This document discusses definitions of pests and categories of pests. It defines pests as organisms that harm humans, agriculture, or property. Pests are categorized based on occurrence, level of infestation, host plants, and damage potential. Key causes of pest outbreaks are discussed as deforestation, destruction of natural enemies, monoculture practices, introduction of new crops/varieties, and indiscriminate pesticide use. The document estimates that insect pests cause annual crop losses of Rs. 29,240 crores in India, or 15.7% of total production.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
Biological control approaches in tomato pestsSalu Maharjan
Tomato crops are affected by number of insect pests, but all of them do not cause economic damage. The major insect pests of tomato along with the their biological control is given in this slide.
This presentation was delivered by Dr. Majumdar to over 40 hoop house (organic) farmers at a meeting organized by the Federation of Southern Cooperatives (Epes, AL). Future workshops will have more indepth information about insects lifecycles and organic control methods suitable for hoop house agriculture.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Lec. 15. Pests - Definition - Categories, Causes for outbreak of pests.ppt
1. AEN 202 MANAGEMENT OF BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL INSECTS (2+1)
LEC No. Title
15. Pests – Definitions - Categories – Causes for outbreak of
pests – Losses caused by pests
Dr. N. MUTHUKRISHNAN, Ph.D., PDF (Canada)
Professor (Entomology) and Dean
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Agricultural College and Research Institute
Vazhavachanur, Tiruvannamalai District
Mobile: 9486257548
2. PEST DEFINITIONS
– Derived from French word ‘Peste’ - plague
or contagious disease
– Latin term ‘Pestis’ meaning – noxious,
destructive or troublesome
• Any animal which is noxious, destructive or
troublesome to man or his interests
• Any organism which occurs in large numbers and
conflict with man’s welfare, convenience and
profit
• Insects become pests when sufficiently
numerous to cause economic damage (Debacli,
1964)
• An organism which harms man or his property
significantly or is likely to do so (Woods, 1976)
• All insects are NOT pests
5. Pests are organisms which impose burdens on human
population by causing
Injury to crop plants, forests and ornamentals
Annoyance, injury and death to humans and
domesticated animals
Destruction or value depreciation of stored products.
7. Based on occurrence
• Regular pests
• Occasional pests
• Seasonal pests
• Persistent pests
• Sporadic pests
Categories of Pests
Based on level of
infestation
• Epidemic pests
• Endemic pests
Based on number of host
plants infested
• Monophagous pests
• Oligophagous pests
• Polyphagous pests
Based on damage potential
• Key pests
• Major pests
• Minor pests
• Potential pests
8. CATEGORIES OF PESTS
Based on occurrence
• Regular pest:
• Frequently occurs on crop
• Close association
• e.g. Rice stem borer, Brinjal fruit borer
9. CATEGORIES OF PESTS
Based on occurrence
• Occasional pest:
• Infrequently occurs
• No close association
• e.g. Caseworm on rice, Mango stem borer
10. CATEGORIES OF PESTS
Based on occurrence
• Seasonal pest:
• Occurs during a particular season every year
• e.g. Red hairy caterpillar on groundnut
• Depends on climatic conditions and local
agricultural practices of region concerned
• Twice a year May-June and August-October
• Outbreak occurs only once in Rajasthan during
August- October
• Mango hoppers
11. Based on occurrence
• Persistent pests:
– Occurs on the crop throughout the year
– Difficult to control
– e.g. Chilli thrips, mealy bug on guava
• Sporadic pests:
– Pest occurs in isolated localities during some period
– e.g. Coconut slug caterpillar
12. Based on level of infestation
1) Epidemic pest:
• Sudden outbreak of a pest in a severe form in a region
at a particular time
• e.g. BPH in Tanjore, RHC in Madurai, Pollachi
2) Endemic pest:
• Occurrence of pest in a low level in few pockets,
regularly and confined to particular area
• e.g. Rice gall midge in Madurai, Mango hoppers in
Periyakulam
13. CATEGORIES OF PESTS
Based on the number of host plants attacked
• Monophagous
– Confined to a single species of plants
– Mulberry silk worm-very rare monophagous pest to find
– Most of monophagous pests –feed on a group of closely
related plants
• Oligophagous pest
– Characteristically feed on a group of botanically related
plants-within a single plant family
– Diamond back moth –confined to plants of Cruciferae
• Polyphagous pest
– Accept many plants from a diverse range of plant
families, even though preference still exist
– Locusts, grasshoppers, hairy caterpillaers, gram
caterpillar, cutworms, termites
14. Parameters of insect population levels
General equilibrium position (GEP)
Average density of a population over a long period of time, in
the absence of permanent environmental changes
Economic threshold level (ETL)
Population density at which control measure should be
implemented to prevent pest population from reaching EIL
ETL- always less than EIL
Provides sufficient time for control measures
Index of making pest management decisions
Economic injury level (EIL)
Lowest population density that will cause economic damage
Damage boundary (DB)
Lowest level of damage which can be measured
15.
