSR Consultant and Associates is Licensed Structural repair consultant, based in Mumbai for Municipal Corporations, providing audit report, Budgeted repair solutions, Tendering, Supervision, Quality checks, Bills verification to project completion.
1. WHAT IS THE BENEFIT OF APPOINTING CSR as project Management Consultant? Being a professional third party, society members can be rest assured to have impartial decisions. A professional guidance can help avoid conflicts or show stoppers to get going.
2. BUT, Consultants like CSR Engineers SERVICES WILL JUST ADD TO THE COST? : Civil Structural audit Engineering companies like CSR Consultant and Associates; supports right from audit, budgeting with optional benefits, assist to freeze scope of work, tender preparation, tender issues, selection of contractor, progress of work, balance sheet of project and final closure report. Secondly, CSR services shall save ‘n’ times the total CSR’s service cost; inculcating technical knowledge, time track, minimizing of unnecessary work, justified usage of society fund and peace of mind.
3. BUT WHY ARE THESE CONSULTANCY SERVICES COSTING MORE THAN OTHERS?: Civil repairs are never done year after year. It demands efforts, dedication, technical team backups, focus and attention towards each projects undertaken and most important – the knowhow for economical methods. Professional services never come at cheap price. Structural audit with Project Management Consultancy (PMC) led by a team of professional engineers, ensure timely deliveries TO THE BEST OF THE ABILITIES.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. INSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE
OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
PRESENTED BY:AKASH
SHAH
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
1
2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
INSPECTION OF BRIDGES
BIM RATING SYSTEM
REMEDIAL ACTION
FACTOR AFFECTING BRIDGE DURING SERVICE
REBUILDING OF BRIDGE
STRENGTHNING OF BRIDGE
GENERAL WORK OF MAINTENENCE
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
2
3. WHAT IS BRIDGE?
A bridge is an arrangement made to cross an obstacle in the form of a low ground or a
stream or a river or over gap without closing the way beneath.
The bridges are required for the passage of railways, roadways, footpaths and even for the
carriage fluids.
A Bridge is a structural marvel which is generally used to pass any type of obstruction that
can slow the life of people.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
3
4. INTRODUCTION
For safe & smooth traffic flow , it is necessary to have the maintain of bridges periodically.
This maintenance is essentially consist of structural maintenance rehabilitation and
replacement. It provides guideline for the engineer to adopt cost effective decisions
regarding maintenance work for bridges canal, tunnel etc. To achieve desire result require
constant alertness & through inspection.
what is the meaning of maintenance?
Maintenance of bridge means the up-keeping of the bridge component in good and
serviceable condition so as to ensure longer life of bridge as envisaged at the time of
design and construction.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
4
5. THE TERM OF MAINTENANCE
It is maintenance services to ensure normal and safe utilization of bridge structures.
These works consist mainly of inspection, maintenance, repair and replacement, if
necessary, of expansion joints, bridge deck, drainage system, railings and barriers,
pavement, bridge bearings, etc., as well as anti-corrosive protection of some elements,
mostly ally limited to the current works performed systematically by painting.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
5
6. Even if the bridges are well designed and properly constructed, periodic maintenance, if
needed, is very essential to keep them in good serviceable condition. Therefore, the
bridges should be regularly inspected and properly maintained.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
6
7. Why we need to maintain the bridge?
It is necessary for the following factors,
1) Cost
2) Life time
3) Very important structure
4) Purpose etc.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
7
8. DETERIORATION OF BRIDGES
1) Defective design of bridges
2) Due to contact of water various parts of bridge. Corrosion, erosion, scoring etc.
3) Resisting to weathering effect
4) Temperature changes
5) Poor quality of construction materials and workmanship
6) Natural hazard like cyclone, earthquake, flood, Tsunami etc.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
8
9. DAMAGES OF BRIDGES
1) Cracks in concrete
absence of expansion joint
Lack of water tightness
Dew to excess water in concrete
Inadequate cover in concert
Due to fatigue some components of strength of the steel structure and developed cracks
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
9
10. 2) Corrosion of the structure of steel work:
The steel structural or structural steel of a bridge require constant attention as is corrode due
to weathering action. The structure become weak in this problem is not promptly attended.
The rate of corrosion of steel depended on the quality of concrete depth of cover provided
below the reinforcement and degree of quality control. Also drain water failing on a structural
part of a bridge may cause damage of structural steel.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
10
11. 3) Other defect of bridges:
Expansion joint distress
Crack in metalwork
Damaged structural member
Foundation settlement and movement.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
11
12. INSPECTION OF BRIDGES
The inspection can be broadly classified in two categories:
1) Detailed inspection
2) Routine inspection
Detailed inspection:-
The detailed or in depth inspection involves the visual examination of all the structure and
sub structure it is carried out in following two category, elements
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
12
13. 1)General : a check list pf item is inspected either visually or with aid of standard instrument
in the general inspection. It is carried out once in two years.
2) major: it conclude 5-6 year or even in smaller interval depending upon the bridge design
of structure. The structural analysing is done by the experienced bridge engineers soon after
the occurrence of calamities such as flood and earthquake or the passage of high intensity
loading.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
13
14. Some trouble spot to be checked during inspection like,
Behaviour of expansion joints
Damaged structural members
Deterioration and cracks in concrete.
Excessive movement
foundation settlement and movement loose connection etc.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
14
15. Routine inspection :-
The routine inspection look after the general examination of structure at regular interval
and the spot having outward physical defects are immediately repaired. The routine
inspection is generally applicable for short span bridge. The routine inspection conducted
prior to the monsoons and data and details are recorded on a Performa. A post monsoons
inspections is also conducted in order to compare the data and check deterioration.
The main parts of the bridge should be inspected follows during detail inspection:
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
15
16. Inspection of foundations
Inspection of substructure
Inspection of super structure
Inspection of approach roads
Inspection of bearing inspection of waterway
Inspection of embankment
Inspection of scour
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
16
17. QUALIFICATION OF PERSON INSPECTION
They should be qualified engineer having 10 year experience in bridge construction &
inspection.
They shall be responsible for through field inspection and recommendation for correction
of damage.
They must be very familiar with design and construction features of the bridges and they
must be capable of analysing the structural deficiency.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
17
18. INSPECTION INSTRUMENTATION
Electronic strain gauges for measurement of strains in concrete and steel.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity apparatus for detection of cracks in concrete.
Rebound hammer for in-situ measurement of compressive strength or grade of
concrete
Snooper –crawler and adjustable ladders
Magnetic detector for measuring thickness of concrete cover and for locating
reinforcement bars
Vibration measuring equipment
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
18
19. Hydraulic jacks, pressure traducers or load cells for measurement of forces
Electrical resistance meter
Pachometer to locate and measure the size of steel bars embedded in concrete
Optical microscope with light source to measure the width of cracks on the surface of
concrete
Mechanical extensometer or demec gauge with stainless steel targets for measuring
surface strains on concrete under loads
Dial gauges for measurement of deflections at soffits of deck slab an
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
19
20. ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY APPARATUS FOR
DETECTION OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
20
21. REBOUND HAMMER FOR IN-SITU MEASUREMENT
OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OR GRADE OF
CONCRETE
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
21
22. MAGNETIC DETECTOR FOR MEASURING THICKNESS
OF CONCRETE COVER AND FOR LOCATING
REINFORCEMENT BARS
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
22
25. PACHOMETER TO LOCATE AND MEASURE THE
SIZE OF STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
25
26. BIM RATING SYSTEM
RATING COMMENTRY MAINTAINCE
PRIORITY
9 VERY GOOD NEW CONDITION NO REPAIR IN
FORESSEBLE FUTURE
8 ALMOST NEW CONDITION NO REPAIR IN
FORESSEBLE FUTURE
7 GOOD COULD BE UOGRED NEW
CONDITION WITH VERY LITTLE
EFFORT
NO REPAIR NECESSARY
AT THIOS TIME
6 GENERALLY GOOD CONDITION .
FUNCTIONING AS DESIGNED
WITH NO SIGNS OF DISTRESS OR
DETERIORATION.