16. EIL – This level or above control measures would not be useful
ETL - Population density at which control measure must be taken
17. CATEGORIES OF PESTS BASED ON DAMAGE
POTENTIAL (EIL, GEP AND DB)
Key pest –
Most severe and damaging pests
GEP lies above EIL always - persistent pests
e.g. Cotton bollworm, Diamond backmoth (DBM)
Major pest –
GEP lies very close to ETL or coincides with ETL
e.g. Cotton leafhopper, Rice stem borer
Minor pest/Occasional pest –
GEP is below the ETL - Rarely cross ETL
e.g. Cotton stainers, Rice hispa, Ash weevils
18. Sporadic pests
GEP generally below EIL & ETL
Sometimes crosses ETL and cause
severe loss in some places/periods
e.g. Sugarcane pyrilla, White grub,
Hairy caterpillar
Potential pests
Normally do not cause economic
damage
GEP always less than EIL
If environment changed may cause
economic damage
e.g. Tobacco cutworm
19. Pest outbreak
Sudden increase in the number of an insect pest
Causes for pest outbreak:
1. Deforestation
2. Destruction of natural enemies
3. Intensive and extensive cultivation
(Monoculture)
4. Introduction of new crops, improved strains
and use of high yielding varieties
5. Improved agronomic practices (Excessive use
of ‘N’ fertilizers
6. Introduction of new pest in new areas /
environment
7. Accidental introduction of foreign pests
8. Indiscriminate use of pesticides (Resurgence)
9. Large scale storage of food grains – stored
product pest problems
20. CAUSES OF PEST OUTBREAK
• Deforestation and bringing under
cultivation
– Pest feeding on forest trees -
forced to feed on cropped-
Biomass/unit area more in
forests than agricultural land
– Weather factors also altered
- Affects insect development
• Destruction of natural enemies
– Due to excess use of
insecticides, natural enemies –
killed- affects natural control
mechanism and pest outbreak
occurs
– Synthetic pyrethroids kill NEs
21. CAUSES OF PEST OUTBREAK
• Intensive and Extensive cultivation
– Monoculture (Intensive) leads to multiplication of
pests
– Extensive cultivation of susceptible variety in large
area
– No competition for food -multiplication increases
– Stem borers in rice and sugarcane
22. CAUSES OF PEST OUTBREAK
• Introduction of new varieties and crops
– Varieties with favourable physiological and
morphological factors cause multiplication of insects
– Succulent, dwarf rice varieties favour leaf folder.
– Cambodia cotton favours stem weevil and spotted
bollworm
– Hybrid sorghum (CSH 1), cumbu (HB1) favour shoot
flies and gall midges
23. CAUSES OF PEST OUTBREAK
• Improved agronomic practices
– Increased N fertilizer - High leaf folder incidence
on rice
– Closer planting - BPH and leaf folder increases
– Granular insecticides - Possess phytotonic effect on
rice
• Introduction of new pest in new environment
– Pest multiplies due to absence of natural enemies in
new area
– Apple wooly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum multiplied
fast due to absence of Aphelinus mali (Parasitoid)
24. • Accidental introduction of pests from foreign
countries (through air/sea ports)
• Diamondback moth on cauliflower (Plutella xylostella)
• Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella
• Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi on wattle tree
• Wooly aphid - Eriosoma lanigerum on apple
• Psyllid - Heteropsylla cubana on subabul
• Spiralling whitefly - Aleurodicus dispersus on hort. Crops
• Tomato pin worm Tuta absoluta
• Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus
• Coconut rogous spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
• Tapioca mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti
• Maize fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
25. • Indiscriminate use of insecticides (Resurgence of pests)
– Tremendous increase in the population of pests due to
application of sub-lethal dose of insecticides
– Insecticides applied for control one insect - tend to offer
favourable physiological conditions for sucking insects
– Deltamethrin, Quinalphos, Phorate - Resurgence of BPH in rice
– Synthetic pyrethroids - Whitefly in cotton
– Carbofuran - Leaf folder in rice
• Large scale storage of food grains serve as reservoir for stored
grain pests
– Urbanisation - changes ecological balance
– Rats found in underground drainage
26. Losses caused by pests
Crop loss from all factors
500 million US $ annually world wide
Estimated crop loss due to insect pest –
2,92,400 million rupees
Insect pests - 15.6% loss of production
Plant pathogens - 13.3%
Weeds - 13.2%
Yield loss: Reduction in yield caused by a single pest
Direct loss: Refers to decrease in productivity (quantity) & consumer
value (quality)
27. Estimated crop loss in various crops in India
Estimated annual crop loss in India by insect pests = Rs.29,240 crores
(Dhaliwal and Arora)
Crop Yield loss (%)
Wheat 3.0
Rice 10.0
Maize 5.0
Sorghum 5.0
Cotton 18.0
Pulses, groundnut 5.0
Sugarcane 10.0
Fruits 25.0
Coffee 8.0
Coconut 5.0
28. Crop losses due to insect pests in India
• 15.7 per cent which account for annual losses of
US$ 36 billion (Dhaliwal et al., 2019)