NO REPAIR NECESSARY
AT THIS TIME
5 ADEQUATE ACCEPTABLE CONDITION AND
FUNCTIONING AS INTENDDED
NO REPAIR NECESSARY
AT THIS TIME
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
26
27. 4 BELOW MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE
CONDITION
LOW PRIORITY FOR
REPAIRS
3 POOR PRESENCE OF DISTRESS.NO
FUNCTIONING AS INTENDED
MEDIUM PRIORITY FOR
REPLACEMENT REPAIR
2 HAZARDOUS CONDITION OR SEVER
DISTRESS
HIGH PRIORITY FOR
REPLACEMENT
1 DANGER OF COLLAPSE AND/OR
DANGER TOMUSERS
BRIDGE CLOSURE,
REPLACEMET,REPAIR,AND
/OR SIGNING REQUIRED
AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
N NOT ACCESSIBLE ELEMENT CANNOT BE VISUALLY
INSPECTED
X NO APPLICABLE ELEMENT NOT ACCEPTABLE TO THIS
BRIDGE
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
27
28. PURPOSE OF RATING EXISTING BRIDGES:
To afford safety to the traffic and public
To avoid immediate reconstruction of existing bridges leading to the substantial saving of
money and materials construction
To ensure smooth flow of traffic on existing old bridges without imposing serious
unnecessary restrictions.
To suggest ,ensure which would guarantee the safe use of existing bridges during the
remaining period of their useful life.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
28
29. During the rating thoroughly inspected so as to determine its physical condition and the inspection
engineer must be well conversant with the design aspects as well as construction feature of bridge
structure.
The field investigation and inspection are properly recorded in the form of detailed sketches and self
explementary notes.
the collection of field data after through inspection of the existing bridges is the most difficult part of
the existing bridges is the most difficult part of rating and it should ne entrusted to the expert only.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
29
30. THE FOLLOWING REMEDIAL ACTION CAN BE
TAKEN
Repair
Replacement
Rehabilitation
Strengthening
Modernization
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
30
31. REPAIR
means to mend, to put into good shape or working order
again, to recondition, to renovate, to restore and to
correct. Repair concerns rather the local damages of
structural members or bridge element than the overall
structure.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
31
32. REPLACEMENT
Means to substitute to change and to exchange.
Some element of bridge structure ,mostly eqipment element are usually replaced
example ., expansion joints bearing, barrier etc.
Sometimes structural members are also replaced, if necessary e.g., deck element
secondary or bracing element etc.
Replacing a whole bridge is consider the last resort in the process of upgrading the
existing infrastructure.it is drastic measure and possibly the costliest.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
32
33. REHABILITATION
Means to restore to make suitable to put back in good condition , to bring back to full use
, to renew and to revive.
Rehabilitation concern mostly the whole bridge structure, including its primary structural
members.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
33
34. STRENGTHENING
Means to increase load carrying capacity by adding more material ,
additional component
Example : External prestressing and so on.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
34
35. MODERNIZATION
It is form of upgrading by adding new feature, example, new traffic flow arrangement
,new signs, new lighting, new barriers.
This term is commonly applied to structures designed and construction prior to availability
of those modern features.
However modernization can also be considered in wider meaning. For instance
,upgrading of the bridge requires in many cases its strengthening ,new traffic flow
arrangement require the widening of the bridge deck and so on.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
35
36. RETROFIT
It is strengthening procedure applied to an existing structure, not necessarily although in
many cases related to seismic strength.
It is applied usually after it is found that the original design is not sufficient in light of
newly gained experience .
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
36
37. All the above mentioned terms define various actions concerning bridge works of
different scale and importance
However, it is very difficult to consider these actions as fully separate ones. For
instance,rehabilitation of a bridge often requires its adequate strengthening or
replacement and repair of some of its elements, etc.
Therefore, repair, replacement, rehabilitation, strengthening and modernization have
usually many relations to each other and they may be considered to be the components
of maintenance in its wider meaning
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
37
38. FACTORS ACTING ON BRIDGE DURING
THEIR SERVICE
Bridge structures are subjected to many types of loadings and other influences resulting
both from the live loads (mostly traffic effects) and exposure of the structures to the
weather and environmental effects of various nature. The most important factors acting
on bridges during their service are schematically shown in Figure.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
38
40. An existing bridge in full or in part may be required for one or more of the following factors:
Damage
Excessive maintenance cost
Obsolescence
Weathering
REBULIDING OF BRIDGES
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
40
41. The entire bridge structure deserves to be replaced or rebuilt under the following
circumstances:
1. It has become too weak to take up the present day loads or traffic pattern.
2. It has been considerably damaged due to corrosion of reinforcement, ageing, etc.
3. It has become structurally overstressed due to hazards like floods, earthquake, falling of
boulders.
4. It is not suitable due to faulty design and construction practices.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
41
42. The most common form of distress in bridge structures are as follows;
1. Corrosion of reinforcement;
2. Displacement of deck;
3. Flexural and shear cracks;
4. Movement of abutments;
5. Sinking of wells;
6. Snapping of prestressing cables;
7. Tilting of piers;
8. Topping of bearings.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
42
43. Repair programs frequently used one of the following specialized techniques;
1. Asphaltic concrete wearing coat W.B.M. AND lime concrete were removed and corrugated were
exposed.
2. New plates were welded to the portion which were added.
3. Wherever corrosion occurred, reinforcing plates were intact.
4. Reinforcement bars were placed over the cross girder for a width of about 1.5m and cement
concrete was cast to stiffen the deck.
5. Sand blasting was done and then steel structure was painted with zinc rich epoxy and aluminum
paint.
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
43
44. STRENGTHNING OF BRIDGES
The present day sudden explosion of heavy road traffic has posed the problem of testing
and strengthening the existing bridges. It is quite clear that the weakest bridge on a
particular route will be the deciding factor for the capacity of road or highway.
The method are applied to Work out the safe bearing capacity of an existing bridge:
1. Correlation method.
2. Load testing .
3. Theoretical method .
(i) Strengthening of bridge sub-structure;
(ii) Strengthening of bridge super-structure;
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
44
45. (i)STRENGTHENINF OF BRIDGE SUB-STRUCTURE:
a) Masonry pier;
b) Other material;
(ii)STRENGTHENINF OF BRIDGE SUB-STRUCTURE:
a) Continuous bridges;
b) Masonry arch bridges;
c) R.C.C. beam and slab bridge;
d) R.C.C. bridge;
e) Steel bridge;
f) Suspension bridges;
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
45
46. GENRAL WORKS OF MAINTENANCE
General Methods – Concrete
1. Removal and replacement of deteriorated
concrete
2. Filling cracks
3. Coating and sealing concrete surface
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
46
47. • General Methods - Steel
1. Protect it from exposure to electrolytes
2. Painting
3. Galvanizing
General Methods – Timber
1. control moisture content of the wood
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
47
48. General work : Substructure – Maintenance
• Material deterioration
– protective coatings
– preservatives
• Foundation settlement and earth pressure
– subsurface drains
– struts
– regarding soil profile
• Impact damage
– guard rails and energy dissipaters
– fenders or steel plates on abutments and piers
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
48
49. Superstructure - Maintenance
• Inspection
• Good protection system
– coatings - preservatives
– sealers - patching
– paints - crack filling
• Pressure washing and cleaning
• Strengthening
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
49
50. Deck:
• Most susceptible to deterioration
– de-icing salts, acid rain
– ultraviolet rays
– mechanical abrasion
• Requires a lot of maintenance and repair
• Protects rest of structure
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
50
51. • Concrete Decks:
• De-icing salt is main menace
– causes reinforcement to corrode
– concrete spalls
– potholes
• Design and construction features to control deterioration
– optimum cover for reinforcement
– good drainage - silica fume
– smaller skews - low w/c ratio
– thicker slabs - good consolidation
– air-entrained concrete - low shrinkage
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
51
52. • Main preventative maintenance goal is to control salt and moisture penetration
– keep deck clean and drains operating properly
– add drains in low spots
– monitor deck for chloride contamination
– fill cracks
– asphalt sealing
– polymer overlays
– concrete sealers
– bituminous concrete overlays with waterproof membrane
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
52
53. CURBS AND RAILINGS
• Deteriorate with time
– cracking and spalling - corrosion
– salt damage - collision
• Replacement can be minimized
– appropriate sealers, coatings and paint
– galvanized steel
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
53
54. DECK DRAINS
• Can cause hazardous traffic situations
• Can lead to deterioration of deck and other bridge elements and erode the soil
backfill
• Typical problems include:
– ponding of water on bridge deck
– poor drainage allows de-icing salts to deposit on deck and other bridge
elements
– plugged downspout will burst in freezing weather
• Regular cleaning is best maintenance
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
54
55. APPROACH ROAD
• Approach bump
• Guardrail
– connection to bridge rail
– transition stiffness
• Drainage
– trough drains
• Erosion of head slopes and ditches
• Signing
– vertical clearance
– load limit
– delineators
IINSPECTION AND MAINTENENCE OF R.C.C. AND STEEL BRIDGE
55